Effect of metal content from sewage sludge on the growth of Orthosiphon stamineus

Municipal sewage sludge can be used as fertilizer as it contains a lot of nutrients. By focusing on copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) contents in municipal sewage sludge from primary oxidation ponds and in plant tissue sections, this study attempts to explain the relationship between plant yield and metal concentrations. Raw sludge samples were collected, air-dried, and ground to powder form at the beginning of fieldwork. The metal concentrations of sewage sludge were copper 6.9 mg/kg; iron 330.2 mg/kg manganese 6.7 mg/kg and zinc 9.1 mg/kg. Orthosiphon stamineus (cat’s whiskers) was selected and the plant received a different quantity of sludge application ranging from 1 g to 4 g per plant weekly for six consecutive weeks while observations were done for eleven weeks. Physical parameters such as shrub width and height were monitored to determine plant growth. Through this study, the determined optimum sewage sludge dosage for cats’ whiskers was between 2 to 3 g per plant.

A COMPARATIVE PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY OF THE TWO Orthoshipon aristatus (BLUME) MIQ. VARIETIES

The use of a plant as an ingredient in traditional medicine requires scientific evidence to determine its properties. Cat's whiskers (Orthosiphon aristatus) is one of the widely used traditional medicinal plants in various Asian and European countries. This study aimed to determine the pharmacognostic properties of purple and white varieties of O. aristatus. Aqueous and ethanolic extract of the stem and leaves of purple and white varieties of O. aristatus was prepared and investigated for the presence of active ingredients. The AlCl3 colorimetric method was used for the estimation of flavones and flavonols. The level of flavonoid was reported 13.06 ± 0.13 mg QE / 1g and 6.17 ± 0.049 mg QE / 1g for the leaves and stem extracts of purple varieties respectively while this value was reported 9.76 ± 0.15 mg QE / 1g and 3.79 ± 0.03 mg QE / 1g for the white variety. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the purple variety has a significantly higher amount of flavonoid then the white variety.

Etnofarmakologi dan Inventarisasi Tumbuhan Obat di Kecamatan Kapuas Hilir Kabupaten Kapuas Kalimantan Tengah

Ethnopharmacology is the study of the use of plants that have pharmacological effects for the treatment and health care of an ethnic group. The ethnopharmacological study was conducted in Kapuas Hilir District, Kapuas Regency. This is because the people of Kapuas Hilir District, Kapuas Regency still use medicinal plants to cure diseases whose properties have been known from generation to generation. This study aims to obtain data in the form of plant species, parts used, processing methods and to find out whether the empirical properties of the medicinal plants used are supported by research data. This research was conducted using qualitative research methods with descriptive design, techniques in data collection using observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed 22 types of medicinal plants used to treat various diseases, namely Rabangun, Cat's Whiskers, Keji Beling, Sawangkak, Karamunting Bulu, Kastela, Soursop, Mangkudu, Katatuak, Gusar, Kalanduyung, Tabuluh, Insulin, Galinggang, Urang Iru, Uru. Balanda, Henda Baputi, Uru Samue, Panawar Gantung, Breadfruit, Pahakung, and Kalamenyu. The plant parts used are the bark, rhizomes, flowers, herbs, stems, roots and the most widely used are the leaves. The processing method is soaked in warm water, burned, made capsules, consumed directly, pounded, and processed by boiling most often. Most of the empirical properties of medicinal plants used are still not supported by research data.

The effect of vertical gardens on temperature and CO2 levels in urban housing

The city's thermal environment plays an important role in achieving comfort and quality of life, especially during the current global pandemic. Meanwhile, reduction in the green areas has been observed to be continuously causing climate change in cities and one of the proposed solutions to this is by developing a greening system for buildings. This paper, therefore, assessed the ability of vertical garden to decrease air and surface temperatures as well as CO2 levels. The research involved field measurements of these parameters both inside and outside the building along with the modification of the vertical garden distance at 0.5 m and 1 m as well as the plant type including red spinach or amaranthus hybridus, mustard or brassica juncea, celery or apium graveolens linn, and cat's whiskers or orthosiphon spicatus. The results showed an average decrease of 0.75°C in air temperature, 16.4ºC in surface temperature, and 58.8 ppm in CO2 levels. Moreover, a maximum reduction of 6ºC was achieved in air temperature with red spinach plants at 0.5 m, 26.3ºC in surface temperature by the Rred spinach plant, and 124 ppm in CO2 levels by celery plants. In conclusion, a closer distance and darker color of the leaves as well as the red spinach species were found to be the main consideration in the application of vertical gardens in urban homes due to their ability to reduce the temperature on the limited land. © 2020 Agung Murti Nugroho

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI JAMUR ENDOFIT PADA DAUN DAN BATANG TUMBUHAN KUMIS KUCING (Orthosiphon aristatus) TERHADAP BAKTERI Escherichia coli DAN staphylococcus aureus

ABSTRACTEndophytic fungi are fungi that live in plant tissues and do not harm the plants. Endophytic fungi can produce compounds that have the potential to be antibacterial. This study aims to examine the antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi isolated from the leaves and stems of the cat's whiskers plant (Orthosiphon aristatus) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Cat's whiskers contain essential oils which are used as antibacterial against some pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The method used is experimentally in the laboratory to test the antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi isolates derived from cat's whiskers (Orthosiphon aristatus) on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria using the hole / well method. In the research results obtained four samples of endophytic fungi extract isolated from the leaves and stems of the cat's whiskers plant (Orthosiphon aristatus) . The results of antibacterial research showed that endophytic mushroom extract isolated from cat's whiskers were more effective in inhibiting Escherichia coli bacteria compared to Staphylococcus aureus. In Escherichia coli bacteria the average value of inhibition is 5 mm whereas in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria the average value of inhibition is only 2 mm. So it can be seen that the endophytic fungus from the leaves of cat's whiskers has a better antibacterial effect than the endophytic fungus from the stems of the cat's whiskets. Conclusion, etidophytic fungi isolated from leaves and stems of cat's whiskers (Orthosiphon aristatus) have an antibacterial effect on the growth of E. coli bacteria and are not effective against S. aureus bacteria.Keywords: Cat's whiskers (Orthasiphan aristatus), antibacterial activity, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. ABSTRAKJamur endofit ialah jamur yang hidup di dalam jaringan tumbuhan dan tidak membahayakan tumbuhan tersebut. Jamur endofit dapat menghasilkan senyawa yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antibakteri jamur endofit yang diisolasi dari daun dan batang tumbuhan kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus) terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Kumis kucing mengandung minyak atsiri yang digunakan sebagai antibakteri terhadap beberapa bakteri patogen seperti Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Metode yang dipakai yakni secara eksperimen di laboratorium untuk menguji adanya aktivitas antibakteri dari isolat jamur endofit yang diberasal dari tumbuhan kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus) pada bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus dengan menggunakan metode lubang/sumuran. Pada hasil penelitan didapatkan empat sampel ekstrak jamur endofit yang diisolasi dari daun dan batang tumbuhan kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus). Hasil penelitian antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak jamur endofit yang diisolasi dari tumbuhan kumis kucing lebih efektif menghambat bakteri Escherichia coli dibandingkan dengan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Pada bakteri Escherichia coli nilai rata-rata daya hambat yaitu 5 mm sedangkan pada bakteri Staphylococcus aureus nilai rata-rata daya hambat yaitu hanya 2 mm. Sehingga dapat diketahui bahwa jamur endofit dari daun kumis kucing memiliki efek antibakteri yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan jamur endofit dari batang kumis kucing. Kesimpulan, Jamur endofit yang diisolasi dari daun dan batang kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus) memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri E. coli dan tidak efektiv terhadap bakteri S. aureus.Kata Kunci: Tumbuhan kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus), aktivitas antibakteri, Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcu saureus.

PROFIL PETANI DALAM MEMANFAATKAN PEKARANGAN DI DESA OTAM (INDUK) KECAMATAN PASSI BARAT KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW

This study aims to look at the profile of farmers in utilizing the yard in Otam (Induk) Village, Passi Barat District, Bolaang Mongondow Regency. This research was conducted from September to November 2019. The method of selecting samples was done purposively, namely to farmers who own a plots of land. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Primary data was collected through interviews with 50 respondents, namely farmers owning their plots. Secondary data were obtained from the Otam Village Office. Data analysis in this study uses descriptive analysis in the form of tables and simple calculations. The results showed that the grounds in the village of Otam (Induk) are owned by farmers who mostly have junior high school education. Yard land is used by farmers for various types of plants. Most of the plots are planted Farmers who plant their plots with spice plants for cooking by 40 percent while farmers who plant medicinal plants for treat disease only 16 percent. While farmers who grow vegetables 24%, and those who grow fruits 20% in their yard. Live pharmacy plants, namely: cat's whiskers, bitter, ginger, and ginger. Plants that include a living kitchen in the form of: Galangal, Chinese onions, kulaci (solation), and onion stems. Plants that include vegetables are mustard greens, cabbage, carrots, tomatoes, leilem vegetables and Japanese cucumbers. While the fruit plants include: duku, avocado, langsa, soursop, durian and mango.*eprm*

Optimization of reflux extraction for cat’s whiskers leaves extract using response surface methodology

Cat?s whiskers (Orthosiphon stamineus) is a medicinal plant which comprises several dynamic pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial. In small and medium-scale industries, conventional reflux extraction method is favored as compared to other non-conventional extraction methods due to cost effectiveness and simple operating procedures. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the reflux conditions for extraction of cat?s whiskers leaves in order to achieve a high content of antioxidant activity in the extracts. Central composite experimental design (CCD) with three factors and three levels was employed to consider the effects of the operation conditions. Antioxidant activity of the extracts were based on free radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay) and were analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Based on RSM, the antioxidant activity could be maximized when the operation conditions were 125 ?m for particle size, 1.5:20 for sample-to-solvent ratio, and 2 h for extraction time. Under these optimal conditions, the predicted value of the antioxidant activity was compared with the actual, and the mean error was 0.46%. This indicates the suitability of the model for optimizing the conditions for the reflux extraction of cat?s whiskers leaves.