scholarly journals Evaluating the influence of Citrullus lanatus seed extracts on electrolytes, urea and creatinine in Streptozotocin induced diabetic albino rats

2018 ◽  
pp. 87-94
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Potassium Sodium ◽  
Group 1

The focus of current research study was to evaluate the influence of the seed extract of Citrullus lanatus on urea, creatinine, potassium, sodium, chloride and bicarbonate in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Eighteen male wistar albino rats were divided into six groups of three rats each, diabetes were induced in all the rats except group 1 by intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg b.wt. of streptozotocin. Group 1 rats served as control and received standard feed and water daily; Group 2 rats received oral Glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg bw); Group 3,4, and 5 received 200 mg/kg bw, 400 mg/kg bw and 600 mg/kg b.wt. of the ethanolic extract of Citrullus lanatus seed respectively; and group 6 served as diabetic group. Blood samples were collected and analysed for urea, creatinine, potassium, sodium, chloride and bicarbonate using urease-Berthelot colorimetric method, Jaffe’s colorimetric method and Ion selective electrode (ISE) method respectively. There was a significant decrease in (p<0.05) glucose concentration (mmol/L) of 3.90 in control compared to 8.07, 8.73, 14.67, 11.43 and 9.80 in albino rats treated with glibenclamide, STZ+CLS 200 mg, STZ+CLS 400 mg, STZ+CLS 600 mg and diabetic control respectively. In potassium concentration (meq/l) 6.51 in control compared with 4.97, 7.59, 7.28, 8.45 and 6.87 in albino rats treated with glibenclamide, STZ+CLS200 mg, STZ+CLS 400 mg, STZ+CLS 600 mg and diabetic control respectively. While in sodium concentration (meq/l) of 1.42 in control compared to 1.33, 1.30, 1.36, 1.42 and 1.36 in albino rats treated with glibenclamide, STZ+CLS 200 mg, STZ+CLS 400 mg, STZ+CLS 600 mg and diabetic control respectively. However, in chloride concentration (meq/l) of 1.06 in control compared to 99.10, 97.87, 1.04, 88.00, 1.04, 88.00 and 1.04 in albino rats treated with glibenclamide, STZ+CLS 200 mg, STZ+CLS 400 mg, STZ+CLS 600 mg and diabetic control respectively and also in bicarbonate concentration (meq/l) of 10.07 when compared with 17.30, 16.47, 15.40, 6.40 and 17.30 in albino rats treated with glibenclamide, STZ+CLS 200 mg, STZ+CLS 400 mg, STZ+CLS 600 mg and diabetic control respectively. In conclusion, this medicinal plant could be considered as a potential and alternative approach for the treatment of diabetes. Keywords: Keywords: Citrullus lanatus, Diabetes Mellitus, Renal

scholarly journals Regulation of Water and Some Ions in Gammarids (Amphipoda)

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-369
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Total Body

1. A comparison was made of the body water contents and the concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in the blood and body water of Gammarus zaddachi, G. locusta and Marinogammarus finmarchicus. 2. G. zaddachi had a slightly higher body water content than G. locusta and M. finmarchicus. 3. In all three species the blood chloride concentration was lower than the external chloride concentration in 80-113 % sea water, but the blood sodium concentration was equal to or slightly above the sodium concentration in the external medium. 4. The total body sodium concentration was always greater than the total body chloride concentration. In M.finmarchicus the ratio of body sodium/chloride increased from 1.2 to 1.3 over the salinity range 100-20% sea water. In G. zaddachi the ratio of body sodium/chloride increased from 1.08 at 100% sea water to 1.87 in 0.25 mM/l NaCl. 5. The total body potassium concentration remained constant. The potassium loss rate and the balance concentration were relatively high in G. zaddachi. 6. The porportion of body water in the blood space was calculated from the assumption that a Donnan equilibrium exists between chloride and potassium ions in the extracellular blood space and the intracellular space. In G. zaddachi the blood space was equivalent to 60% body H2O at 100% sea water, and equivalent to 50% body H2O at 40% sea water down to 0.5 mM/l NaCl. In M.finmarchicus the blood space was equivalent to 38-44% body H2O at salinities of 20-100% sea water. 7. The mean intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were also calculated. It was concluded that for each ion its intracellular concentration is much the same in the four euryhaline gammarids. The intracellular chloride concentration is roughly proportional to the blood chloride concentration. The intracellular sodium concentration is regulated in the face of large changes in the blood sodium concentration.

The Quantab strip in the measurement of urinary chloride and sodium concentrations.

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1705-1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Sloan ◽  
G Beevers ◽  
F E Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Observer Variation ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Urinary Chloride ◽  
Chemical Assay ◽  
Low Salt

Abstract The "Quantab" strip (Ames) measures chloride in fluids. For sodium chloride solutions and urine we found very good correlations between the Quantab reading and the chloride concentration as measured by chemical assay (r = 0.95 for chloride and r = 0.85 for sodium in urine). The strip gave reproducible results over the temperature range 4 to 37 degrees C. There was very little inter- and intra-observer variation in reading the strip. Although 10 to 23 min is required to complete the reaction, the strip reading is stable thereafter. We suggest that the strip could be useful in epidemiological studies of urinary sodium concentration and clinically in helping patients adhere to a low-salt diet.

Salinity Damage to Norfolk Island Pines Caused by Surfactants. I. The Nature of the Problem and Effect of Potassium, Sodium and Chloride Concentration on Uptake by Roots

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Truman ◽  
MJ Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Potassium Sodium ◽  
Chloride Uptake ◽  
Araucaria Heterophylla ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Norfolk Island ◽  
Nutrient Solutions ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

As part of an investigation into the deterioration of Norfolk Island pine, Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco, on the coast of eastern Australia, seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions in which sodium was substituted for potassium over the range 0.1 - 2.1 mM to give six treatments, each with four ratios of sulfate to chloride. Potassium was freely taken up and translocated to the shoots, the levels in the shoots being higher than those in the roots. However, the levels of potassium in both shoots and roots were significantly reduced in solutions in which sulfate predominated over chloride. Uptake and translocation of sodium was restricted, the ratio of sodium (shoots) to sodium (roots) being less than unity. The concentration of chloride in the shoots and roots generally increased with increasing solution chloride concentration but was significantly reduced at the lowest potassium-to-sodium ratio. In a second experiment the ratio of sodium to potassium was kept at 50:1, sodium and chloride in the solutions increasing from 2.5 to 460 mM and potassium from 0.05 to 9.2 mM. At the lower concentrations, uptake and translocation followed similar patterns to those found in the first experiment. However at solution concentrations of 20 mM sodium and above, levels of sodium in the shoots exceeded those of potassium and chloride. At sodium chloride concentrations of 260mM - 460mM, plants showed toxic symptoms with salt encrustations appearing on the stems. Analysis of the saturation extracts of soils taken from beneath affected seaside trees showed that the concentrations of sodium and chloride were not sufficiently high to account for the high levels of these elements found in the shoots of affected trees.

scholarly journals PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF PORTULACA GRANDIFLORA HOOK PLANT EXTRACT ON STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETES IN RATS

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-90
Author(s):  
DEVI M ◽  
KOMAL S ◽  
LOGESHWARI B
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Antidiabetic Activity ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Portulaca Grandiflora ◽  
Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes

Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of the whole aerial plant of Portulaca grandiflora Hook on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Experimental diabetes was induced by a single dose of intraperitoneal injection of STZ (150 mg/kg). Adult male Wister albino rats were divided into five groups; normal control, diabetic control, diabetic glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), diabetic P. grandiflora H. extract (200 mg/kg), and diabetic P. grandiflora H. extract (400 mg/kg) for 21 days and analyzed for body weight (BW) and blood glucose. Results: The STZ-treated diabetic control rats showed a significant increase in blood glucose with a concomitant decrease in BW. Oral administration of P. grandiflora H. extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) for 21 days showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels and elevation in the bodyweight studies as compared to control and glibenclamide-treated rats. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that a potent antidiabetic activity was present in the aerial part of plant P. grandiflora H. extract.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Cardioprotective Effect of Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) Seeds in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Albino Rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
C. O. L. Karikpo ◽  
E. S. Bartimaeus ◽  
B. Holy
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Glucose Levels

The study examined the cardioprotective potential of the ethanolic extract of Citrullus lanatus in streptozotocin induced diabetic albino rats. A total of sixty albino rats weighing approximately ± 200 g were used. The induction of diabetes in the rats was done using 50 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin and confirmed by checking glucose levels using a glucometer. Albino rats with glucose levels greater than ≥ 250 mg/dl were considered diabetic. The rats were divided into 5 groups of 12 animals each and allowed access to food and water ad libitum. The animals had a 12 hour overnight fast after which diabetes was induced by injecting them intraperitoneally with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). The control (group A) was not induced while diabetic control was induced. Induced diabetic rats in groups C, D and E were later treated with C. lantus at a dose of 100 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg body weight respectively for 14 and 28 days respectively. After 14 days, 6 rats in each of the groups were sacrificed while the remaining 6 were sacrificed after 28 days. Blood samples were collected into lithium heparin bottles and used for the assay of cardiac enzymes (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) using standard procedures. The data obtained were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the difference between means was obtained using Tukey's multiple tests of comparison. Analyses showed that the levels of creatine kinase (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) in the albino rats treated with C. lanatus were significantly (p<0.05) reduced when compared with the diabetic-induced group without treatment and the decrease was dose-dependent. A significant decrease (p<0.05) in the levels of the enzymes was also observed based on the duration of treatment with the extract. Since the enzymes are markers of cardiac injury, the decrease in their activity following treatment with C. lanatus shows that the extract possesses the significant cardioprotective potential of ameliorating structural integrity of the cardiac muscle in diabetic condition.

scholarly journals Effect of Myristica Fragrans Extract on Lipid Profile, Glucose, Body Weight, Food Intake, Liver and Renal Functions in Experimental Obese Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 677-682
Author(s):  
Yakaiah Vangoori ◽  
Anusha Dakshinamoorthi ◽  
S. Kavimani
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cafeteria Diet ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Myristica Fragrans ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

The effect of the ethanolic extract of Myristica fragrans was evaluated on cafeteria diet induced body weight, glucose and lipid elevations in albino rats. 30 rats were taken randomly and divided into five groups and six each. Group-1 normal control and Group 2-5 were give cafeteria diet for 6 weeks to induce obesity and treatment period was 10 weeks. After 70 days of treatment, the extract, at doses of 200 and 400mg/kg, significantly reduced the body weight, glucose and lipid levels (p < 0.001) dose dependently. The standard drug Orlistat at 50mg/kg effectively prevented the body weight, glucose and lipid levels when compared with control and test groups. With these observations and previous data, the study concludes that Myristica fragrans extract can stimulate AMP-Kinase enzyme system and can reduce glucose and lipid concentrations. This may be useful for obesity treatment.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of the Effects of Ethanolic and n-Hexane Extracts of Garcinia kola Seeds on the Serum Electrolyte of Albino Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
I. R. Jack ◽  
N. Nwachoko ◽  
U. H. Nwafor ◽  
G. I. Ndukwe
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Hexane Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Serum Electrolytes ◽  
Garcinia Kola ◽  
Percent Composition ◽  
Hexane Extracts ◽  
Group 1

Garcinia kola (bitter kola) plays an important role in Africa ethnomedicine and traditional hospitality. Proximate and phytochemical composition of G. kola seeds as well as the effects of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts on the serum electrolytes of albino rats were studied using standard methods. Thirty-six albino rats of both sexes were used for the experiment. The animals were divided into nine groups of four rats per group. The groups were designated 1-9. Group 1 served as the control which was treated with normal saline. Groups 2-5 served as the groups treated with ethanolic extract of G. kola seeds and received 50, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight, while groups 6-9 served as the groups treated with n-hexane extract. After three weeks of treatment, the animals were sacrificed, and blood samples analyzed. Result of the proximate analysis showed that carbohydrate content was the highest (78.06%) while ash was the lowest (0.70%). Phytochemical result of G. kola seeds showed that tannins (0.342%) was the highest in terms of percent composition, followed by flavonoids (0.00764%); while alkaloids (0.00075%) was the lowest. Also, biochemical analysis revealed that the n-hexane extract of G. kola seeds was found to have slightly increased the activities of the serum electrolytes than the ethanolic extract. Conclusively, the results of this study showed that both extracts had effect on serum electrolytes of the albino rats, but the n-hexane extract had more toxic effect.

Early postglomerular plasma concentrations of chloride, sodium, and inulin in the rat kidney

1976 ◽  
Vol 231 (3) ◽  
pp. 822-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
SW Weinstein ◽  
J Szyjewicz
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Proximal Tubule ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Proximal Tubular

Sodium, chloride, and inulin concentrations were measured in plasma collected from the terminal portions of long efferent vessels at the subcapsular surface of the rat kidney. Sodium concentration equaled and the concentrations of chloride and inulin were less than those in peripheral plasma. During benzolamide infusion, chloride concentration equaled while inulin concentration remained less than in peripheral plasma. In free-flow micropuncture samples collected randomly during control conditions, chloride concentration rose rapidly in the early proximal tubule and then remained elevated and constant throughout the remainder of the proximal tubule accessible to micropuncture. These experiments indicate that normally tubular reabsorbate low in chloride and inulin is added to the blood traversing the early postglomerular vessels before reaching the kidney surface. Bases on the analyses of proximal tubular fluid, this type of reabsorbate appears available only from the early proximal tubular segment. We conclude that a close functional relationship exists between the first segment of the proximal tubule and the early postglomerular blood supply characteristic of the superficial cortical nephron.

scholarly journals Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Dried Flowers of Moringa oleifera in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rotimi Olusanya Arise ◽  
Oluwaseun Ruth Aburo ◽  
Samuel Tobi Farohunbi ◽  
Adenike Adebola Adewale
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
The Body ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Glucose Lowering

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of oral administration of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleiferaflower on stretozotocin-induced diabetic rats at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg b.w. Thirty (30) male experimental albino rats were grouped randomly into six groups: groups A, B, and F are the control, diabetic control and reference drug groups, while C-E received 100, 200, and 300mg/kg b.w of the extract, respectively. Blood samples and organs were collected to assay for blood glucose level and antioxidant enzymes. Levels of blood glucose, serum lipids and lipid peroxidation as well as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were significantly reduced (p<0.05) in STZ-induced diabetic rats orally administered ethanolic extract of M. oleifera flower. However, the body weight; catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly increased (p < 0.05) when compared with the controls. M. oleifera flower ethanolic extract administered orally therefore exhibited improved lipid metabolism, glucose-lowering potential and is hence beneficial in preventing diabetic complications as a result of lipid peroxidation and oxidative systems in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. It could thus be employed therapeutically in managing diabetes mellitus.

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