scholarly journals Internal monologue as a narrative manner of A. Schnitzler’s novella “Lieutenant Gustl”

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Oksana Brodska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Narrative Perspective ◽  
Tragic Event ◽  
Inner World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

In the article the main attention is focused on A. Schnitzler’s novella “Lieutenant Gustl”, which is analyzed from the point of view of the internal monologue used in it. The analysis is carried out, on the one hand, by theoretical consideration of the work and, on the other hand, we show the influences and references that led to the development of this method of narration. Modern literary theoretical approaches and models are presented, interdisciplinary currents of the spirit of the time, such as psychoanalysis are shown and how they are mutually conditioned. It has been found out that the work is based on the manner of narration – an internal monologue, which is reflected with the help of lexical and syntactical means of expression. At the same time, A. Schnitzler comes to the organization of literary-figurative material of the work in a special way. This is manifested, firstly, in the development of the writer’s methods and techniques of self-analysis; thanks to this, he highlighted the experience of a tragic event that happened in the life of an officer; secondly, in expanding functional possibilities of the depicting plan. The novella “Lieutenant Gustl” presents such a narrative perspective as inner focus (sympathy). The narrator corresponds to the character and can control his speech through grammatical and rhetorical means. This is, so to say, personal narrative behavior focused on one figure (autonomous internal monologue). The internal monologue is characterized by grammatical, narrative and psychologically-semantic features, which is a kind of scientific experiment, which the novelist embodies by means of literature, making it unrecognizable. At the same time, he makes a contribution to the subject-object problematics of modern thinking and criticizes the loss of life practice due to the one-sided predominance of theory. Schnitzler was one of the first writers in the German-language literature who purposefully used the form of an internal monologue. A striking example is the novella “Lieutenant Gustl”, the narration of which is told entirely from the inner perspective of the main character. His thoughts are formulated as improper-direct speech, the author refuses from quotation marks, uses the narrative perspective of inner focus: he knows the inner world of Gustl and allows the reader to participate in it. It completely goes to the background, that is why the whole text consists only of the language of the character. Therefore, the use of an internal monologue with a continuous fixation of Gustl’s thoughts is aimed at open reproduction of his feelings, and thus, the reader has the illusion of being able to directly penetrate into the world of the protagonist’s thoughts.

XXVII.—The Inheritance of Long and Short Wings in the Weevil, Sitona hispidula, with a Discussion of Wing Reduction among Beetles

1928 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy J. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wing Dimorphism ◽  
Wing Reduction ◽  
Hereditary Factors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Evolutionary Point

It is well known that in many orders of typically winged insects species occur which in the adult stage are apterous or have the wings so reduced in size that flight is impossible. Sometimes the reduction of wings affects one sex only, as in the case of the females of certain moths, but in the majority of cases it is exhibited by both sexes. In many instances wing dimorphism occurs irrespective of sex, one form of the species having fully developed wings and the other greatly reduced wings. In some species the wings are polymorphic. The problem of the origin of reduced wings and of other functionless organs is one of great interest from the evolutionary point of view. Various theories have been advanced in explanation, but in the majority of cases the various aspects of the subject are too little known to warrant discussion. More experimental work is required to show how far environmental conditions on the one hand, and hereditary factors on the other, are responsible for this phenomenon. Those species which exhibit alary dimorphism afford material for the study of the inheritance of the two types of wings, but only in a few cases has this method of research been utilized.

What is a “difficult poem”? Towards a definition

2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Yaron
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Communicative Acts ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Poetic Texts ◽  
The One ◽  
The Way

AbstractModern poetry developed and transformed difficulty into a prominent aesthetic norm of poetry. The abundance of difficult poetic texts necessitates a study of the corpus. After differentiating between the way difficulty is perceived in poetry and in other communicative acts, I present the approach that I have adopted for the purpose of studying difficult poetry. In contrast to other studies which have examined difficulty from the author's perspective and, as a consequence, described factors that cause textual difficulty, I propose to examine the subject from the reader's point of view. The reader, after all, is the one who feels or does not feel the difficulty. The concept ‘difficult poem’ is necessarily interdisciplinary and the question of what is “difficult” involves cognitive psychology and its models of text comprehension. Following a discussion of these domains, I present the “definition” that I propose for the ‘difficult poem’.

scholarly journals Región e integración fronteriza México-Estados Unidos

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Vázquez Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Religious Conflicts ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Northern Border ◽  
Southern Border ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

Resumen:El proceso de globalización de los procesos económicos, a primera vista sugiere un mundo de dimensiones homogéneas, muy interrelacionado entre sí y con igualdad de oportunidades de desarrollo para todos los países. Pero la realidad se desenvuelve en otra lógica: la globalización impulsa dinámicas muy segmentadas, donde el mundo vive las paradojas de la conformación de bloques regionales entre países y de regiones diferenciadas al interior de estos. En este sentido, uno de los espacios donde en la actualidad, por una razón u otra, se dan relaciones peculiares, son las fronterizas. Hay países donde los vínculos fronterizos se expresan como conflictos étnicos y religiosos; en cambio en otros, las conexiones más importantes son de índole económica y demográfica. Este es el caso de la frontera entre México y Estados Unidos, espacio donde se reproduce una de las relaciones binacionales más intensas entre países. En el presente artículo, se pretende avanzar en hacer una relectura de la frontera norte de México y sur de Estados Unidos, considerándola una región integrada por dos subregiones: la estadounidense y la mexicana. Para ello, se pasa revista a los más importantes enfoques teóricos para entender esa realidad, y se propone su revisión a la luz de las constantes modificaciones en ésta, que conducen a agotamientos muy rápidos en los "paradigmas" de análisis que cada autor del tema utiliza. Este planteamiento se documenta con la aportación de elementos cuantitativos y cualitativos acerca de las partes que configuran la región y, particularmente, se destacan las distintas modalidades de corredores económicos como medios de vinculación entre las "subregiones". Se plantea también reflexionar acerca de aspectos poco estudiados en estas últimas, como sería el perfil de los actores empresariales, básico para entender sus niveles de competitividad en la globalización a partir de una plataforma regional.Palabras clave: Globalización, Zonas fronterizas, Frontera México-Estados Unidos, Corredores económicos, Economía fronteriza.Abstract:The globalization of economic processes, at first sight, suggests a very inter- related world of homogenous dimensions, with equal opportunities of development for all countries. But reality comes about with another logic: globalization furthers very segmented dynamics, where the world experiences the paradox of the establishment of regional blocks among countries and regions that are differentiated within such blocks. In this sense, border areas are one of the spaces where presently, due to one reason or another, peculiar relations occur. There are countries where border ties are expressed as ethnic and religious conflicts, whereas, there are others, in which the most important connections are of an economic and demographic nature. This is the case of the Mexico-US border, space where one of the most intense binational relations between countries takes place. This article intends to review Mexico?s northern border and the United States southern border, considering it a region integrated by two subregions: the one of the United States and the one of Mexico. For such purpose, the most important theoretical approaches is reviewed in order to understand said reality. Its review is proposed in view of its constant modifications that lead to very fast depletions in the "paradigms" of analysis used by each author who writes about the subject. This statement is documented with the contribution of qualitative and quantitative elements about the parts that form the region, particularly underscoring the different modalities of economic corridors as means to link the "subregions". Statements are also made that lead to reflect on aspects that have been little studied in the latter, such as the pro file of the business actors, that is basic to understand their levels of competitiveness in globalization as of a regional platform .Key words: Globalization, Borderlines, USA-Mexico borderline, Economic corridors, Borderline economics.

scholarly journals Reflections on the Hysteretic Damping Model

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 529-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuno Maia
Keyword(s):  
Free Vibration ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hysteretic Damping ◽  
Engineering Problems ◽  
Practical Engineering ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Damping Model ◽  
Free Vibration Response

This paper presents a reflection on a recently proposed solution to the problem of the free vibration response with the constant hysteretic damping model, that has been presented in some conferences in recent years, by the author himself and some of his colleagues. On the one hand, as expected, the subject has been received with natural criticism, mainly due to the well-known non-causal behaviour of the model in free vibration. On the other hand, it was not easy to understand what could be wrong in that proposal, as apparently everything was perfect from a mathematical point of view. The author decided that this subject deserved a more careful and detailed analysis and – in this kind of tutorial paper – the issue seems to have been clarified. It is concluded that the proposed solution involving the constant hysteretic damping corresponds in fact to an equivalent viscously damped model; it is therefore concluded that the application of the constant hysteretic damping to model the free vibration of practical engineering problems should be considered only in the perspective of an equivalent viscously damped model.

THE MODERN GREEK FAMILY: AXIOLOGICAL CONTRADICTIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Anna A. Toropova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family Policy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Family Issues ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Family And Marriage ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The One

Family issues and the topic of social family policy in Greece is the subject of researches by a number of Greek sociologists (V. Filias (Β. Φίλιας), G.-S. Prevelakis (Γ.-Σ. Πρεβελάκης), H. Simeonidou (Χ. Συμεωνίδου), G. Georgas (Γ. Γεωργάς), L. Musuru (Λ. Μουσούρου), L. Maratu-Aliprandi (Λ. Μαράτου-Αλιπράντη). It seems interesting and useful to consider the situation in Greece from the point of view of its ambivalent nature: traditional values and patriarchal order, on the one hand, and adherence to liberal European sentiments, on the other. In the modern world, there is a "reformatting of ideas about the essence of family and marriage" [Noskova A. V., 2017: 123], which leads, in particular, to the rejection of having children, to increasingly frequent divorces "for no reason", to irresponsibility in awareness roles in the family, to the vulnerability of socialization, to the infantilism of adults, to avoidance of awareness of problems of various kinds, to egocentrism. Modern Greece is not an exception. The growing number of single-parent families in cities, low birth rates, divorces, loneliness, depression are characteristic features of many families. This allows us to speak about the “crisis of the Greek family” [Γεωργάς, 2010]. This research may be of interest to specialists dealing with the topic of the family, and significantly supplement the existing research in the domestic sociological field.

The Effect of Waking Suggestion on Post-Hypnotic Amnesia

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P. Fourie
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hypnotic Susceptibility ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Female Subjects

It is increasingly realized that hypnosis may be seen from an interpersonal point of view, meaning that it forms part of the relationship between the hypnotist and the subject. From this premise it follows that what goes on in the relationship prior to hypnosis probably has an influence on the hypnosis. Certain of these prior occurences can then be seen as waking suggestionns (however implicitly given) that the subject should behave in a certain way with regard to the subsequent hypnosis. A study was conducted to test the hypothesis that waking suggestions regarding post-hypnotic amnesia are effective. Eighteen female subjects were randomly divided into two groups. The groups listened to a tape-recorded talk on hypnosis in which for the one group amnesia for the subsequent hypnotic experience and for the other group no such amnesia was suggested. Thereafter the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale was administered to all subjects. Only the interrogation part of the amnesia item of the scale was administered. The subjects to whom post-hypnotic amnesia was suggested tended to score lower on the amnesia item than the other subjects, as was expected, but the difference between the mean amnesia scores of the two groups was not significant.

Un análisis cognitivo-funcional de la concordancia verbal con construcciones (pseudo)partitivas del tipo [N1 + de + N2]

Revue Romane ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrien Verveckken ◽  
Bert Cornillie
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Alternative Account ◽  
Indefinite Article ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Verbal Agreement ◽  
Linguistic Account

In this paper we present a corpus-based, cognitive-linguistic account of the singular/plural agreement alternation with binominal constructions belonging to the [N1singular + de + N2plural]-type. From a syntagmatic point of view, plural agreement reflects a shift from N1 as the head of the Noun Phrase towards N1 being a quantifier to N2. This view is in line with grammaticalization theory and holds for many examples, yet there are important counterexamples where we find a singular verb despite N1 being used as a quantifier. The Hispanic linguistic literature mentions several factors that would favor plural agreement with N2 such as an indefinite article, the distance between the verb and the subject, the position of the subject and pseudopartitive rather than partitive use. The corpus analysis will show that these factors are not conclusive. Our alternative account has recourse to the concept of lexical persistence and shows to what extent the quantifier use of N1 retains semantic features associated with the head use of N1. We argue that verbal agreement phenomena can be motivated by the interaction between lexical persistence and the morpho-syntactic and semantic criteria listed in literature. Lexical persistence is thus not a side effect of the grammaticalization process, but a crucial dimension of binominal constructions in that it allows us to explain quantifier uses of N1 with a singular verb.

scholarly journals The Influence of Pragmatic Norms on the English Proverbs

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr.Hamid Suleiman Khalaf Kadhim
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cooperative Principle ◽  
Scientific Investigations ◽  
Illocutionary Acts ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Maxim Of Quality ◽  
The One

In human languages proverbs constitute a very important aspect of language use. Thus, they have been a subject of varying attention from different specialists: linguists and language users in general. Shakespeare is described as the most adroit user of proverbs in literature; therefore, his plays have been the subject of numerous scientific investigations, whereby from a linguistic point of view the focus has primarily been aimed at vocabulary and grammar. On the one hand, attention has been paid regularly to lexical items because Shakespeare is supposed to have been a great innovator of words due to his coinage of new lexemes and his usage of several unknown expressions. Linguistic studies have also been concerned with grammatical constructions which are typical of the English at Shakespeare’s time. Many writers employ proverbs in their works but Shakespeare is different in the way he employs proverbs which are used to serve different functions and to achieve different illocutionary acts. These proverbs are embedded in the flow of conversations and they may flout one or more than one of Grice‘s maxims. The present study aims at analyzing proverbs and explaining how far Grice’s cooperative principles (maxims) are abided by in Shakespeare’s proverbs as specified in the data. Proverbs are sometimes said to mean something else in addition to what is explicitly stated. Words may mean something beyond those intended by the speaker or the writer. These extra meanings might achieve or refer to different illocutionary acts. The study explores whether or not these illocutionary acts share certain structural features. In order to achieve the aims of the research, the following hypotheses have been proposed: Grice’s cooperative principle is frequently flouted in Shakespeare’s proverbs. The maxim of Quality seems to be flouted more than the other maxims. This maxim is mainly flouted by the use of metaphor. Shakespeare’s proverbs are also characterized by the use of the speech

scholarly journals EDUCAÇÃO PARA A VIOLÊNCIA: CINCO SÉCULOS DE PRÁTICAS COLONIAIS E O MITO DO BRASIL CORDIAL

polemica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 001-019
Author(s):  
Hamilton Viana Chaves ◽  
Osterne Nonato Maia Filho ◽  
Maria das Dores Mendes Segundo ◽  
Luciana Maria Maia
Keyword(s):  
Social Reality ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Initial Formation ◽  
Human Formation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Educational Perspective ◽  
Economic Infrastructure ◽  
The One

Resumo: O aumento da violência no Brasil tem sido significativo nos últimos trinta anos. Isto é verificado, sobretudo, quando analisados os dados relativos a crimes contra a vida. De certa forma, tal avanço se configura dentro de uma perspectiva educacional brasileira cujo “projeto político-pedagógico” avalizou tal realidade social. Do ponto de vista da formação humana, constata-se uma educação para a violência em cinco séculos de práticas de exploração e exclusão. O objetivo deste texto é apresentar uma análise da constituição de uma educação para a violência, no Brasil, a partir de duas categorias: a lógica da punição e o apelo às emoções e sua articulação com a infraestrutura econômica baseada em uma sociedade extremamente desigual, onde o ato cooperativo e solidário é objeto de ambiguidades. Estas, como formas recursivas de manipulação da conduta e que servem muito mais à agenda da constituição de uma sociedade violenta do que à formação de um país baseado no ato solidário. A resposta a este tipo de educação pode ser dada por aquela focada na formação inicial da vida, na perspectiva de uma educação ampla.Palavras-chave: Educação. Emoções. Punição. Violência.Abstract: The increase of violence in Brazil has been exceedingly significant in the last thirty years. This is especially true when we analyze the data of the crimes against life. In a way, this advance is configured within an educational perspective whose "political-pedagogical project" such social reality. From the point of view of human formation, there is an education for violence in Brazil from two categories: the logic of punishment and appeal to emotions and their articulation with the economic infrastructure based on an extremely unequal society, where the cooperative act and solidarity is the subject of ambiguities. These as recursive forms of conduct manipulation serve much more to the agenda of a violent society’s constitution than the formation of a country based on solidarity act. The answer to this type of education can be given by the one focused on the initial formation of life in the perspective of a broad education.Keywords: Education. Emotions. Punishment. Violence.

scholarly journals Lexical Variants of Fixed Word Combinations in Political-Social Press Releases

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (26) ◽  
pp. 34-43
Author(s):  
Joanna Bryła-Lech
Keyword(s):  
Source Material ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Press Releases ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Base Form ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

Fixed word combinations and their modifications are frequently used by journalists in press releases of a political and/or social profile. Analyzing the source material gathered from “Gazeta Wyborcza” in 2001, I found many lexical variants of phrasemes and proverbs.The most interesting modifications appeared in the headlines. This article describes a few such examples.Fixed word combinations make it easier for senders of political-social announcements to express their thoughts indirectly. They can be used to convey irony, mockery, or aversion towards a person or the subject of the statement in a veiled way. The proper understanding (i.e., in accordance with the sender’s intentions) of such a constructed announcement often requires some intellectual effort from the reader. It is a kind of game. Interpreting the metaphorical sense causes a relationship to form between the participants of the communicative process.Changeable modifications appear as a result of the replacement of one component by a different word, which from the sender’s point of view is more attractive than the one in the base form (Bąba 1989, p. 54). This leads to the appearance of so-called lexical variants. Most frequently, these units are not fixed in the Polish language, but are created especially for the needs of a certain text. They enable the meaning of a phraseme or proverb to be matched to the content of the article, which constitutes the context of its usage. They usually narrow the meaning.The modified phrasemes and proverbs attract the reader’s attention, convincing him of the sender’s views. The language of politics and the media is the language of manipulation and persuasion. Fixed word combinations are very important language devices that facilitate an effective influence on the reader/receiver.

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