scholarly journals Perspectives on Sustainable Pesticide Control in Brazil

World ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-301
Author(s):  
Tomaz Langenbach ◽  
Luiz Querino Caldas ◽  
Tácio De Campos ◽  
Fábio Correia ◽  
Nelson Lorenz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Exposure ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Tropical Agriculture ◽  
Current Policy ◽  
Scientific Evaluation ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Tolerance Limits ◽  
Environmental Mobilization ◽  
Evaluation Parameters ◽  
Concentration Limits

If the current policy explores the utilization of active ingredients in use quickly and to the maximum, the same does not occur with the ban on the registration of products highly dangerous to both health and the environment. The current policy does not aim at reducing pesticide toxicity and ecotoxicity, required to reduce environmental contamination and human exposure. To this end, it is essential to adjust scientific evaluation parameters concerning lower concentration tolerance limits to modernity standards, in addition to banning products for which there is scientific evidence of carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic actions. In ecotoxicology, reducing the applicable concentration limits is paramount for preserving bees, birds, and other forms of domestic and wildlife. When evaluating active ingredients, it is imperative to prioritize more biodegradable molecules with low potential for environmental mobilization through volatilization and leaching, preserving both air and water quality. Another goal, among others, is a program for the generalized reduction of successfully implemented in several countries. Brazil, a tropical agriculture leader, should stand out by incorporating sustainability while preserving both health and the environment.

scholarly journals Nanoparticles, human health hazard and regulation

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Seaton ◽  
Lang Tran ◽  
Robert Aitken ◽  
Kenneth Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
New Developments ◽  
New Science ◽  
Combustion Particles ◽  
Human Health Hazard ◽  
Physical Principles

New developments in technology usually entail some hazard as well as advantage to a society. Hazard of a material translates into risk by exposure of humans and/or their environment to the agent in question, and risk is reduced by control of exposure, usually guided by regulation based on understanding of the mechanisms of harm. We illustrate risks relating to the causation of diseases associated with exposure to aerosols of combustion particles and asbestos, leading to paradigms of particle toxicity, and discuss analogies with potential exposure to manufactured nanoparticles (NPs). We review the current understanding of the hazard of NPs derived from the new science of nanotoxicology and the limited research to date into human exposure to these particles. We identify gaps in knowledge relating to the properties of NPs that might determine toxicity and in understanding the most appropriate ways both to measure this in the laboratory and to assess it in the workplace. Nevertheless, we point out that physical principles governing the behaviour of such particles allow determination of practical methods of protecting those potentially exposed. Finally, we discuss the early steps towards regulation and the difficulties facing regulators in controlling potentially harmful exposures in the absence of sufficient scientific evidence.

scholarly journals Suitability of the Limit Dose in Evaluating Reproductive Toxicity of Substances and Preparations

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Schneider ◽  
Jan Oltmanns ◽  
Rainer Van Gelder ◽  
Thomas Gebel
Keyword(s):  
Human Exposure ◽  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
Exposure Data ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Reproductive Toxicants ◽  
Dose Levels ◽  
Concentration Limits

An oral dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight/day is mentioned in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and European Union (EU) guidelines as a default maximum dose in limit tests for studies on reproductive toxicity. This paper investigated whether upper range human exposure data from the workplace are supportive of this limit dose as an upper limit of possible human exposure. To this end, published exposure data as well as data from the database MEGA of the German “Berufsgenossenschaften” were evaluated. These data indicate that exposure concentrations in the range of 500 to 2000 mg/m3 (time-weighted averages) can be considered high human exposures to volatile compounds. Inhalation exposure to aerosols and dermal exposure result in lower dose levels. By applying suitable extrapolation factors, it was concluded that occupational exposures up to 325 mg/m3 can reliably be assessed with limit tests using a dose level of 1000 mg/kg/day. The limit dose has been proposed for use in the EU as a starting point to derive specific concentration limits for hazard classification of preparations containing reproductive toxicants, with the objective to consider the potency of the substances. This analysis shows that for some groups of chemicals, instead of the limit dose, the putative maximum levels of human exposure should be taken into account when deriving concentration limits for the classification of preparations. Furthermore, possible deviations from a linear correlation between concentration in the preparation and exposure should be considered.

scholarly journals Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Antonio ◽  
Darren G. Candow ◽  
Scott C. Forbes ◽  
Bruno Gualano ◽  
Andrew R. Jagim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Hair Loss ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Creatine Supplementation ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Scientific Evaluation ◽  
Power Type ◽  
Beneficial Effects

AbstractSupplementing with creatine is very popular amongst athletes and exercising individuals for improving muscle mass, performance and recovery. Accumulating evidence also suggests that creatine supplementation produces a variety of beneficial effects in older and patient populations. Furthermore, evidence-based research shows that creatine supplementation is relatively well tolerated, especially at recommended dosages (i.e. 3-5 g/day or 0.1 g/kg of body mass/day). Although there are over 500 peer-refereed publications involving creatine supplementation, it is somewhat surprising that questions regarding the efficacy and safety of creatine still remain. These include, but are not limited to: 1. Does creatine lead to water retention? 2. Is creatine an anabolic steroid? 3. Does creatine cause kidney damage/renal dysfunction? 4. Does creatine cause hair loss / baldness? 5. Does creatine lead to dehydration and muscle cramping? 6. Is creatine harmful for children and adolescents? 7. Does creatine increase fat mass? 8. Is a creatine ‘loading-phase’ required? 9. Is creatine beneficial for older adults? 10. Is creatine only useful for resistance / power type activities? 11. Is creatine only effective for males? 12. Are other forms of creatine similar or superior to monohydrate and is creatine stable in solutions/beverages? To answer these questions, an internationally renowned team of research experts was formed to perform an evidence-based scientific evaluation of the literature regarding creatine supplementation.

scholarly journals A COMPARATIVE PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY OF THE TWO Orthoshipon aristatus (BLUME) MIQ. VARIETIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (Spl-2-ICOPMES_2020) ◽  
pp. S228-S233
Author(s):  
Fahrauk Faramayuda ◽  
◽  
Silvy Julian ◽  
Ari Sri Windyaswari ◽  
Totik Sri Mariani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
White Variety ◽  
Traditional Medicinal Plants ◽  
Cat’S Whiskers

The use of a plant as an ingredient in traditional medicine requires scientific evidence to determine its properties. Cat's whiskers (Orthosiphon aristatus) is one of the widely used traditional medicinal plants in various Asian and European countries. This study aimed to determine the pharmacognostic properties of purple and white varieties of O. aristatus. Aqueous and ethanolic extract of the stem and leaves of purple and white varieties of O. aristatus was prepared and investigated for the presence of active ingredients. The AlCl3 colorimetric method was used for the estimation of flavones and flavonols. The level of flavonoid was reported 13.06 ± 0.13 mg QE / 1g and 6.17 ± 0.049 mg QE / 1g for the leaves and stem extracts of purple varieties respectively while this value was reported 9.76 ± 0.15 mg QE / 1g and 3.79 ± 0.03 mg QE / 1g for the white variety. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the purple variety has a significantly higher amount of flavonoid then the white variety.

scholarly journals Network Pharmacology-Based Prediction of Active Ingredients and Mechanisms of Tongxinluo Against Acute Myocardial Infarction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Jin Hu ◽  
Gui-Hao Chen ◽  
Yue-Jin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Venn Diagram ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Pathway Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Overlapping Genes ◽  
Active Ingredients

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this network pharmacology was to explore the potential active ingredients and mechanisms of Tongxinluo (TXL) against acute myocardial infarction (AMI).Methods: We selected active ingredients and targets of TXL according to TCMSP database and converted protein targets into gene symbol by UniProt database. Therapeutic gene targets on AMI were collected from DisGeNET and GeneCards databases. The overlapping genes between ingredients and AMI were identified using Venn diagram. Then, the interaction network between ingredients and overlapping genes was constructed, visualized, and analyzed by Cytoscape software. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) was analyzed by String database. Finally, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of overlapping genes were carried out by metascape platform.Results: A total of 111 active ingredients, 184 ingredient-related genes, and 1020 AMI-related genes were retrieved using public databases. Eventually, 79 overlapping genes between TXL and AMI were identified. Cytoscape and PPI results suggested that the active ingredients and genes of TXL against AMI consisted of 66 active ingredients and 79 genes, among them beta-sitosterol and IL-6 were the uppermost active ingredient and hub gene, respectively. Metascape results exhibited that the key mechanism of TXL against AMI might be reducing oxidative stress in cell membrane by inactivating pathways in cancer.Conclusion: This network pharmacology study reveals potential mechanisms of multi-target and multi-component TXL in the treatment of AMI, providing scientific evidence for further expounding the active ingredients and mechanisms of TXL against AMI.

scholarly journals Asbestos: mining exposure, health effects and policy implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Luus
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Asbestos Exposure ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Current Policy ◽  
Amphibole Asbestos

The purpose of this paper is to review research in the health effects and risks associated with exposure to asbestos and then to use this scientific evidence to analyze the implications of Canada's current policy on the use, manufacturing and export of asbestos. The review begins with a brief historical introduction to asbestos, and then moves on to look at the risks associated with asbestos exposure. Epidemiological and in vitro studies are then analyzed to determine the health risks of asbestos, with a specific focus on the different effects of serpentine and amphibole asbestos fibres. The paper then concludes with an analysis of Canadian policy in light of established scientific evidence and with a discussion of the possible implications of a gap between scientific knowledge and public policy.

scholarly journals Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Polyherbal Lotion

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-156
Author(s):  
Rajendra Gyawali ◽  
Nira Paudel ◽  
Sahana Shrestha ◽  
Ashok Silwal
Keyword(s):  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Sensitivity Test ◽  
Matricaria Chamomilla ◽  
Stability Studies ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Trigonella Foenum Graecum ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Different Types

There is increased scientific evidence that plants possess a vast and complex arsenal of active ingredients which have the ability to calm or smooth the skin as well as restore actively, heal and protect the skin. The present work deals with the development and evaluation of the poly herbal lotion containing Trigonella foenum-graecum, Citrus lemon, Matricaria chamomilla and Cymbopogon citrates. Different types of formulations oil in water (O/W) herbal lotions namely F1 to F13 were formulated by incorporating different concentrations of stearic acid and Triethanolamine. Formulation of Triethanolamine and stearic acid was optimized as 2.52:9.35. The prepared lotion was evaluated for its antimicrobial, antioxidant and pharmaceutical parameters. The lotion formulation showed no redness, edema, inflammation and irritation during sensitivity test indication that it is safe to use. Stability studies of the lotion showed that the lotion was stable after three months.Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVolume 21, Issue 1, August 2016, Page: 148-156

scholarly journals Usage of Synthetic Peptides in Cosmetics for Sensitive Skin

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 702
Author(s):  
Diana I. S. P. Resende ◽  
Marta Salvador Ferreira ◽  
José Manuel Sousa-Lobo ◽  
Emília Sousa ◽  
Isabel Filipa Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Synthetic Peptides ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Signal Peptides ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
High Potency ◽  
Sensitive Skin ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
Low Dosage

Sensitive skin is characterized by symptoms of discomfort when exposed to environmental factors. Peptides are used in cosmetics for sensitive skin and stand out as active ingredients for their ability to interact with skin cells by multiple mechanisms, high potency at low dosage and the ability to penetrate the stratum corneum. This study aimed to analyze the composition of 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands regarding usage of peptides, reviewing their synthetic pathways and the scientific evidence that supports their efficacy. Peptides were found in 17% of the products analyzed, namely: acetyl dipeptide-1 cetyl ester, palmitoyl tripeptide-8, acetyl tetrapeptide-15, palmitoyl tripeptide-5, acetyl hexapeptide-49, palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 and palmitoyl oligopeptide. Three out of seven peptides have a neurotransmitter-inhibiting mechanism of action, while another three are signal peptides. Only five peptides present evidence supporting their use in sensitive skin, with only one clinical study including volunteers having this condition. Noteworthy, the available data is mostly found in patents and supplier brochures, and not in randomized placebo-controlled studies. Peptides are useful active ingredients in cosmetics for sensitive skin. Knowing their efficacy and synthetic pathways provides meaningful insight for the development of new and more effective ingredients.

scholarly journals Food Supplements in the Treatment of Male Infertility: A Critical Review on Their Formulations and Use

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Garolla ◽  
Gabriel Cosmin Petre ◽  
Francesco Francini-Pesenti ◽  
Luca De Toni ◽  
Amerigo Vitagliano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Male Infertility ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Coenzyme Q ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Italian Market ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Proven Efficacy

Background: Dietary supplements (DS) represent a possible approach to improve sperm parameters and male fertility. A wide range of DS containing different nutrients is now available. Although many authors demonstrated benefits from some nutrients in male infertility, their real effectiveness is still under debate. The aim of this study was to critically review the composition of DS using the Italian market as sample. Materials & Methods: Active ingredients and their minimal effective daily dose (mFED) were identified through literature search. Thereafter, we created a formula to classify the expected efficacy of each DS. Considering active ingredients, their concentration and the recommended daily dose, DS were scored into three classes of expected efficacy: higher, lower and none. Results: Twenty-one DS were identified. Most of them had a large number of ingredients, frequently at doses below mFED or with unproven efficacy. Zinc was the most common ingredient of DS (70% of products), followed by selenium, arginine, coenzyme Q and folic acid. By applying our scoring system, 9.5% of DS fell in higher class, 71.4% in lower class and 19.1% in the class with no expected efficacy. Conclusions: DS marketed in Italy for male infertility frequently include effective ingredients but also a large number of substances at insufficient dose or with no proven efficacy. Manufacturers and physicians should better consider the scientific evidence on effective ingredients and their doses before formulating and prescribing these products.

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