scholarly journals Comparative Study of the Effects of Ethanolic and n-Hexane Extracts of Garcinia kola Seeds on the Serum Electrolyte of Albino Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
I. R. Jack ◽  
N. Nwachoko ◽  
U. H. Nwafor ◽  
G. I. Ndukwe
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Hexane Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Serum Electrolytes ◽  
Garcinia Kola ◽  
Percent Composition ◽  
Hexane Extracts ◽  
Group 1

Garcinia kola (bitter kola) plays an important role in Africa ethnomedicine and traditional hospitality. Proximate and phytochemical composition of G. kola seeds as well as the effects of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts on the serum electrolytes of albino rats were studied using standard methods. Thirty-six albino rats of both sexes were used for the experiment. The animals were divided into nine groups of four rats per group. The groups were designated 1-9. Group 1 served as the control which was treated with normal saline. Groups 2-5 served as the groups treated with ethanolic extract of G. kola seeds and received 50, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight, while groups 6-9 served as the groups treated with n-hexane extract. After three weeks of treatment, the animals were sacrificed, and blood samples analyzed. Result of the proximate analysis showed that carbohydrate content was the highest (78.06%) while ash was the lowest (0.70%). Phytochemical result of G. kola seeds showed that tannins (0.342%) was the highest in terms of percent composition, followed by flavonoids (0.00764%); while alkaloids (0.00075%) was the lowest. Also, biochemical analysis revealed that the n-hexane extract of G. kola seeds was found to have slightly increased the activities of the serum electrolytes than the ethanolic extract. Conclusively, the results of this study showed that both extracts had effect on serum electrolytes of the albino rats, but the n-hexane extract had more toxic effect.

scholarly journals Evaluating the influence of Citrullus lanatus seed extracts on electrolytes, urea and creatinine in Streptozotocin induced diabetic albino rats

2018 ◽  
pp. 87-94
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Potassium Sodium ◽  
Group 1

The focus of current research study was to evaluate the influence of the seed extract of Citrullus lanatus on urea, creatinine, potassium, sodium, chloride and bicarbonate in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Eighteen male wistar albino rats were divided into six groups of three rats each, diabetes were induced in all the rats except group 1 by intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg b.wt. of streptozotocin. Group 1 rats served as control and received standard feed and water daily; Group 2 rats received oral Glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg bw); Group 3,4, and 5 received 200 mg/kg bw, 400 mg/kg bw and 600 mg/kg b.wt. of the ethanolic extract of Citrullus lanatus seed respectively; and group 6 served as diabetic group. Blood samples were collected and analysed for urea, creatinine, potassium, sodium, chloride and bicarbonate using urease-Berthelot colorimetric method, Jaffe’s colorimetric method and Ion selective electrode (ISE) method respectively. There was a significant decrease in (p<0.05) glucose concentration (mmol/L) of 3.90 in control compared to 8.07, 8.73, 14.67, 11.43 and 9.80 in albino rats treated with glibenclamide, STZ+CLS 200 mg, STZ+CLS 400 mg, STZ+CLS 600 mg and diabetic control respectively. In potassium concentration (meq/l) 6.51 in control compared with 4.97, 7.59, 7.28, 8.45 and 6.87 in albino rats treated with glibenclamide, STZ+CLS200 mg, STZ+CLS 400 mg, STZ+CLS 600 mg and diabetic control respectively. While in sodium concentration (meq/l) of 1.42 in control compared to 1.33, 1.30, 1.36, 1.42 and 1.36 in albino rats treated with glibenclamide, STZ+CLS 200 mg, STZ+CLS 400 mg, STZ+CLS 600 mg and diabetic control respectively. However, in chloride concentration (meq/l) of 1.06 in control compared to 99.10, 97.87, 1.04, 88.00, 1.04, 88.00 and 1.04 in albino rats treated with glibenclamide, STZ+CLS 200 mg, STZ+CLS 400 mg, STZ+CLS 600 mg and diabetic control respectively and also in bicarbonate concentration (meq/l) of 10.07 when compared with 17.30, 16.47, 15.40, 6.40 and 17.30 in albino rats treated with glibenclamide, STZ+CLS 200 mg, STZ+CLS 400 mg, STZ+CLS 600 mg and diabetic control respectively. In conclusion, this medicinal plant could be considered as a potential and alternative approach for the treatment of diabetes. Keywords: Keywords: Citrullus lanatus, Diabetes Mellitus, Renal

scholarly journals Effect of Myristica Fragrans Extract on Lipid Profile, Glucose, Body Weight, Food Intake, Liver and Renal Functions in Experimental Obese Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 677-682
Author(s):  
Yakaiah Vangoori ◽  
Anusha Dakshinamoorthi ◽  
S. Kavimani
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cafeteria Diet ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Myristica Fragrans ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

The effect of the ethanolic extract of Myristica fragrans was evaluated on cafeteria diet induced body weight, glucose and lipid elevations in albino rats. 30 rats were taken randomly and divided into five groups and six each. Group-1 normal control and Group 2-5 were give cafeteria diet for 6 weeks to induce obesity and treatment period was 10 weeks. After 70 days of treatment, the extract, at doses of 200 and 400mg/kg, significantly reduced the body weight, glucose and lipid levels (p < 0.001) dose dependently. The standard drug Orlistat at 50mg/kg effectively prevented the body weight, glucose and lipid levels when compared with control and test groups. With these observations and previous data, the study concludes that Myristica fragrans extract can stimulate AMP-Kinase enzyme system and can reduce glucose and lipid concentrations. This may be useful for obesity treatment.

scholarly journals Effect of Combination Therapy of Garcinia kola Seed and Vitamin E in Acetaminophen Induced Hepatotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Albino Rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
H. A. Waribo ◽  
E. S. Bartimaeus ◽  
N. Nduka ◽  
H. U. Nwanjo
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Garcinia Kola ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Group 1

Acetaminophen, used for antipyretic and analgesic purposes has been known to exhibit   toxic effects on the organs because of its ability to generate free radicals, causing varieties of diseases. This study investigated the impact of the combined formed of Garcinia kola seed and Vitamin E pretreatment exposure on hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by acetaminophen in Albino Rats. Five groups of animals were used for this study. Group 1 as the control received distilled water orally only, group 2 as toxicity control intoxicated with 800 mg acetaminophen intraperitoneally. The other three groups were pretreated with various doses of either Garcinia kola seed extract or vitamin E or a combined form respectively by oral gavage method for 7 days before induction with acetaminophen intraperitoneally on the 8th day and sacrificed under chloroform anaethesia. Acetaminophen induction significantly rise (p<0.05) the hepatic enzyme levels (ALT, AST, and ALP) and a marked reduction of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPX) in group 2 animals when compared with the control. There was also a significant rise (p<0.05) in the MDA levels. Meanwhile the combined form of Garcinia kola seed extract and Vitamin E pretreatment exposure on the organs showed no synergetic ameliorative potentials as compared with the single pretreatment exposure with Garcinia kola and Vitamin E respectively. The morphology of the tissue cells pretreated with these combined formed exhibited features showing signs of cell damages and slow recovery from the toxicity. Therefore combining Garcinia kola and Vitamin E may lost its ameliorative and protective effect as seen in this induced acetaminophen albino rats implying that Garcinia kola seed and Vitamin E should not be taken in a combined form.

scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF SEEDS OF Monodora myristica ON SELECTED MICROORGANISMS

2020 ◽  
pp. 3674-3686
Author(s):  
F.A. Jimoh ◽  
A.T. Ajao ◽  
R.F. Zakariyah ◽  
M.B. Odebisi-Omokanye ◽  
H.O. Abdulrahman
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Hexane Extract ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Hexane Extracts ◽  
Monodora Myristica

The increase in the prevalence of effects of many synthetic antimicrobial agents and incidence of multiple drug resistant microorganisms has spurred scientists on the research for plant-based antimicrobial of therapeutic potentials. The Monodora myristica has been used in Nigeria traditionally as condiments and has been harnessed as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of skin infection and dysentery. Aqueous, n-hexane and ethanolic extracts of the seeds was screened for antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms implicated in causing vagina infections. This finding showed that the efficacy of the extracts was concentration dependent. Aqueous, ethanolic and N-hexane extract showed varying degree of inhibition with different magnitude against the test isolates. Ethanolic extract showed highest activities against Candida albican, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae with 21.5mm, 19.5 mm each respectively. The same patterns of of inhibition was also observed in N-hexane extract. The antimicrobial effect of the two extracts were statistically not significant. The extracts had minimum concentration that ranged between 150mg/ml and 200mg/ml. The ethanolic extract showed more inhibitory effects compare to the aqueous and n- hexane extracts. The ethanolic extract found to contain highest quantity of phytochemicals while aqueous extract has lowest amount of the phytochemicals. It is therefore can be affirmed that Monodora myristica seed extracts could be exploited as therapeutic agents to drug resistant microorganisms.

scholarly journals Assessment of Sub Chronic Toxicity of Sonchus cornutus in Rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Hayat Mahgoub Farah ◽  
Abdel Rahim Mohamed El Hussein ◽  
Hassan Elsubki Khalid ◽  
Halima Mohamed Osman
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Group 1

Aim: To assess the toxicity of the aqueous extract of Sonchus cornutus in Wistar albino rats. Methodology: The aqueous extract of Sonchus cornutus aerial part was administered orally to rats in group 2, 3 and 4 at a dose of 50, 500 and 2000 mg/ kg, respectively for four weeks whereas, group 1 was kept as a control. The animals were observed daily for clinical signs and mortality. Weekly, the weights of the animals were recorded, and blood samples were collected for haematological and biochemical analysis. Specimens of Liver and kidney were kept in 10% formalin for histopathology. Results: The results revealed that all the animals in the four groups survived. The extract had no adverse effects on haematology, biochemistry and histology of rats at doses of 50 and 500 mg/ kg. But dose 2000 mg/kg proved to have significant alteration in White blood cells (WBCs), Red blood cells (RBCs), Haemoglobin (Hb) and Packed cell volume (PCV). In addition, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, Alanin Transaminase (ALT), Asparate Transaminase (AST) were significantly (P<0.05) changed. These findings correlated with the histopathological changes on liver and kidney. Conclusion: The highest dose of S. cornutus aqueous extract (2000 mg/kg) was not fatal, but may have some toxic effects on liver and kidney.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Effects of Viscum album Combined with Garcinia kola against CCL4 Induced Liver Injury in Albino Rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Roseline Emeji ◽  
Tamuno-Emine Davies Gabriel ◽  
Bosia Ndokiari
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Viscum Album ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Herbal Extracts ◽  
Garcinia Kola ◽  
Group 1

This study was aimed at evaluating the efficacy of Viscum album (mistletoe) and Garcinia kola seed (bitter kola) in treating Rat liver against CCl4-induced liver injury. Mistletoe and bitter Kola are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various disorders, including hepatic disorders. Biochemical parameters and histological structure were assessed and used as a measure of the therapeutic potential of the herbs against CCl4 induced liver injury. The experimental animals (15 male wistar albino rats) weighing between 100-120 g were randomly divided into three (3) groups. Each group comprised 5 rats and was labeled as group 1, 2 or 3. Group 1 (negative control) animals were administered saline orally daily for 6 weeks (1 ml volume per kg body weight) while group 2 (CCl4 group) animals were administered CCl4 mixed with olive oil as vehicle in 1:1 ratio (3 ml/kg body weight). Group 3 represented the treatment group with extracts of the two herbal plants (250 mg/kg daily). The combination of the herbal extracts administered orally for 6weeks showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in serum protein, albumin, total bilirubin and conjugated bilirubin concentrations and in serum activities of AST, ALT, ALP and GGT compared with CCl4-induced increases in concentrations or activities of the aforementioned biochemical parameters. Histological examination of the liver of CCl4–treated rats with the combined herbal extracts showed less destruction of liver architecture in comparison to the group induced with CCl4 only. The results indicated that the combination herbal extracts investigated (mistletoe and bitter kola) had therapeutic effect against CCL4-induced liver injury when used either in combination and this effect could be due to the phytochemicals present in the herbs.

scholarly journals Renal Morpho-functional Changes in Wistar Rats Administered Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
A. A. Aigbiremolen ◽  
M. A. Omoirri ◽  
O. J. Okafoanyali ◽  
M. Ogbonnaya ◽  
K. E. Asemota
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Electrolytes ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Seed Extracts ◽  
Group 1

Introduction: The kidneys are paired organs that function as eliminators of harmful metabolites from the blood. Considering the nutritional profile, Citrullus lanatus is reportedly a vital source of anti-oxidants that may affect renal functions. Aim: Using the adult male wistar rats, this study examined the effect(s) of Citrullus lanatus fruit seeds on serum electrolytes and histology of the kidney. Methodology: Twenty rats (95-200 g) were purchased and grouped into four (n=20) of five (5) rats per group.  Group 1 (control group) received growers mash and water only, groups 2, 3 and 4 were fed with 100, 200 and, 400 mg/kg of C. lanatus fruit seeds extract respectively (for 21 days).  Following period of extract administration, animals were fasted overnight and carefully restrained. Equal volume of blood samples were collected from their retro-orbital plexus for biochemical analysis. Abdominal cavities were cut opened and kidney excised for histo-architectural study. Results: With serum Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, HCO3- , levels returning insignificant results for all doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) of watermelon fruit seed extracts treated rats upon comparison with control; there was however a significant increase (p < .05) in serum K+ and Urea levels of extract treated rats when compared with control. Study also observed no histological alteration in the kidney of extract treated rats when compared to control. Conclusion: Thus, administration of C. lanatus seed extract did not affect serum Na+, Cl-, HCO3- and creatinine levels of wistar rats; even though there were significance increase in K+ and urea levels.

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