scholarly journals Temporal Integration of Motion Streaks in Migraine

Vision ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise O’Hare
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Headache Frequency ◽  
Global Motion ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Successful Performance ◽  
Optimum Speed ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

Migraine is associated with differences in visual perception, specifically, deficits in the perception of motion. Migraine groups commonly show poorer performance (higher thresholds) on global motion tasks compared to control groups. Successful performance on a global motion task depends on several factors, including integrating signals over time. A “motion streak” task was used to investigate specifically integration over time in migraine and control groups. The motion streak effect depends on the integration of a moving point over time to create the illusion of a line, or “streak”. There was evidence of a slower optimum speed for eliciting the motion streak effect in migraine compared to control groups, suggesting temporal integration is different in migraine. In addition, performance on the motion streak task showed a relationship with headache frequency.

Colonization of Broiler Chicks by Salmonella Typhimurium Definitive Phage Type 104

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 1698-1704 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAULA J. FEDORKA-CRAY ◽  
SCOTT R. LADELY ◽  
J. STAN BAILEY ◽  
NORMAN J. STERN
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
And Control ◽  
Salmonella Senftenberg ◽  
Over Time

The prevalence of an antibiotic-resistant strain of Salmonella Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 (DT104) has increased dramatically in recent years resulting in increased morbidity and mortality in both animals and humans. Colonization and shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 was studied in broiler chickens in two trials. In trial 1, 180 day-of-hatch chicks (n = 60 per group, n = 30 per replicate) were challenged with 106 CFU DT104 (wild-type isolate from poultry) or were commingled with a seeder chick challenged with 106 CFU DT104. In trial 2, 360 day-of-hatch chicks (n = 120 per treatment, n = 30 per rep) were divided into three groups. Chicks in the susceptible group were commingled with two seeder chicks that were orally challenged with 107 CFU/bird of a pan-sensitive strain of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. Chicks in the resistant group were commingled with two seeder chicks that were orally challenged with 107 CFU/bird DT104 used in trial 1. For both trials, a control group was not exposed to DT104, composite fecal samples were evaluated twice weekly for levels of Salmonella shedding and 20 chicks per group were necropsied weekly and their cecal contents were cultured. At hatch all groups were colonized with naturally occurring Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella Mbandaka (trial 1) or Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella Ohio (trial 2) prior to exposure to DT104. Throughout the study, the level of Salmonella spp. shedding in feces (trial 1 means 3.1, 2.9, and 3.0 log10 CFU per g feces for challenged, seeder, and control groups, respectively) or ceca (trial 2 means 2.9, 2.9, and 2.5 log10 CFU per g ceca for resistant, susceptible, and control groups, respectively)did not differ among groups. In trial 1, colonization of DT104 remained constant at higher levels in the challenged group (mean 87%, P < 0.01), increased over time in the seeder group (10 to 50%, P < 0.02) and was not recovered from the control chicks. Salmonella Mbandaka colonization remained steady within each group with challenge and seeder groups maintaining higher levels of colonization than the control group. Salmonella Senftenberg colonization levels tended to decline (P = .058) over time in the challenged group (20 to 0%) and significantly decreased (P < 0.01) over time for both the seeder (80 to 0%) and control chicks (85 to 10%). In trial 2, the percentage of chicks colonized with susceptible DT104 declined (r = 0.90, P < 0.05) over the course of the trial from 45 to 0%, while recovery of the resistant DT104 persisted at a mean percentage of 27%. DT104 was not recovered from the control chicks. Salmonella Ohio colonization levels tended to decline (r = 0.79, P > 0.05) over time in the control group (75 to 20%) and significantly decreased (P < 0.05) over time in both susceptible and resistant groups (40 to 10%, r = 0.82 and 55 to 5%, r = 0.85, respectively). Salmonella Senftenberg was recovered from the control group at low frequency throughout the trial and was not recovered from the other groups. For either trial, no apparent affect on morbidity or mortality was observed. Introduction of DT104 by commingling may induce colonization resulting in persistent high levels of shedding in flocks simultaneously with other Salmonella species.

Effect of Indoor Wall Climbing on Self-Efficacy and Self-Perceptions of Children with Special Needs

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin R. Mazzoni ◽  
P. Lynn Purves ◽  
Julie Southward ◽  
Ryan E. Rhodes ◽  
Viviene A. Temple
Keyword(s):  
Special Needs ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Children With Special Needs ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The impact of a six-week indoor wall climbing on the perceptions of self for children with special needs aged 6–12 years was explored. Participants (n = 46) were randomly assigned to the intervention (girls, n = 4; boys, n = 19) and control groups (girls, n = 5; boys, n = 18). Belayers’ and children’s perceptions of efficacy were measured using specifically designed questionnaires and perceptions of competence and global self-worth were measured using Harter’s (1985) Self-Perception Profile for Children for participants with an adaptive age of 8 years or higher. Children’s self-efficacy and belayers’ ratings of children’s efficacy improved significantly, t(21) = 3.9, p = .001, d = .84 and F(2, 44) = 30.03, p < .001, respectively. The children’s judgments of their athletic and social competence and global self-worth, however, did not change over time or differ from the wait-listed control group (p > .05). These results suggest that it is likely that many experiences that enhance self-efficacy may be needed to improve self-perceptions.

Temporal Integration of Tone Glides by Children with Auditory-Memory and Reading Problems

1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A. Tobey ◽  
John K. Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Auditory Memory ◽  
Reading Problems ◽  
Fixed Frequency ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Frequency Tone ◽  
Auditory Integration ◽  
And Control

Temporal auditory integration for short-duration, frequency-varying signals was examined in children with deficits in auditory memory and reading. Signals were similar to those previously used: a fixed-frequency tone, a tone glide rising in frequency, and a tone glide falling in frequency. No significant differences were found between the Experimental and Control groups' thresholds as a function of signal class (i.e., fixed-frequency or tone glide) or duration. In addition, a significant asymmetry in the thresholds of short-duration rising and falling tone glides was found for both groups. Falling tone glides were detected at higher intensities than were rising tone glides. Data from this study indicated this particular group of children with auditory memory and reading problems was able to detect simple and complex short-duration signals in a manner similar to normal children.

The effect of lysophosphatidic acid using a hydrogel or collagen sponge carrier on bone healing in dogs

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (04) ◽  
pp. 306-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Martinez ◽  
Norman Karin ◽  
Genyao Lin ◽  
Barbara Tarasevich ◽  
Roy Pool ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lysophosphatidic Acid ◽  
Bone Healing ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Collagen Sponge ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Absorbable Collagen Sponge ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

SummaryObjectives: The purposes of this study were to determine: 1) the efficacy of polycaprolac-tone-g-polyethylene glycol (PCL-g-PEG) and polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA-g-PEG) hydrogels and an absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) as carriers for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), 2) the effect of LPA on bone healing in dogs, and 3) the ideal dose of LPA to maximally stimulate bone healing.Methods: Bilateral ulnar ostectomies were performed on purpose bred dogs. Control defects were filled with a PCL-g-PEG or PLGA-g-PEG hydrogel, or a saline soaked ACS. Contralateral defects were filled with a PCL-g-PEG or PLGA-g-PEG hydrogel, or an ACS with each carrying differing concentrations of an LPA solution. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed. Total bone area (TBA), mineral density (BMD), and mineral content (BMC) were determined at each time point. Relationships between the effect of treatment over time on TBA, BMC and BMD were determined.Results: Phase 1 - There was no significant difference in DXA-based TBA (p = 0.09), BMC (p = 0.33), or BMD (p = 0.74) over time between LPA treatments, or between the LPA treated and control groups TBA (p = 0.95), BMC (p = 0.99), or BMD (p = 0.46). Phase 2 - There was no significant difference over time between LPA treatments in DXA-based TBA (p = 0.33), BMC (p = 0.45), or BMD (p = 0.43), or between the LPA treated and control groups TBA (p = 0.94), BMC (p = 0.38), or BMD (p = 0.17). Phase 3 - There was no significant difference over time between LPA treatments in DXA-based TBA (p = 0.78), BMC (p = 0.88), or BMD (p = 0.35), or between the LPA treated and control groups TBA (p = 0.07), BMC (p = 0.85), or BMD (p = 0.06). There was a significant increase in TBA (p <0.0001) and BMC (p = 0.0014), but a significant decrease in BMD (p <0.0001) was noted over time when all groups were combined.Clinical significance: Although LPA has shown promise as an osteoinductive agent in research, its performance as a bone graft substitute, as utilized in this study, is unsupported. Further studies are necessary to determine the incorporation and elution kinetics of LPA from the PLGA-g-PEG hydrogel and from an ACS. Hydrogels may have clinical applications for delaying or preventing bone formation.

scholarly journals The Effect of TRX vs. Aquatic Exercises on Self-Reported Knee Instability and Affected Factors in Women with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirin Asar ◽  
Farzaneh Gandomi ◽  
Mahsa Mozafari ◽  
Freshteh Sohaili
Keyword(s):  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Quadriceps Strength ◽  
Knee Instability ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background: Knee Instability (KI) is described as a sense of knee buckling, shifting, or giving way during the weight bearing activities. High prevalence (60-80%) has been reported for KI amongst the patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). In this line, the present study targeted the effect of two interventions on self-reported KI and affected factors. Methods: In this single blind, randomized, and controlled trial, 36 patients with radiographic grading (Kellgren–Lawrence > II) of KOA were selected. Patients were divided into three groups namely, aquatic (n=12), Total Resistance exercises (TRX) (n=12) and control (n=12) by random. Then both 8-week TRX and aquatic exercises were carried out by experimental groups. The following measure were taken before and after interventions: Pain by visual analog scale (VAS), balance by Berg Balance Scale (BBS), quadriceps strength by dynamometer, knee flexion range of motion (ROM) by inclinometer, knee stiffness with Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC), and self-reported KI with Felson's questionnaire. Results: The results demonstrated that KI, VAS, BBS improved over time both in TRX and aquatic groups significantly (p<0.05), but WOMAC(stiffness), knee flexion ROM, and quadriceps strength were significantly improved over time only for TRX (p<0.05). Post hoc test, also, showed that there were significant differences between interventions and control groups (p<0.05) for the VAS, KI, BBS, but for WOMAC(stiffness), a significant difference was observed only between TRX and control groups (p=0.05). Conclusions: Although TRX and aquatic interventions had a similar effect on the patients’ balance, pain and KI, TRX had more effect on WOMAC(stiffness), quadriceps strength, and knee flexion ROM than aquatic exercises.

scholarly journals A Review of Motion and Orientation Processing in Migraine

Vision ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Group Differences ◽  
Global Motion ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Motion Discrimination ◽  
Test Models ◽  
Visual Tasks ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Control ◽  
Underlying Pathophysiology

Visual tests can be used as noninvasive tools to test models of the pathophysiology underlying neurological conditions, such as migraine. They may also be used to track changes in performance that vary with the migraine cycle or can track the efficacy of prophylactic treatments. This article reviews the literature on performance differences on two visual tasks, global motion discrimination and orientation, which, of the many visual tasks that have been used to compare differences between migraine and control groups, have yielded the most consistent patterns of group differences. The implications for understanding the underlying pathophysiology in migraine are discussed, but the main focus is on bringing together disparate areas of research and suggesting those that can reveal practical uses of visual tests to treat and manage migraine.

The Effects of Summarization Instruction on Text Comprehension of Students with Learning Disabilities

1992 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 508-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenakshi Gajria ◽  
John Salvia
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Students With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Expository Prose ◽  
And Control ◽  
Summarization Instruction ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Over Time

This study examined the effectiveness of a summarization strategy for increasing comprehension of expository prose in students with learning disabilities. Thirty students with learning disabilities from Grades 6 through 9 were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. In addition, 15 students without disabilities served as a normal comparison group for comprehension. Students in the experimental condition were trained to criterion on five rules of summarization. Direct instruction in the summarization strategy significantly increased reading comprehension of the students in the experimental group. Strategy usage was maintained over time, and students were reported to generalize its use.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Islamic Project Module Towards Formation KEMAS Kindergarten Children Values

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Nurul Aliah Mustafa ◽  
Mazeni Ismail ◽  
Mohd Fauzi Kamarudin ◽  
Norela Mohamed Shah
Keyword(s):  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
P Value ◽  
Attitude Score ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Score Change ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of using the Islamic Project&copy; Module by preschool teachers in the development of KEMAS kindergarten children in the state of Kelantan. This module seeks to provide significant and critical data on the integration of values in subject-matter teaching. The Modified Delphi technique was used to get consensus for the different module components. Experts from different educational fields fully involved in the module development. The respondents were 100 teachers from 100 government sponsored-kindergarten in the rural areas (TABIKA KEMAS) in Kelantan. All participating teachers were given 3 days of intensive training before implementing the Moral project approach. Using Kirkpatrick&#39;s 4-Level Assessment Model, the results of this study clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of this intervention model. Repeated measure of the ANCOVA analysis also showed that there were significant differences in comparisons between the intervention (experimental) and control groups. The findings further revealed a significant increase in teacher practice score change between the intervention and control groups over time (F-stat = 528.71, p-value = &lt;0.001); and control over time (p-value = &lt;0.001). Additionally, a significant increase in teacher attitude score change between the intervention and control groups (p-value = &lt;0.001) was also recorded.

scholarly journals The Effect of Ginger on Preventing Post-spinal Puncture Headache in Patients Undergoing Cesarean Section

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-210
Author(s):  
Banafsheh Mashak ◽  
Maryam Hashemnejad ◽  
Kourosh Kabir ◽  
Mansoureh Refaei ◽  
Sara Esmaelzadeh Saeieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Spinal Puncture ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Over Time

Objectives: Post-spinal puncture headache (PSPH) has constantly been one of the research priorities, especially in women undergoing cesarean section (C-section) and it is related to physical and psychological problems. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of ginger on preventing PSPH in patients undergoing C-section. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on 160 women undergoing C-section with spinal anesthesia, who were eligible to enter the study in the experimental and control groups. One ginger capsule (250 mg) was prescribed every 8 hours (TDS) to the experimental group 24 hours before the C-section. The prescription of ginger was continued half an hour after transfer to the post-partum ward until the PSPH onset. PSPH intensity was measured by using visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores at 6 timepoints (Time 1=30, Time 2=60, and Time 3=90 minutes vs. Time 4=3, Time 5 =6, and Time 6=12 hours) after C-section. No interventions were performed in the control group. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software by descriptive statistics and analytical tests were applied to determine the changes in PSPH intensity. Results: The comparison results of the mean score of PSPH intensity in the experimental and control groups indicated significant differences over time (P<0.05), except for the sixth time point (12 hours after C-section). In addition, the trend of changes at 6 timepoints based on the results of the repeated-measures test demonstrated that PSPH intensity significantly differed in the two groups over time (P<0.001). Conclusions: Based on the result, the oral prescription of ginger to women undergoing C-section under spinal anesthesia led to effective PSPH prevention at 5 time-points (30, 60, and 90 minutes, along with 3 and 6 hours). Further, the trend of the changes represented that the intensity of PSPH decreased in the experimental group over time. Therefore, ginger is suggested as a noninvasive and efficient method used for preventing PSPH.

scholarly journals Effect of different surface penetrating sealants on the roughness of a nanofiller composite resin

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 692-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murilo Baena Lopes ◽  
Paulo Cesar Saquy ◽  
Sandra Kiss Moura ◽  
Linda Wang ◽  
Fabiana Mezzaroba Ortenzi Graciano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Composite Resin ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Light Activation ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Steel Mold ◽  
And Control ◽  
Simulated Time ◽  
Water Dilution ◽  
Over Time

This study evaluated the effectiveness of different sealants applied to a nanofiller composite resin. Forty specimens of Filtek Z-350 were obtained after inserting the material in a 6x3 mm stainless steel mold followed by light activation for 20 s. The groups were divided (n=10) according to the surface treatment applied: Control group (no surface treatment), Fortify, Fortify Plus and Biscover LV. The specimens were subjected to simulated toothbrushing using a 200 g load and 250 strokes/min to simulate 1 week, 1, 3 and 6 months and 1 and 3 years in the mouth, considering 10,000 cycles equivalent to 1 year of toothbrushing. Oral-B soft-bristle-tip toothbrush heads and Colgate Total dentifrice at a 1:2 water-dilution were used. After each simulated time, surface roughness was assessed in random triplicate readings. The data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test at a 95% confidence level. The specimens were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after each toothbrushing cycle. The control group was not significantly different (p>0.05) from the other groups, except for Fortify Plus (p<0.05), which was rougher. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed at the 1-month assessment between the experimental and control groups. Fortify and Fortify Plus presented a rougher surface over time, differing from the baseline (p<0.05). Biscover LV did not differ (p>0.05) from the baseline at any time. None of the experimental groups showed a significantly better performance (p>0.05) than the control group at any time. SEM confirmed the differences found during the roughness testing. Surface penetrating sealants did not improve the roughness of nanofiller composite resin.

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