scholarly journals Stable Isotope Ratios in Tap Water of a Riverside City in a Semi-Arid Climate: An Application to Water Source Determination

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingxia Du ◽  
Mingjun Zhang ◽  
Shengjie Wang ◽  
Fenli Chen ◽  
Peipei Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Numerical Range ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Regional Water

Stable isotopes (e.g., δ2H and δ18O) in tap water are important tools to understand the local climate or environment background, water sources and the state of regional water supply. Based on 242 tap water samples, 35 precipitation samples and 24 surface water samples gathered in the urban area of Lanzhou, the basic spatiotemporal characteristics of isotopes in tap water, their connection with isotopes in other water bodies and change during the process from raw water to tap water are discussed in detail, combining the information of local tap water supply and water source. It can provide reliable help for understanding the isotope characteristics of local tap water, regional water supply management and determination of tap water source of in a small area. Except for the establishment of a new data set of isotopes in tap water with complete time series and uniform spatial distribution of sampling sites, other results show that: (1) The Local Tap Water Line (LTWL) of Lanzhou is δ2H = (6.03 ± 0.57) δ18O + (−8.63 ± 5.44) (r2 = 0.41, p < 0.01). (2) For seasonal variations, δ2H and δ18O in tap water both are higher in autumn and lower in spring. The diurnal and daily variations of isotopes in tap water are not large. As for spatial variations, the monthly mean values of δ2H and δ18O in tap water at each sampling site show little difference. The isotopes in tap water collected from one single sampling site can be considered as a representative for isotopes in tap water in the area with a single tap water source. (3) Isotopes in tap water show weak connection with precipitation isotopes, but exhibit good connection (consistent seasonal variation, similar numerical range, small numerical difference and high correlation) with isotopes in surface water, which is the direct water source. Isotopes in water change little from raw water to tap water. Isotopic composition of tap water in Lanzhou can be used as a representative of isotopes in surface water.

scholarly journals Stable Isotope Reveals Tap Water Source under Different Water Supply Modes in the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2578
Author(s):  
Mingxia Du ◽  
Mingjun Zhang ◽  
Shengjie Wang ◽  
Hongfei Meng ◽  
Cunwei Che ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Water Isotopes ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Qinghai Tibet Plateau

Based on 1260 tap water samples gathered monthly and 136 surface water samples collected seasonally in the eastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, the local tap water line, the basic spatiotemporal characteristics of tap water isotopes, and their indication for water source under different water supply modes were discussed, linking the local tap water supply and water source information. A new tap water isotopes data set based on dense sampling sites was established, which was reliable for the analysis of tap water isotope features, tap water supply management, and tap water sources. The main conclusions are: (1) The local tap water lines in Gannan and Longnan are δ2H = (7.06 ± 0.17) δ18O + (3.24 ± 1.75) (r2 = 0.81, p < 0.01) and δ2H = (5.66 ± 0.09) δ18O + (−8.12 ± 0.82) (r2 = 0.82, p < 0.01), respectively. (2) The annual mean δ2H and δ18O in tap water show an increasing trend from southwest to northeast. The seasonal differences of δ2H and δ18O in tap water in Gannan and Longnan are small. (3) The correlation of tap water isotopes with those in main source water is high, while that of isotopes in tap water with those in non-water source is low. Under the central water supply mode by local tap water company, tap water isotopes in Gannan where groundwater is the direct water source show weak connection with those in surface water and precipitation, and those in tap water in Longnan with surface water as main source water reveal good connection with isotopes in surface water. Under mixed water supply modes, tap water isotopes indicate that surface water is the main tap water source in Gannan and Longnan with multiple water sources.

scholarly journals Survey of Pythium and Phytophthora spp. in Irrigation Water Used by Colorado Commercial Greenhouses

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Pickett Pottorff ◽  
Karen L. Panter
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Lupinus Polyphyllus ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Irrigation Supply

The purpose of this study was to determine if irrigation water is a source of Pythium and Phytophthora spp. introduction into Colorado greenhouses. Nine greenhouses took part in the study; three each used municipal, well, or surface water as their irrigation supply. Water samples were collected from each greenhouse three times during Summer 1993. Samples were filtered, filter pads were incubated on selective media, and isolated pathogens were used to inoculate susceptible Cucumis sativus L. and Lupinus polyphyllus Findl. indicator plants. Pythium rostratum Butler and P. dissotocum Drechsler were isolated from surface water supplies. No Phytophthora was found in any water source. No differences were found in stem length or leaf number on inoculated versus control cucumbers or lupines. It was determined that both species of Pythium recovered are weak pathogens. Apparently, pathogenic Pythium and Phytophthora spp. are introduced into greenhouses in three counties in Colorado via means other than water supply.

scholarly journals WATER QUALITUY ASSESSSMENT IN NATURAL SPRINGS IN LVIV

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 106-109
Author(s):  
K. Stepova ◽  
K. Musiy ◽  
I. Dumas
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
The City

Abstract. The main purpose of freshwater ecosystems is to provide drinking needs meeting the water quality requirements for health. Pure raw water is needed not only for drinking, but also for many technological purposes. Good raw water causes the reduce of water treatment costs. Therefore, the quality of water in natural sources is an important factor not only for drinking water supply or for achieving higher economic impact of production, but it also contributes to the development of biodiversity, which is beneficial for the environment and society. Water supply of Lviv is provided exclusively from underground sources located at a distance of 20 to 80 km, so it is of high quality everywhere, but differs in chemical composition, and properties. However, it is widely believed that water from natural sources is better than tap water. In the territory of Lviv, Bryukhovychi and Vinnyky there are more than ten such springs, water from which is used by the inhabitants of the city and villages. The aim of the work is to determine whether the water from springs located in the city is suitable for drinking needs. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that water from springs located in Lviv is not suitable for drinking. According to the research results, in all spring water samples the content of calcium and magnesium is significantly higher than in the sample taken from the city water supply network. The total water hardness in all sources exceeds MPC. The content of sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, nitrites and ammonium ions in all spring water samples is much higher than in tap water. The content of total ammonium ion in water from source # 3 almost reaches the limit of MPC (0.95MPC). Lead content in all samples taken from springs exceeds the MPC.

What can short temporal changes of stable isotope ratios and geochemical parameters of tap water at a single sampling site tell us?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klara Nagode ◽  
Tjaša Kanduč ◽  
Tea Zuliani ◽  
Branka Bračič Železnik ◽  
Brigita Jamnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Geochemical Composition ◽  
Temporal Differences ◽  
In The Beginning

&lt;p&gt;Investigations of tap water and its source groundwater reflect combined features of regional hydrological processes and human activities including the changes in water supply system (WSS). In this context, multi-parameter characterization can present a reliable tool to propagate the geochemical &amp;#8220;fingerprints&amp;#8221; of water source from natural or artificial mixing. If the geochemical composition of different water source end members is significantly different, we can estimate the proportions of source water and their changes from particular source to tap.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To test this hypothesis, we performed a 24 hours sampling experiment of tap water in April 2019 at selected location in Ljubljana (i.e. at Jo&amp;#382;ef Stefan Institute), where groundwater from two different water fields and aquifers (i.e. from Kle&amp;#269;e at Ljubljansko polje and Brest from Ljubljansko barje) is mixed. In-situ measurements of temperature, electrical conductivity and pH were performed and 25 water samples were collected hourly for determination of isotopic composition of oxygen (&lt;em&gt;&amp;#948;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O), hydrogen (&lt;em&gt;&amp;#948;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H) and dissolved inorganic carbon (&lt;em&gt;&amp;#948;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;DIC&lt;/sub&gt;), &lt;sup&gt;87&lt;/sup&gt;Sr/&lt;sup&gt;86&lt;/sup&gt;Sr isotope ratio and major (Ca, K, Mg and Na) and trace elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sr, Tl, U, V and Zn).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The diurnal variations of parameters are not very large; however, temporal differences of some parameters (e.g. Ba, Mg) indicate that proportion of groundwater from Kle&amp;#269;e and Brest water fields changed during the experiment. Based on observed temporal differences during the 24 hours experiment we could identify three different patterns: a.) higher values in the beginning and at the end and lower in between (i.e. &lt;em&gt;&amp;#948;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O, &lt;em&gt;&amp;#948;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;DIC&lt;/sub&gt;, Ca, Na, B, Ba, Cr, Li, Sr); b.) lower values in the beginning and at the end and higher in between (i.e. K, Mg, As, Mn, V) and c.) higher values at the beginning of experiment (i.e. Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn). The first and the second pattern (a and b) indicate the mixing of different groundwater from different water fields with different geochemical characteristics. The third pattern (c) however indicates the influence of release of elements due to corrosion of water supply system. Based on results of 24 hours experiment and additional information on functioning of water supply system changes in proportion of water from Kle&amp;#269;e and Brest water fields will be estimated.&lt;/p&gt;

Perchlorate, chlorate and bromate in water samples from the South-West coast of India

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 595-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. N. Anupama ◽  
K. Kannan ◽  
P. V. G. Prajeesh ◽  
S. Rugmini ◽  
B. Krishnakumar
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Well Water ◽  
The South ◽  
South West ◽  
South West Coast

Occurrence of perchlorate (ClO4−), chlorate (ClO3−) and bromate (BrO3−) in public drinking, open well and surface water sources at 20 locations in the South-West coastal state of Kerala (India) is reported. The analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography interfaced with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). Irrespective of water source (public tap water, open well water and surface water) all the analyzed samples contained high levels of ClO4−, indicating its contamination throughout the region. The highest ClO4− level found was 91.4 μg/L, which is 3.7 times higher than US EPA recommendations. ClO3− and BrO3− were also detected in the samples, with highest concentrations of 177 and 5.34 μg/L respectively in tap water samples. Regression analysis showed moderate positive correlation between ClO4− and bromide (Br−) in tap water (r2=0.659) and open well water (r2=0.485) samples, respectively. Similar correlation was also observed between ClO4− and Cl− (r2=0.591) concentrations in well water samples, indicating sea water could be one of the probable sources in addition to ClO4− manufacturing in the area. This is the first report of high levels of ClO4− and ClO3− and detectable BrO3− in water samples from anywhere in India.

Microbiological Examination of Omi-Ebo Stream and Pipeborne Water Supply in Ile-Ife for Potability

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-305
Author(s):  
O. Shonykan ◽  
U. A. Adekunle ◽  
N. N. Obiallor
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Baseline Data ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Type I

The microbiological quality of a surface water source without any form of treatment and that of a selected treated pipe-borne water supply, all used for domestic purposes by the Ile-Ife community, were investigated to present baseline data on potability before the commencement of the new Ede water works. Water samples from Omi-ebo stream were taken from two types of sites viz: undisturbed surface water and agitated water from the stream edge and areas of decaying organic matter. The total bacterial count and coliform density of the agitated water were higher than those of the undisturbed surface water indicating that most of the micro-organisms are associated with decomposing organic matter. The coliform density (MPN method) and the total bacteria count showed gross faecal contamination of this water source. Isolation of E. coli type I and the presence of Clostridium melchii pointed to recent faecal and_remote pollution of this source. The presence of other heterotrophic bacteria with varying pigmentations was noted. The pipe-borne water samples indicated some degree of faecal pollution and did not meet the WHO standards for potable water. The baseline data suggest that the water supply sources io this community do not meet the acceptable standard. Efforts should be made by the local government to facilitate the completion of the Ede water works in order to fulfill the primary healthcare objective of providing an adequate potable water supply to the Ile-Ife community.

Occurrence of 1,4-dioxane and MTBE in drinking water sources in Japan

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Simazaki ◽  
M. Asami ◽  
T. Nishimura ◽  
S. Kunikane ◽  
T. Aizawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Standard Value ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Nationwide surveys of 1,4-dioxane and methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) levels in raw water used for the drinking water supply were conducted at 91 water treatment plants in Japan in 2001 and 2002, prior to the revision of the drinking water quality standards. 1,4-dioxane was widely and continuously detected in raw water samples and its occurrence was more frequent and its concentrations higher in groundwater than in surface water. However, its maximum concentration in raw water was much lower than its new standard value (50 μg/L), which was determined as a level of 10−5 excessive cancer risk to humans. Trace levels of MTBE were also detected in several surface water samples.

scholarly journals Ultramicro Analysis of Odorous Materials by Massfragmentography in Raw Water Source of Water Supply

1978 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-128
Author(s):  
YOSHITERU TSUCHIYA ◽  
TOSHIHIKO OKAMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Raw Water

scholarly journals Assessment of Fluoride in Groundwater and Surface Water in Gorakhpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VII) ◽  
pp. 2028-2036
Author(s):  
Aseem Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Common Element ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Groundwater Source

Fluorine is the most electronegative and most reactive halogen. Fluorine is 13th most common element on earth crust found in the form of fluoride. Concentration of fluoride below 1 mg/l are believed beneficial in the prevention of dental carries or tooth decay, but above 1.5mg/l, it increases the severity of the deadly diseases fluorosis, which is incurable in India. The whole study was conducted in Gorakhpur region to know about the concentration of fluoride, mainly in rural areas of the district. We have collected 64 drinking water samples from 9 blocks of the district in which we took 6 number of ground water samples from each block so total 54 number of samples were collected from the groundwater source and 8 number of samples were taken from surface water source. Out of 54 ground water samples, 36 numbers of samples were taken from India Mark-II hand pumps and rest 18 number of samples were taken from shallow depth hand pumps and tested to determine the concentration of fluoride. From our assessment we came to know that in this region the concentration of fluoride in groundwater ranges between 0.004 to 1.42mg/l, minimum value is found in the surface water source and the maximum value is found from the ground water source.The samples collected from both ground water and as well as surface water were taken from potable sources i.e. they are used for drinking purposes in daily routine. After the testing and analyzing the samples it is come to know that surface water has quite lower levels fluoride compare to ground water. The conclusion of this work is to give information about the concentration of fluoride in groundwater and surface water of the district.

scholarly journals Application of model fitting technique to enhance bacterial regrowth potential (BRP) measurement for drinking water supply monitoring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjin Xue ◽  
Christopher W. K. Chow ◽  
John van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Bacterial Regrowth

Abstract The bacterial regrowth potential (BRP) method was utilised to indirectly measure the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) as an indicator for the assessment of the microbial regrowth potential in drinking water distribution systems. A model using various microbial growth parameters was developed in order to standardise the experimental interpretation for BRP measurement. This study used 82 experimental BRP data sets of water samples collected from the water treatment plant to locations (customer taps) in the distribution system. The data were used to model the BRP process (growth curve) by a data fitting procedure and to obtain a best-fitted equation. Statistical assessments and model validation for evaluating the equation obtained by fitting these 82 sets of data were conducted, and the results show average R2 values were 0.987 for treated water samples (collected at the plant prior to chlorination) and 0.983 for tap water (collected at the customer taps). The F values obtained from the F-test are all exceeded their corresponding F critical values, and the results from the t-test also showed a good outcome. These results indicate this model would be successfully applied in modelling BRP in drinking water supply systems.

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