scholarly journals Confusing Invader: Acanthocyclops americanus (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) and Its Biological, Anthropogenic and Climate-Dependent Mechanisms of Rapid Distribution in Eurasia

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1423
Author(s):  
Victor R. Alekseev
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Far East ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Crustacean Zooplankton ◽  
Tethys Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Border

Acanthocyclops americanus (Marsh, 1892), first described in Wisconsin (USA), was discovered shortly thereafter in Great Britain and then widely distributed in the Palearctic. Its current range includes Europe, North Africa, western and central Siberia with the largest number of findings along the migration tracks of aquatic birds. Until recently, the northern border was the 60th parallel, but in the last decade it has expanded further into the Arctic. The most rapid expansion of its range in Europe happened in the middle of the last century, which was partially hidden from scientists due to a taxonomic mistake caused by the merging of its name with the native Palearctic form Acanthocyclops robustus (Sars, 1863). This problem was solved only recently with the help of molecular genetic tools, allowing a return to the study of biological, anthropogenic and possible climate-dependent mechanisms of the successful rapid invasion of A. americanus into the Palearctic. This paper, along with a detailed description of the life cycle parameters, adaptive behavior of nauplii and population dynamics in Acanthocyclops americanus compared to those in two other native Acanthocyclops species (Acanthocyclops vernalis and A. robustus), provides a possible history of the biological invasion of A. americanus in the Palearctic. Special attention is paid to the climate-dependent mechanism of the expansion of its range into the north and far east of Asia. The introduction of the A.americanus into small lakes in Great Britain resulted in the dominance of this species in the summer plankton. In many high-trophic reservoirs in Belgium, France and Spain, as well as in newly built reservoirs in Europe, this species has become the only representative of crustacean zooplankton in the warm season. This has led to a significant transformation of the trophic webs of these reservoirs. The rapid dispersal of the invasive species, which was demonstrated by A. americanus in the last century, can make it difficult, and in some cases even impossible to study the historical reasons for the formation of the fauna of other invertebrates associated with such events including the movement of continents and the evolution of the Tethys Sea.

scholarly journals RELATIONAL STRATEGIES AS A FACTOR OF THE INDUSTRIAL POLICY OF ENTERPRISES OF THE RUSSIAN NORTH AND ARCTIC

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2/2020) ◽  
pp. 83-94
Author(s):  
V. A. Leventsov ◽  
◽  
V.V. Gluhov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Far East ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The North ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Relational Strategies

In the beginning of this year, key development priorities of the Arctic region of Russia were presented, which should become the basis for the Development Strategy of the Russia Arctic until 2035 prepared by the Ministry of the Far East and Arctic Development. Its main goal is to improve the level and quality of life through development of human capital, balanced spatial development, development of the economy of renewable natural resources (local production), implementation of large investmentand infrastructure projects, environmental management, etc.Accordingly, industrial enterprises of the North and the Arctic of Russia are faced with the most important task of producing competitive, innovative products, which requires consolidation of allkinds of resources that are always lacking, especially during the economic recession, low oil prices and the coronavirus pandemic.The purpose of the article is to show the role of the use of the relational strategy by industrial enterprises of the Northand the Arctic of Russia as an important factor in their industrial policy.Relational strategies of enterprises mean strategies aimed at forming their relational space as a set of links between them that create partnership advantages in order to obtain relational profit for participants.The article presents the authors’ model for forming relational strategies, consisting of five stages with their description, an algorithm for assessing relational interaction, and also considers the use of relational strategy as an important factor in the industrial policy of enterprises of the North and the Arctic of Russia.

Entrepreneurial ecosystems in the Russian regions

2018 ◽  
pp. 4-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Zemtsov ◽  
V. L. Baburin
Keyword(s):  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Far East ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ecosystems ◽  
The North ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Consumer Markets ◽  
Medium Enterprises

The article explains the uneven development of small and medium enterprises in Russia within the framework of the ‘entrepreneurial ecosystems’ concept. A corresponding typology of the Russian regions was carried out according to the proposed model. The most developed ecosystems with highdensity and sectoral diversity of SMEs are formed in regions with access to large consumer markets, capital, and low risks for investors. The least developed SMEs sector is in areas with high costs of doing business: the North Caucasus, the Far East and the Arctic zone, which requires special measures of state policy. The level of development of ecosystems determines their ability to withstand external shocks. The effect of the FIFA World Cup is positive in the hosting regions and in its neighbors. Based on the typology, we proposed differentiated support measures.

scholarly journals Forecasting of Capital Investments into the Fixed Capital in Regions Until 2024: Methods and Results of Territorial Forecast for Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
Irina Grishina
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Fixed Capital ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Fixed Investment ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
The North ◽  
Regional Investment

The aim of the study is to improve the methodology of forecasting of the territorial proportions of fixed capital investments within the medium-term forecast of the social and economic development of Russia. The author proposes a method of decomposition of predicted national indicators at the regional level which takes into account the prospects of attracting private investments and implementing large investment projects with the state participation. The researcher describes the system of factors determining the interregional differences of private investors’ activity and forming the metric basis of complex estimation of the regional investment attractiveness using the official statistics. The paper presents the list and methods for estimating the indicators characterizing the production, financial, consumer, institutional, innovative, infrastructure and natural-resource components of the region’s investment potential, as well as social, environmental and technological regional investment risks. The paper shows the opportunities of using the functional relationship for the medium-term forecasting between the integral regional indicators of the investment attractiveness and activity. The national forecast has been decomposed by calculating the individual regional deviations of the forecasted national growth rate of fixed investment in Russia for 2019–2024. The developed variants of perspective territorial proportions confirm the possibility to achieve the national target of the forecast presented as a 25 percent share of the fixed investment in GDP of Russia and reflect the core perspective destinations of development for different parts of the country – the accelerated development of the Far East, the Arctic zone, the largest metropolitan areas of Russia, as well as the provision of national security in the geostrategic regions of the North Caucasus and Southern Federal Districts. The approach is designed to support the administrative decisions concerning the spatial development by linking regional and investment policy priorities.

scholarly journals Biomarker Proxy Records of Arctic Climate Change During the Mid-Pleistocene Transition from Lake El’gygytgyn (Far East Russia)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt R. Lindberg ◽  
William C. Daniels ◽  
Isla S. Castañeda ◽  
Julie Brigham-Grette
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Far East ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Temperature Record ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Lake El’Gygytgyn ◽  
East Russia

Abstract. The Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT) is a widely recognized global climate shift occurring between approximately 1,250 to 700 ka. At this time, Earth's climate underwent a major transition from dominant 40 kyr glacial-interglacial cycles to quasi-100 kyr cycles. The cause of the MPT remains a puzzling aspect of Pleistocene climate. Presently, there are few, if any, continuous MPT records from the Arctic yet understanding the role and response of the high latitudes to the MPT is required to better evaluate the causes of this climatic shift. Here, we present new continental biomarker records of temperature and vegetation spanning 1,142 to 752 ka from Lake El'gygytgyn (Far East Russia). We reconstruct warm-season temperature variations across the MPT based on branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) using the MBTʹ5ME proxy. The new Arctic temperature record does not display an overall cooling trend during the MPT but does exhibit strong glacial-interglacial cyclicity. Spectral analysis demonstrates persistent obliquity and precession pacing over the study interval and reveals substantial sub-orbital temperature variations at ~900 kyr during the first “skipped” interglacial. Interestingly, Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 31, which is widely recognized as a particularly warm interglacial, does not exhibit exceptional warmth at Lake El'gygytgyn. Instead, we find that MIS 29, 27 and 21 were as warm or warmer than MIS 31. In particular, MIS 21 (~870 to 820 ka) stands out as an especially warm and long interglacial in the continental Arctic while MIS 25 is a notably cold interglacial. Throughout the MPT, Lake El'gygytgyn pollen data exhibits a long-term drying trend, with a shift to an increasingly open landscape noted after around 900 ka (Zhao et al., 2018), which is also reflected in our higher plant leaf wax (n-alkane) distributions. Although the mechanisms driving the MPT remain a matter of debate, our new climate records from the continental Arctic exhibit some similarities to changes noted around the North Pacific region. Overall, the new organic geochemical data from Lake El'gygytgyn contribute to expanding our knowledge of the high-latitude response to the MPT.

scholarly journals Assessment of safety and economy of navigation in ice on the Northen Sea route

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Pastusiak
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Route Planning ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Sea Transport ◽  
The North ◽  
Sea Transportation ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
The Impact

This article discusses safety and economic issues of sea transport during transit voyages of a vessel across the North Sea Route (NSR) in the Arctic Ocean. The main obstacles to shipping and threat to vessels are the regions of ice occurrence and, in particular, clusters of ice with high and very high concentration, thickness and hummocking occurring each year in the same places, which are called ice massifs. Speed of vessels has the greatest impact on the economy of transit voyage. The safe speed of vessels, as a means of transport that ensures trouble-free navigation of the vessels depends on ice conditions. Until now, the concept of safe speed has not been precisely defined. Also, the impact of speed of the vessel in certain ice conditions on overcoming the ice and the risk of damage to vessel has not been precisely defined. Issues of direct and potential costs of vessel’s safety, damages and consequences of damages in ice were also not fully considered. The author analyzed the above relationships on the example of the first commercial vessel transit voyage through the NSR and obtained generalized results that can be applied to the initial, general and tactical route planning till 10 days - 6 months ahead and transit schedule of a vessel between Europe and the Far East ports via the Northern Sea Route. The presented method should increase safety and economy of sea transportation in areas covered with ice.

Indigenous Peoples of the Russian North and Their Right to Traditional Fishing

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Andreyevna Zmyvalova
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Far East ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North ◽  
Russian North ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Traditional Fishing

The preservation of the traditional livelihood of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North is one of the State’s policy priorities in the Russian Federation. This is declared in such documents as, inter alia, the Development Strategy of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation and the National Security for the period up to 2020 and the Paper on the Sustainable Development of the Indigenous Small-Numbered Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of Russia for the period up to 2025. Fishing is one of the basic traditional practices for the indigenous peoples of the Russian North. Despite the legal recognition of the right to traditional fishing of indigenous peoples, the practical realization of this right is complicated. While analysing the current situation, the author attempts to shed some light on the reasons of the problematic realization of this right.

scholarly journals The Northern Sea Route as a New Route for Maritime Transport between the Far East and Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. A74-A79
Author(s):  
Andrej Dávid ◽  
Andrea Galieriková ◽  
Jiří Tengler ◽  
Vlatka Stupalo
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Far East ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
Alternative Trade ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
The North Pacific

Asian countries such as China, Malaysia, India or Bangladesh belong to the largest producers of consumer goods in the world that is mainly transported by container vessels to other parts of the world. One of the busiest maritime trade route is the route between Europe and Asia. It leads through the North Pacific, Indian and the North Atlantic Oceans and their seas. There is also an alternative trade route that runs along the coast of the Russian Federation across the Arctic Ocean. On one hand the ice in this area is gradually declining due to global warming, on the other hand the duration of navigation times is being extended for several months of the year. One of the advantages of this route is the reduction of sailing times between Asian and European maritime ports. The basic goals of the paper are to focus on the current transport situation on this trade route and a new trade route that leads along the coast of Russia.

scholarly journals Attraction of investments as the main factor in the development of the macroregion siberia

2021 ◽  
Vol 295 ◽  
pp. 01059
Author(s):  
Oleg Repinskiy ◽  
Maria Gubanischeva ◽  
Natalya Romaneskul
Keyword(s):  
Public Investment ◽  
Far East ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Investment Funds ◽  
The North ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Main Factor

The macroregion Siberia possess large reserves of natural resources, which makes it possible to create a modern high-tech infrastructure for their extraction and processing. The production of final products in this region can become a driving force for the development of the Russian economy in the medium and long term. Unlocking the potential of Siberia and the Far East requires significant investments comparable to the money spent by the USSR for the development of Western Siberia, the North, the Arctic and the construction of the BAM (the Baikal-Amur Mainline). The volume of public investment is insufficient for the dynamic development of the region, so to obtain additional investment funds stimulation of the private sector of the economy is required. Potential investors have the sufficient financial resources, but it is necessary to improve an investment climate in Russia. It will allow the country to attract the maximum amount of money. To improve the investment climate one should make significant changes in the management, legal, banking and other aspects of business activity in Russia.

ALIEN PLANT SPECIES IN THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC: SPATIAL PATTERNS, CORRIDORS AND LOCAL INVASIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 50-62
Author(s):  
O. V. Morozova ◽  
A. A. Tishkov
Keyword(s):  
Alien Species ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Alien Plant Species ◽  
Migration Activity ◽  
Alien Plant ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Border ◽  
Wide Range

The article analyzes the diversity of alien plant species in the Russian part of the Arctic (RA) based on the generalization of different publications. Alien plant species present in all regions of the RA, but compared with more southern biomes, their share in regional floras is relatively small and unevenly distributed, from 1-2% in the north of Yakutia and in the continental part of Chukotka to 22-27% on the Kola Peninsula and in the Bolshezemelskaya tundra. In general, the low species diversity of alien species in the RA is explained by two groups of factors. The first one includes socio-economic indicators: relatively late and still focal economic development of the region and, in general, low human migration activity here. The second one unites natural factors, among which the climate is of paramount importance. It has been shown that mainly plurizonal species with the northern border of their ranges in the boreal zone are introduced into the RA, but the direct donor regions are often not known when alien species are introduced. These species are clearly better adapted to a wide range of conditions, allowing them to survive in the harsh Arctic climate. By the way of invasion into the RA, unintentionally introduced species prevail, and the main vectors are transport, migration activity, in recent years - arctic tourism, as well as introduction with contaminated materials. The distribution of alien species is locally and mostly associated with settlements and industrial centers.

Rights Over the Arctic

1930 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Lakhtine
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Far East ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
The One

The transarctic flights of 1926 and 1928 demonstrate the possibility of establishing communication by air across the Arctic regions between Europe, on the one side, and North America and the Far East on the other. Quite aside from the saving of time owing to shorter distance, the establishment of such communication presents considerably less diiSculty than air communication over the Atlantic: a conclusion derived from the transatlantic flights of the last three years. The experience of the airship Italia in May, 1928, does not at all nullify this conclusion. It serves merely to show that the organization of transarctic communication requires special prearrangements, such aa wireless stations, meteorological stations, landing-places, air-bases, the construction of which on the shores, islands, and even on the ice of the Arctic Ocean, appears to be quite feasible. The necessity for such stations has aroused in the governments of the North countries an increased interest in the Arctic regions which heretofore has been restricted to scientific circles.

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