Water Quality and Financial Analysis of a System Combining Rainwater and Greywater in a House

This study aimed to evaluate the installation of a system that combines rainwater to wash clothes and greywater to flush toilets in a house located in Florianópolis, southern Brazil. The evaluation consisted of determining the potable water savings, performing a financial analysis, and verifying the possibility of using rainwater and reusing greywater according to the local legislation. The reduction in potable water consumption was determined by comparing the monthly water and sewage bill, before and after installing the system, combining rainwater and greywater. The financial analysis was performed considering the financial benefits, operational costs, costs for installing the system, and local water tariffs. After installing the system, there was a decrease of 38.0% in the monthly potable water consumption, which represents a decrease of 7.00 m3 in the monthly potable water consumption. The payback periods for the old and new water tariffs were equivalent to, respectively, ten years and seven months, and eight years and five months. Both rainwater and greywater had parameters with concentrations higher than the limits established by the legislation. Therefore, the rainwater had to go through a device for discarding the first flush and needed disinfection; and the greywater needed to go through a treatment process. The results indicated that the system combining rainwater and greywater shows significant potential for potable water savings, which can be a good alternative to the preservation of potable water resources. It is important to note that current studies on rainwater use and greywater reuse are mainly related to non-potable purposes, but it was shown herein that rainwater can be used for washing clothes.

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Reduction of Potable Water Consumption and Sewage Generation on a City Scale: A Case Study in Brazil

Water ◽

10.3390/w11112351 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 2351 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Cureau ◽

Ghisi

Keyword(s):

Water Consumption ◽

Potable Water ◽

Rainwater Harvesting ◽

Single Family ◽

Water Savings ◽

The Public ◽

Water Demands ◽

Harvesting Systems ◽

The City ◽

Greywater Reuse

This article aims to estimate the reduction of potable water consumption and sewage generation in the city of Joinville, southern Brazil. Four strategies were considered to promote potable water savings: replacement of conventional toilets with dual-flush ones, greywater reuse, rainwater harvesting, and the combination of these three strategies. Residential, public, and commercial sectors were assessed. The potential for potable water savings ranged from 1.7% to 50.5%, and the potential for sewage generation reduction ranged from 2.1% to 52.1%. The single-family residential sector was the most representative for water savings and sewage generation reduction. The public sector would be the least contributor to such reductions. It was found that in the city of Joinville, for low non-potable water demands, greywater reuse was the most viable strategy to save water. When non-potable demand is high and there is a large catchment area, it is recommended to install rainwater harvesting systems. It was concluded that there is a high potential for potable water savings and reduction of sewage generation if measures were adopted in Joinville, but it is necessary to evaluate which strategy is the most appropriate for each building.

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Potential for Potable Water Savings Due to Rainwater Use in a Precast Concrete Factory

Water ◽

10.3390/w13040448 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 448

Author(s):

Giovanna Bertuzzi ◽

Enedir Ghisi

Keyword(s):

Water Consumption ◽

Potable Water ◽

Precast Concrete ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Water Savings ◽

Rainwater Tank ◽

Current Water ◽

Tank Capacity ◽

Rainwater Quality ◽

The Ideal

The objective of this paper was to assess the potential for potable water savings due to rainwater use in a precast concrete factory in southern Brazil. The economic feasibility and the rainwater quality were also assessed. The current water consumption, future water demand, and rainwater demand in the factory were estimated. The future demand considered was two times higher than the current water consumption since there were plans to increase the production. Three scenarios were then simulated using the computer programme Netuno. The ideal rainwater tank capacity, the potential for potable water savings, and the economic feasibility analysis for each scenario were estimated. Samples of rainwater were collected in the factory and tested for quality for manufacturing precast concrete. For a rainwater tank capacity equal to 25,000 L, the potential for potable water savings for the first scenario was 55.4%, but the first scenario was considered economically unfeasible. For the same tank capacity, the second and third scenarios presented viable results regarding potable water savings and payback. As for the rainwater quality, it was proven to be adequate for manufacturing precast concrete. The main conclusion was that rainwater can be used to manufacture precast concrete in the factory studied herein.

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Potential for Potable Water Savings Due to Rainwater use in a Precast Concrete Factory

10.20944/preprints202101.0104.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Giovanna Bertuzzi ◽

Enedir Ghisi

Keyword(s):

Water Consumption ◽

Potable Water ◽

Precast Concrete ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Water Savings ◽

Rainwater Tank ◽

Current Water ◽

Tank Capacity ◽

Rainwater Quality ◽

The Ideal

The objective of this paper is to assess the potential for potable water savings due to rainwater use in a precast concrete factory in southern Brazil. The economic feasibility and the rainwater quality were also assessed. The current water consumption, future water demand and rainwater demand in the factory were estimated. The future demand considered was two times higher than the current water consumption since there are plans to increase the production. Three scenarios were then simulated using the computer programme Netuno. The ideal rainwater tank capacity, the potential for potable water savings and the economic feasibility analysis for each scenario were estimated. Samples of rainwater were collected in the factory and tested for quality for manufacturing precast concrete. For a rainwater tank capacity equal to 25,000 litres, the potential for potable water savings for the first scenario was 55.4%, but the first scenario was considered economically unfeasible. For the same tank capacity, the second and third scenarios presented viable results regarding potable water savings and payback. As for the rainwater quality, it was proven to be adequate for manufacturing precast concrete. The main conclusion is that rainwater can be used to manufacture precast concrete in the factory studied herein.

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Environmentally friendly interlocking concrete paver blocks produced with treated wastewater

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2019.078 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (7) ◽

pp. 2028-2035

Author(s):

Adriano Luiz Tonetti ◽

Natalia Cangussu Duarte ◽

Mariana Rodrigues Ribeiro dos Santos ◽

Gustavo Henrique Siqueira

Keyword(s):

Water Consumption ◽

Potable Water ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Good Alternative ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Water Composition ◽

Consumption Reduction ◽

Concrete Production ◽

Parking Lot

Abstract This study aimed at supporting processes and techniques for minimization of water consumption in the production of concrete. For this purpose, the use of treated wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in interlocking concrete paver block (ICPB) production was evaluated. The treated wastewater was added in various dosages (0%, 50%, 75% and 100%) to the water used to produce cylindrical concrete samples. These samples were evaluated for compressive strength and water absorption tests. After these evaluations, the dosage of 100% treated wastewater for concrete production was established and ICPB were produced with this water composition. Subsequently, an area in a parking lot was replaced by ICPB produced with treated wastewater, and an equal area was replaced by ICPB produced with potable water. A comparison between parameters obtained for cylindrical samples and ICPB samples prepared with treated wastewater and those prepared with potable water indicated that wastewater reuse would be a good alternative for potable water consumption reduction in the concrete industry.

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Assessment of Color Stability of Treated Leathers with Silicone Oil and Polyethylene Glycol

Journal of African Leather and Leather Products Advances ◽

10.15677/jallpa.2014.v1i1.8 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 24-34

Author(s):

Alireza K. ◽

Hossein Ahmadi ◽

Mohsen Mohammadi

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Polyethylene Glycol ◽

Treatment Process ◽

Color Change ◽

Silicone Oil ◽

Accelerated Aging ◽

Color Stability ◽

Antioxidant Additive ◽

Before And After ◽

Aesthetic Values

Lubricants and leather dressings are the most common treatments of dry and water logged historical leathers. Color change has a great importance during the time and treatment process, due to visual and aesthetic values of historic leather relics. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and silicone oil (SiO) are frequently used leather dressings in the conservation procedures. Therefore, color stability of treated leathers with PEG and SiO were investigated before and after heat accelerated aging. Moreover, application of ascorbic acid was evaluated as an antioxidant additive for PEG (PEG+AA).Color change after treatment and aging were studied by colorimetry technique in the CIE *L*a*b system. Results indicated to severe color alteration in PEG treated and aged leathers with or without ascorbic acid. Whereas, SiO treated samples showed better stability and minimum color shift after aging. Silicone oil was characterized as the best dressing for historical leathers with compared to PEG and PEG+AA, due to its high stability and aesthetical properties.

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Global Water Crisis: Concept of a New Interactive Shower Panel Based on IoT and Cloud Computing for Rational Water Consumption

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11094081 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 4081

Author(s):

Adrian Czajkowski ◽

Leszek Remiorz ◽

Sebastian Pawlak ◽

Eryk Remiorz ◽

Jakub Szyguła ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Water Resources ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Potable Water ◽

Raw Material ◽

Energy Industry ◽

Energy Transformation ◽

Flow Measurements ◽

Essential Resource

The present paper describes the problem and effects of water scarcity and the possibility of rational use of this resource in the idea of a Circular Economy (CE) and sustainable development. Rational water management requires innovation, due to the growing demand for this raw material. It seems that water is widely available, e.g., in Poland, there is no problem with drought. Unfortunately, Polish water resources are shrinking and modern solutions, as well as the construction of new and modernisation of old infrastructure, are some of the few solutions that can protect against a shortage of potable water. Water is also an essential resource for economic development. It is used in every sector of the economy. Limited water resources lead to an inevitable energy transformation because, in its present state, the Polish energy industry consumes huge amounts of water. Due to the above statements, the authors propose a solution in the form of an interactive shower panel that contributes to more rational water management (e.g., in households or hotels) based on the latest technological achievements. This device enables the creation of water consumption statistics based on accurate liquid flow measurements and the transfer of data to the user’s mobile device. This innovation aims to make the user aware of the amount of water used, which in turn can contribute to lower water consumption.

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The use of oxybutynin for treating facial hyperhidrosis

Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia ◽

10.1590/s0365-05962011000300005 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 86 (3) ◽

pp. 451-456 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Nelson Wolosker ◽

José Ribas Milanez de Campos ◽

Paulo Kauffman ◽

Marco Antonio Munia ◽

Samantha Neves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Good Alternative ◽

Emotional Disturbances ◽

Thoracic Ganglion ◽

Compensatory Hyperhidrosis ◽

Thoracic Sympathectomy ◽

Serious Emotional Disturbances ◽

Important Complication ◽

Before And After

BACKGROUND: Facial hyperhidrosis is a disease that may lead patients to serious emotional disturbances. Video-assisted thoracic sympathectomy provides excellent resolution of facial hyperhidrosis, but is associated with certain complications. The most frequent and important complication is compensatory hyperhidrosis. Especially in patients who have undergone resection of the second thoracic ganglion, the risk of severe compensatory hyperhidrosis is higher, which may cause dissatisfaction with the procedure. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the use of low doses of oxybutynin in treating facial hyperhidrosis as well as the level of patient satisfaction with its use. METHODS: 25 patients with facial hyperhidrosis were treated with oxybutynin. The patients underwent 2 evaluations: before and after treatment. These evaluations were used to assess the patients' clinical improvement and quality of life. RESULTS: We observed that more than 75% of the patients evolved with an improvement in facial hyperhidrosis, and 52% of them presented a great improvement. CONCLUSION: Treatment of facial hyperhidrosis with oxybutynin is a good alternative to sympathectomy, since it presents good results and improves quality of life, in addition to not exposing patients to the risk of experiencing the side effects of sympathectomy

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Biosolids conditioning and the availability of Cu and Zn for rice

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162003000100024 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 161-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Adriana Marlene Moreno Pires ◽

Maria Emília Mattiazzo

Keyword(s):

Treatment Process ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Sewage Treatment ◽

Statistical Design ◽

Test Plant ◽

Before And After ◽

Year 2000 ◽

Zn Availability ◽

Cu And Zn ◽

Metal Phytoavailability

Sewage treatment process is a factor to be considered for biosolid use in agriculture. The greatest sewage treatment facility of São Paulo State (Barueri/SP) altered in the year 2000 of its sludge treatment. The addition of ferric chloride and calcium oxide was substituted by the addition of polymers. This change can modify heavy metal phytoavailability. A green house experiment, using 2 soils treated with biosolids (three with and one without polymers with and without polymers) was performed to evaluate Cu and Zn phytoavailability using rice (Oryza sativa L.) as test plant. Three kilograms of two soils (Haphorthox abd Hapludox) were placed in pots and the equivalent to 50 Mg ha-1 (dry basis) of biosolid was added and incorporated. The statistical design adopted was completely randomized experiment, with five treatments (control plus four different biossolids) each soil and four replications. Soil pH before and after harvesting, Cu and Zn concentrations in shoot were evaluated. Tukey (5%) was used to compare the results. DTPA, HCl 0.1 mol L-1 and Mehlich 3 were used to estimate soil available Cu and Zn. Amounts extracted were correlated to those presented in rice shoot, to evaluate the efficiency of predicting Cu and Zn phytoavailabilities. Biosolids with polymers presented higher Cu and Zn phytoavailabilities, possibly due to the lower pH of these residues. In this case soil presented lowest values of pH and plant shoot had highest. All extractants were representative of Cu and Zn availability to rice plants.

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