scholarly journals The examination of presumed Escherichia coli count of raw milk samples on several milk production farms

2006 ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Ferenc Peles ◽  
András Szabó ◽  
Béla Béri ◽  
Péter Keresztúri
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
Large Farms

For dairy farms, it is of great importance to insure the appropriate hygienic status of milk and to examine it regularly. Escherichia coli, belonging to the coliform bacteria type of, is a good indicator of contamination, and therefore suitable for characterising the hygienic condition of milk production.The aim of our research was to examine the connection between the Escherichi coli count in bulk tank milk and housing and milking technologies of different-sizes farms. We examined the relation using various statistical methods.Analysing the connection between the E. coli count and the farm size we found no significant difference between the farms. On the basis of the mean values of the E. coli count, we can say that the hygienic conditions are appropriate for mid-sized farms, and tolerable for large farms. We found differences in the hygienic status among the small farms. Half of the eight small farms, had no adequate hygiene. The results of the analysis of the quality categories show that the probability of inadequate quality milk was the largest on small farms (37.5%).Comparing the various housing and milking methods with each other, there were numerical differences in the E. coli count, but these differences were not significant. We got higher E. coli count values on those farms using tied stall barn and bucket milking installation. The reason for this could be that in cases of farms using bucket milking installation, it is harder to meet the requirements.After forming groups by farm size, housing and milking methods, we found that the E. coli counts are adequate on mid-size farms using various housing and milking methods; and tolerable on those large farms using loose housing stable and a milking parlour. At the same time, we found inadequate E. coli counts on the smaller farms using tied stall barns and bucket milking installation.The results show that if there is suitable attention, independent of farm size, housing and milking procedure, it is possible to produce milk with low E. coli counts, and to insure appropriate hygienic conditions.Further detailed examinations are needed to decide which factors of housing and milking technologies influence the E. coli count of bulk tank milk.

Evaluation of virulence factors profiles and antimicrobials resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from bulk tank milk and raw milk filters

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Dell'Orco ◽  
Claudia Gusmara ◽  
Monica Loiacono ◽  
Theo Gugliotta ◽  
Francesca Albonico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Bulk Tank

Estimating Bacterial Pathogen Levels in New Zealand Bulk Tank Milk

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 771-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. MARSHALL ◽  
T. K. SOBOLEVA ◽  
P. JAMIESON ◽  
N. P. FRENCH
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Predictive Model ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Bulk Tank

ABSTRACT Zoonotic bacteria such as Campylobacter, Listeria, and Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli have been found in bulk tank milk in many countries, and the consumption of raw milk has been implicated in outbreaks of disease in New Zealand. Fecal contamination at milking is probably the most common source of pathogenic bacteria in bulk tank milk. Raw milk was collected from 80 New Zealand dairy farms during 2011 and 2012 and tested periodically for Campylobacter, E. coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella. Milk quality data such as coliform counts, total bacterial counts, and somatic cell counts also were collected. By treating the total bacterial count as a proxy for fecal contamination of milk and utilizing farm and animal level prevalence and shedding rates of each pathogen, a predictive model for the level of pathogenic bacteria in bulk tank raw milk was developed. The model utilizes a mixture distribution to combine the low level of contamination inherent in the milking process with isolated contamination events associated with significantly higher pathogen levels. By simulating the sampling and testing process, the predictive model was validated against the observed prevalence of each pathogen in the survey. The predicted prevalence was similar to the observed prevalence for E. coli O157 and Salmonella, although the predicted prevalence was higher than that observed in samples tested for Campylobacter.

scholarly journals A new integrated approach to analyze bulk tank milk and raw milk filters for the presence of the E. coli serogroups frequently associated with VTEC status

2017 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 401-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Albonico ◽  
Claudia Gusmara ◽  
Theo Gugliotta ◽  
Monica Loiacono ◽  
Michele Mortarino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bulk Tank

scholarly journals Iodine content in bulk tank milk samples in relation to dairy farm size

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (10) ◽  
pp. S9-S13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenka Vorlová ◽  
Lucia Hodulová ◽  
Ivana Borkovcová ◽  
Hana Přidalová ◽  
Romana Kostrhounová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Organic Dairy ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
Organic Dairy Farms

The aim of this study was to compare the iodine content in raw milk from organic and conventional dairy farms of different sizes. Milk samples were collected between 2012 and 2013, and the iodine content was determined by a Sandell-Kolthoff reaction after dry alkaline digestion of the milk samples. Comparing the iodine content in raw milk samples from small sized dairy farms (116.76 ± 46.29 μg/l) and large sized dairy farms (173.70 ± 35.42 μg/l), a significant difference in iodine content was observed (P ≤ 0.05). The lowest values were found in small and medium dairy farms, 45.30 μg/l and 40.46 μg/l, respectively. High variability (112.92 ± 94.74 μg/l) in the iodine content was detected in raw milk from medium sized dairy farms. When considering milk samples from organic dairy farms (119.29 μg /l ± 40.37) vs. conventional dairy farms (136.55 μg/l ± 42.91), no significant difference was detected. These results indicate higher iodine content in milk from large dairy farms regardless of conventional or organic farming methods.

Comparison of the SimPlate Coliform and Escherichia coli Test with Petrifilm, Three-Tube MPN, and VRBA + MUG Methods for Enumerating Coliforms and E. coli in Food

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. TOWNSEND ◽  
R. L. IRVING ◽  
A. NAQUI
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Additional Food ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli

SimPlate for coliforms and Escherichia coli (CEc) is a new method for the detection and quantification of coliforms and E. coli in food. Internal validation of the method was carried out at IDEXX Laboratories (Westbrook, ME) with 180 food samples representing a variety of different food matrices and compared against three-tube MPN (most probable number), VRBA (violet red bile agar) + MUG, and Petrifilm (E. coli count) methods. SimPlate CEc was highly correlated with each of these methods for the quantification of coliform bacteria (r ≥ 0.90). An insignificant number of food samples were found to contain E. coli; therefore, no meaningful correlation data could be generated. Four hundred forty-four additional food samples were tested at five collaborating laboratories for the presence of coliforms and E. coli using SimPlate CEc and either VRBA + MUG or Petrifilm (E. coli count). Regression analysis of data from SimPlate for CEc versus Petrifilm E. coli count plates generated correlation coefficients (r) of at least 0.89 for total coliforms and at least 0.90 for generic E. coli. Correlation coefficients between SimPlate for CEc and VRBA + MUG data were at least 0.90 for coliforms and at least 0.86 for E. coli. SimPlate for CEc demonstrated better recovery of E. coli than Petrifilm when high populations of bacteria were present. E. coli was not detected in 20 of 50 (40%) raw milk samples tested by the Petrifilm method due to the presence of interfering coliform and noncoliform bacteria. It is concluded that SimPlate for CEc is a suitable alternative for determining numbers of coliform bacteria and E. coli in food.

scholarly journals The effect of keeping technology on the microbiological status of raw milk

2008 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Ferenc Peles ◽  
Zsuzsa Máthéné Szigeti ◽  
Béla Béri ◽  
András Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Large Farms ◽  
Microbiological Status

The importance of the quality of raw milk increased after Hungary had joined to the EU. On delivery of raw milk, the microbiological quality, especially total plate count of the milk is very important. Twenty-two farms (7 large, 4 medium-sized, and 11 small farms) were included in the study. We considered the different farm size, keeping- and milking circumstances during the selection of farms. The examined large farms use loose housing system (cubicle, deep litter) and milking parlour. Most of them use preand post-milking disinfection. In the medium-sized farms, loose,deep litter and tie-stall housing system, as well as milking parlour, pipeline milking and bucket milking occurred. All of them use preand post-milking disinfection. Small farms use tie-stall housing system, bucket milking and udder preparation by water. Unfortunately, they do not use pre- or post-milking disinfection. In the large and medium-sized farms mainly Holstein Friesian, in the small farms Hungarian Simmental breeds can be found.The aim of our research was to examine the microbiological status of the raw milk produced in dairy farms (total plate count, coliform count, Escherichia coli count, Staphylococcus aureus count, psychrotroph bacteria count, furthermore yeast and mold count); sources of the contamination; connection between the microbiological quality of produced milk and housing-, milking technologies of farms; furthermore the hygienic circumstances of milking and milk handling of the farms, by the examination of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli contamination.During the examination of the connection between the different farm sizes, various housing- and milking forms and the microbiological characteristics we observed similar tendencies in the case of total plate count, coliform count, yeast and molds count, furthermore psychrotroph bacteria count. The value of  these parameters was significantly higher in small farms, and infarms which use tie-stall housing forms, bucket milking, udder preparation with water, and which do not use pre- and post-milking disinfection.The results showed that besides cooling, the milking procedure and the type of udder preparation had the largest effect on the total plate count. Statistical analysis shows that in medium and small farms the combination of pipeline milking – tie stall housing system – disinfectant preparation of the udder; in large farms the combination of milking parlour – loose cubicle housing system – dry preparation of the udder are the most appropriate in the aspect of the total plate count. We experienced that in farms where the hygienic instructions are not followed – and thereforeequipment used during the milking and handling of milk is very contaminated – or rather the separation of mastitic cows’ milk is not appropriate, different microorganisms may contaminate the produced milk. 

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of genetic characterization of β-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli from bulk tank milk in Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hye-Ri Jung ◽  
Koeun Kim ◽  
Young Ju Lee
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
Genotypic Characteristics

Abstract Background This study was conducted to analyze the genetic characteristics of 41 β-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli isolates, which are one of the common causes of environmental mastitis, isolated from the bulk tank milk of 290 dairy farms in five factories operated by three dairy companies in Korea. Results Analysis of the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of β-lactam-resistant E. coli isolates revealed differences between factories even within the same company. Isolates from factory A1 and C1 showed high resistance to cephalothin (76.9 and 100%, respectively), which is a first-generation cephalosporins, whereas resistance to tetracycline was showed by only the isolates from factories B1 (60.0%), C2 (66.7%), and C3 (100%). Although all the 41 β-lactam-resistant E. coli isolates were positive for blaOXA-1, blaTEM-1 was highly prevalent in isolates from factories C2 (100%) and C3 (100%). Among 17 isolates resistant to both β-lactams and aminoglycosides, the most common multilocus sequence type was ST399 (13isolates, 76.5%). Furthermore, 2 (11.8%) and 12 (70.6%) isolates belonged to the phylogenetic groups B2 and D, respectively, which are invasive strains that cause intestinal infections, respectively. The predominant serogroup was O15 (70.6%), which is a globally distributed extraintestinal pathogen. Interestingly, one isolate from factory A1 belonged to O157 and carried six virulence genes, simultaneously. Conclusions Although E. coli isolates were isolated from bulk tank milk, and not the clinical mastitis samples, the presence of the phylogenetic groups B2 and D, and the serogroups O15 and O157, which harbor antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors, can pose a threat to public health.

scholarly journals Diversity and Local Coadaptation of Escherichia coli and Coliphages From Small Ruminants

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Molina ◽  
Alfredo Simancas ◽  
Rafael Tabla ◽  
Antonia Gómez ◽  
Isidro Roa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Raw Milk Cheese

Bacteriophages are highly specific predators that drive bacterial diversity through coevolution while striking tradeoffs among preserving host populations for long-term exploitation and increasing their virulence, structural stability, or host range. Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria present in the microbiota of milk and during early ripening of raw milk cheeses have been linked to the production of gas, manifested by the appearance of eyes, and the development of off-flavors; thus, they might cause early blowing and cheese spoilage. Here, we report the characterization of coliphages isolated from manure from small ruminant farms and E. coli strains isolated from goat and sheep raw milk cheese. Additionally, the virulence and host range of locally isolated and laboratory collection phages were determined by comparing the susceptibility of E. coli strains from different sources. In agreement with the high genetic diversity found within the species E. coli, clustering analysis of whole-cell protein revealed a total of 13 distinct profiles but none of the raw milk cheese isolates showed inhibition of growth by reference or water-isolated coliphages. Conversely, 10 newly isolated phages had a broad host range (i.e., able to lyse ≥50% of bacterial hosts tested), thus exhibiting utility for biocontrol and only one cheese-isolated E. coli strain was resistant to all the phages. Whereas there was a high positive correlation between bacterial susceptibility range and lysis intensity, the phages virulence decreased as range increased until reaching a plateau. These results suggest local gene-for-gene coevolution between hosts and phages with selective tradeoffs for both resistance and competitive ability of the bacteria and host-range extension and virulence of the phage populations. Hence, different phage cocktail formulations might be required when devising long-term and short-term biocontrol strategies.

Prevalence of Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli Virulence Factors in Bulk Tank Milk and In-Line Filters from U.S. Dairies†

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 759-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
JO ANN S. VAN KESSEL ◽  
JEFFREY S. KARNS ◽  
JASON E. LOMBARD ◽  
CHRISTINE A. KOPRAL
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Bulk Tank

The zoonotic bacteria Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli are known to infect dairy cows while not always causing clinical signs of disease. These pathogens are sometimes found in raw milk, and human disease outbreaks due to these organisms have been associated with the consumption of raw milk or raw milk products. Bulk tank milk (BTM) samples (536) and in-line milk filters (519) collected from dairy farms across the United States during the National Animal Health Monitoring System's Dairy 2007 study were analyzed by real-time PCR for the presence of S. enterica and pathogenic forms of E. coli and by culture techniques for the presence of L. monocytogenes. S. enterica was detected in samples from 28.1% of the dairy operations, primarily in milk filters. Salmonella was isolated from 36 of 75 PCR-positive BTM samples and 105 of 174 PCR-positive filter samples, and the isolates were serotyped. Cerro, Kentucky, Muenster, Anatum, and Newport were the most common serotypes. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 7.1% of the dairy operations, and the 1/2a complex was the most common serotype, followed by 1/2b and 4b (lineage 1). Shiga toxin genes were detected in enrichments from 15.2% of the BTM samples and from 51.0% of the filters by real-time PCR. In most cases, the cycle threshold values for the PCR indicated that toxigenic strains were not a major part of the enrichment populations. These data confirm those from earlier studies showing significant contamination of BTM by zoonotic bacterial pathogens and that the consumption of raw milk and raw milk products presents a health risk.

scholarly journals The Prevalence and Characterization of Fecal Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Pigs on Farms of Different Sizes in Latvia

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1099
Author(s):  
Daiga Gāliņa ◽  
Andris Balins ◽  
Anda Valdovska
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Large Farms

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of fecal ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) in pigs on large and small farms in Latvia, to characterize beta-lactamase genes and establish an antimicrobial resistance profile. Fecal samples (n = 615) were collected from 4-week, 5-week, 6-week, 8-week, 12-week and 20-week-old piglets, pigs and sows on four large farms (L1, L2, L3, L4) and three small farms (S1, S2, S3) in Latvia. ChromArt ESBL agar and combination disc tests were used for the screening and confirmation of ESBL-producing E. coli. The antimicrobial resistance was determined by the disc diffusion method and ESBL genes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Subsequently, ESBL-producing E. coli was confirmed on three large farms, L1 (64.3%), L2 (29.9%), L3 (10.7%) and one small farm, S1 (47.5%); n = 144 (23.4%). The prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli differed considerably between the large and small farm groups (26.9% vs. 12.7%). Of ESBL E. coli isolates, 96% were multidrug-resistant (MDR), demonstrating there were more extensive MDR phenotypes on large farms. The distribution of ESBL genes was blaTEM (94%), blaCTX-M (94%) and blaSHV (48%). On the small farm, blaSHV dominated, thus demonstrating a positive association with resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftazidime and cefixime, while on the large farms, blaCTX-M with a positive association to cephalexin and several non-beta lactam antibiotics dominated. The results indicated the prevalence of a broad variety of ESBL-producing E. coli among the small and large farms, putting the larger farms at a higher risk. Individual monitoring of ESBL and their antimicrobial resistance could be an important step in revealing hazardous MDR ESBL-producing E. coli strains and reviewing the management of antibiotic use.

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