scholarly journals Role of Biological Sex in the Cardiovascular-Gut Microbiome Axis

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuangyue Li ◽  
Georgios Kararigas
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

There has been a recent, unprecedented interest in the role of gut microbiota in host health and disease. Technological advances have dramatically expanded our knowledge of the gut microbiome. Increasing evidence has indicated a strong link between gut microbiota and the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In the present article, we discuss the contribution of gut microbiota in the development and progression of CVD. We further discuss how the gut microbiome may differ between the sexes and how it may be influenced by sex hormones. We put forward that regulation of microbial composition and function by sex might lead to sex-biased disease susceptibility, thereby offering a mechanistic insight into sex differences in CVD. A better understanding of this could identify novel targets, ultimately contributing to the development of innovative preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for men and women.

scholarly journals The gut-microbiota-brain axis in autism: what Drosophila models can offer?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Safa Salim ◽  
Ayesha Banu ◽  
Amira Alwa ◽  
Swetha B. M. Gowda ◽  
Farhan Mohammad
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Drosophila Models

AbstractThe idea that alterations in gut-microbiome-brain axis (GUMBA)-mediated communication play a crucial role in human brain disorders like autism remains a topic of intensive research in various labs. Gastrointestinal issues are a common comorbidity in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although gut microbiome and microbial metabolites have been implicated in the etiology of ASD, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. In this review, we have summarized recent findings in human and animal models highlighting the role of the gut-brain axis in ASD. We have discussed genetic and neurobehavioral characteristics of Drosophila as an animal model to study the role of GUMBA in ASD. The utility of Drosophila fruit flies as an amenable genetic tool, combined with axenic and gnotobiotic approaches, and availability of transgenic flies may reveal mechanistic insight into gut-microbiota-brain interactions and the impact of its alteration on behaviors relevant to neurological disorders like ASD.

scholarly journals The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (03) ◽  
pp. 192-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Chen
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Genotoxic Effects ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Health And Disease

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that the gut microbiome, which consists of trillions of microbes representing over 1,000 species of bacteria with over 3 million genes, significantly impacts intestinal health and disease. The gut microbiota not only is capable of promoting intestinal homeostasis and antitumor responses but can also contribute to chronic dysregulated inflammation as well as have genotoxic effects that lead to carcinogenesis. Whether the gut microbiota maintains health or promotes colon cancer may ultimately depend on the composition of the gut microbiome and the balance within the microbial community of protective and detrimental bacterial populations. Disturbances in the normal balanced state of a healthful microbiome, known as dysbiosis, have been observed in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC); however, whether these alterations precede and cause CRC remains to be determined. Nonetheless, studies in mice strongly suggest that the gut microbiota can modulate susceptibility to CRC, and therefore may serve as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals What We Know So Far about the Metabolite-Mediated Microbiota-Intestinal Immunity Dialogue and How to Hear the Sound of This Crosstalk

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 406
Author(s):  
Clément Caffaratti ◽  
Caroline Plazy ◽  
Geoffroy Mery ◽  
Abdoul-Razak Tidjani ◽  
Federica Fiorini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Insight Into

Trillions of microorganisms, termed the “microbiota”, reside in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, and collectively participate in regulating the host phenotype. It is now clear that the gut microbiota, metabolites, and intestinal immune function are correlated, and that alterations of the complex and dynamic host-microbiota interactions can have deep consequences for host health. However, the mechanisms by which the immune system regulates the microbiota and by which the microbiota shapes host immunity are still not fully understood. This article discusses the contribution of metabolites in the crosstalk between gut microbiota and immune cells. The identification of key metabolites having a causal effect on immune responses and of the mechanisms involved can contribute to a deeper insight into host-microorganism relationships. This will allow a better understanding of the correlation between dysbiosis, microbial-based dysmetabolism, and pathogenesis, thus creating opportunities to develop microbiota-based therapeutics to improve human health. In particular, we systematically review the role of soluble and membrane-bound microbial metabolites in modulating host immunity in the gut, and of immune cells-derived metabolites affecting the microbiota, while discussing evidence of the bidirectional impact of this crosstalk. Furthermore, we discuss the potential strategies to hear the sound of such metabolite-mediated crosstalk.

Can we modulate the breastfed infant gut microbiota through maternal diet?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azhar S Sindi ◽  
Donna T Geddes ◽  
Mary E Wlodek ◽  
Beverly S Muhlhausler ◽  
Matthew S Payne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Breastfed Infant ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Infant Gut Microbiome ◽  
And Function ◽  
Microbiome Data

Abstract Initial colonisation of the infant gut is robustly influenced by regular ingestion of human milk, a substance that contains microbes, microbial metabolites, immune proteins, and oligosaccharides. Numerous factors have been identified as potential determinants of the human milk and infant gut microbiota, including maternal diet; however, there is limited data on the influence of maternal diet during lactation on either of these. Here, we review the processes thought to contribute to human milk and infant gut bacterial colonisation and provide a basis for considering the role of maternal dietary patterns during lactation in shaping infant gut microbial composition and function. Although only one observational study has directly investigated the influence of maternal diet during lactation on the infant gut microbiome, data from animal studies suggests that modulation of the maternal gut microbiota, via diet or probiotics, may influence the mammary or milk microbiota. Additionally, evidence from human studies suggests that the maternal diet during pregnancy may affect the gut microbiota of the breastfed infant. Together, there is a plausible hypothesis that maternal diet during lactation may influence the infant gut microbiota. If substantiated in further studies, this may present a potential window of opportunity for modulating the infant gut microbiome in early life.

scholarly journals A Prospective Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analysis of the Impact of Exercise and/or Whey Protein Supplementation on the Gut Microbiome of Sedentary Adults

mSystems ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen Cronin ◽  
Wiley Barton ◽  
Peter Skuse ◽  
Nicholas C. Penney ◽  
Isabel Garcia-Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Protein Consumption ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT Many components of modern living exert influence on the resident intestinal microbiota of humans with resultant impact on host health. For example, exercise-associated changes in the diversity, composition, and functional profiles of microbial populations in the gut have been described in cross-sectional studies of habitual athletes. However, this relationship is also affected by changes in diet, such as changes in dietary and supplementary protein consumption, that coincide with exercise. To determine whether increasing physical activity and/or increased protein intake modulates gut microbial composition and function, we prospectively challenged healthy but sedentary adults with a short-term exercise regime, with and without concurrent daily whey protein consumption. Metagenomics- and metabolomics-based assessments demonstrated modest changes in gut microbial composition and function following increases in physical activity. Significant changes in the diversity of the gut virome were evident in participants receiving daily whey protein supplementation. Results indicate that improved body composition with exercise is not dependent on major changes in the diversity of microbial populations in the gut. The diverse microbial characteristics previously observed in long-term habitual athletes may be a later response to exercise and fitness improvement. IMPORTANCE The gut microbiota of humans is a critical component of functional development and subsequent health. It is important to understand the lifestyle and dietary factors that affect the gut microbiome and what impact these factors may have. Animal studies suggest that exercise can directly affect the gut microbiota, and elite athletes demonstrate unique beneficial and diverse gut microbiome characteristics. These characteristics are associated with levels of protein consumption and levels of physical activity. The results of this study show that increasing the fitness levels of physically inactive humans leads to modest but detectable changes in gut microbiota characteristics. For the first time, we show that regular whey protein intake leads to significant alterations to the composition of the gut virome.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Intestinal Microbial Composition and Function of Hainan Special Wild Boar

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1553
Author(s):  
Xiaozhe Wang ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Qiong Wen ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Zhixin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Membrane Transport ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

The gut microbiome plays an important role in the health and disease status of the host. Research on the effect of sex on animal intestinal microorganisms is still limited; and the effect of castration on the gut microbiome of male pigs has not been fully investigated. In this study, 30 Hainan special wild boars at the same growth stage were divided into three groups (10 entire males, 10 females, and 10 castrated males). High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was used to investigate the fecal microbiota of the Hainan special wild boar. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria were the five dominant phyla found in the specimens. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was higher in the microbiota of female pigs than in male pigs, while Firmicutes was on the contrary. The percentage of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus was higher in males than females. The microbial diversity of females was significantly higher compared to males; castration increased the intestinal microbial diversity of males. Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance.

scholarly journals Challenges and Perspective in Integrated Multi-Omics in Gut Microbiota Studies

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 300
Author(s):  
Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri ◽  
Fred Kwame Ofosu ◽  
Ramachandran Chelliah ◽  
Byong H. Lee ◽  
Deog-Hwan Oh
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Omic Technology ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
Micro Organisms

The advent of omic technology has made it possible to identify viable but unculturable micro-organisms in the gut. Therefore, application of multi-omic technologies in gut microbiome studies has become invaluable for unveiling a comprehensive interaction between these commensals in health and disease. Meanwhile, despite the successful identification of many microbial and host–microbial cometabolites that have been reported so far, it remains difficult to clearly identify the origin and function of some proteins and metabolites that are detected in gut samples. However, the application of single omic techniques for studying the gut microbiome comes with its own challenges which may be overcome if a number of different omics techniques are combined. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge about multi-omic techniques, their challenges and future perspective in this field of gut microbiome studies.

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiome in Western and Indigenous Cultures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santanu Das ◽  
Tahila Andrighettti ◽  
João Sabino ◽  
Tamas Korcsmaros ◽  
Mojibur Rohman Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Indigenous Cultures ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Diverse Community ◽  
Lifestyle Patterns

The mammalian gut ecosystem plays critical roles in multiple functions related to health and homeostasis. In many cases, disturbances in the gut ecosystem are associated with a large number of metabolic and chronic diseases and disorders such as diabetes, cancer, and obesity. A diverse community of microorganisms ranging from viruses to bacteria comprise the gut microbiota, which is often considered as an organ in itself. Recent studies have profiled the influence of lifestyles and dietary behavior by comparing the gut microbiome of populations with different cultural underpinnings. In this review, we provide an overview of the studies which report the influence on the gut microbial composition of dietary and lifestyle patterns in different contexts such as western industrialized countries and indigenous cultures (corresponding to different lifestyle gradients such as hunter-gatherers and pastoralists) and how this association may influence health and disease.

scholarly journals Metabolic functions of the human gut microbiota: the role of metalloenzymes

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren J. Rajakovich ◽  
Emily P. Balskus
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Health And Disease

Metalloenzymes play central roles in metabolic functions of the human gut microbiota that are associated with host health and disease.

scholarly journals Phage-delivered CRISPR-Cas9 for strain-specific depletion and genomic deletions in the gut microbiota

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy N. Lam ◽  
Peter Spanogiannopoulos ◽  
Paola Soto-Perez ◽  
Margaret Alexander ◽  
Matthew J. Nalley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Genomic Deletions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
Or Genes ◽  
Gut Microbial Community

AbstractThe recognition that the gut microbiome has a profound influence on human health and disease has spurred efforts to manipulate gut microbial community structure and function. Though various strategies for microbiome engineering have been proposed, methods for phage-based genetic manipulation of resident members of the gut microbiota in vivo are currently lacking. Here, we show that bacteriophage can be used as a vector for delivery of plasmid DNA to bacteria colonizing the gastrointestinal tract, using filamentous phage M13 and Escherichia coli engrafted in the gut microbiota of mice. We employ M13 to deliver CRISPR-Cas9 for sequence-specific targeting of E. coli leading to depletion of one strain of a pair of fluorescently marked isogenic strains competitively colonizing the gut. We further show that when mice are colonized by a single E. coli strain, it is possible for M13-delivered CRISPR-Cas9 to induce genomic deletions that encompass the targeted gene. Our results suggest that rather than being developed for use as an antimicrobial in the gut microbiome, M13-delivered CRISPR-Cas9 may be better suited for targeted genomic deletions in vivo that harness the robust DNA repair response of bacteria. With improved methods to mitigate undesired escape mutations, we envision these strategies may be developed for targeted removal of strains or genes present in the gut microbiome that are detrimental to the host. These results provide a highly adaptable platform for in vivo microbiome engineering using phage and a proof-of-concept for the establishment of phage-based tools for a broader panel of human gut bacteria.

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