Saneamento básico de manaus e as doenças provenientes / Basic sanitation of manaus and diseases from

A multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was developed for the selection of sanitation systems. This decision support system was aimed at assisting municipal engineers to design and implement sustainable solutions to meet a municipality’s obligation to provide free basic sanitation (FBS). Multi-attribute value theory (MAVT) was selected as the method most suited to the problem under consideration. Criteria which determine the sustainability of sanitation were selected from the literature and a spreadsheet-based MCDA with stakeholder and expert user interfaces was developed. Stakeholders determine the weighting of each indicator and expert users determine the values to be entered for the alternatives against each indicator. The partial values are aggregated using a weighted sum function. Research carried out into the implementation of FBS by the eThekwini Municipality that includes the city of Durban was analysed. This informed the allocation of indicator values to the sanitation alternatives under consideration: ventilated improved pit latrines (VIPs) and urine diversion dehydrating toilets (UDDTs). An innovative scenario analysis method was used to determine the effect of different weightings and/or values, representing changes in stakeholder involvement, resource recovery and political support for ecological sanitation. The MCDA was found to provide a guiding framework for municipal engineers in their efforts to implement sustainable sanitation. The process of deriving values for the MCDA is likely to prove even more useful than the overall value scores of the options under consideration.

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Principles of Food Inspection

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-42.2.180 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 180-182

Author(s):

BOYD T. MARSH

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Personnel ◽

Food Inspection ◽

Basic Sanitation ◽

History Of ◽

Foodborne Outbreaks

A brief review of the history of food-caused illness in humans and those categories or areas in a foodservice operations that are considered critical by public health personnel are discussed. The role of the foodservice manager is examined with respect to foodborne outbreaks. Some issues divergent from basic sanitation, but nevertheless, important to the foodservice manager and to public health personnel, are presented.

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Intoxicação Alimentar: Um problema de Saúde Pública

ID on line REVISTA DE PSICOLOGIA ◽

10.14295/idonline.v12i42.1373 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (42) ◽

pp. 894-906

Author(s):

Nicole Blanco Bernardes ◽

Larissa De Souza Facioli ◽

Maria Luzia Ferreira ◽

Raissa De Moura Costa ◽

Ana Cristina Fonseca de Sá

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Food Poisoning ◽

Google Scholar ◽

Bibliographic Databases ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

The People ◽

Basic Sanitation

Este trabalho foi escrito devido a importância de apresentar maior conhecimento as pessoas, não somente da área da saúde, da importância do cuidado com os alimentos para evitar o aumento do número de ocorrência de casos de toxinfecção alimentar, principalmente pela Salmonella spp. Dentro da contaminação do alimento pode-se ter a infecção, intoxicação e a toxinfecção alimentar, nos três tipos há diversos fatores que facilitam a ocorrência desses casos, que vão desde a precariedade no saneamento básico até a falta de cuidado e fiscalização dos alimentos, Diferenciando intoxicação, de infecção e de toxinfecção alimentar, mostrar os alimentos, microrganismos e os sintomas mais frequentes, quais os meios de contaminação, o papel da vigilância sanitária, as buscas foram realizadas em duas bases de dados bibliográficos, sendo estes SciELO (Scientific Eletronic Libray Online) e Google Acadêmico,foram selecionados artigos do período de 1996 a 2018. FOOD POISONING A PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEMAbstractThis work was published because of the importance of the people with the highest number of cases reporting food poisoning cases, especially Salmonella spp. Contamination of food can be an interference, poisoning and food poisoning, several, several factors that facilitate the absence of cases, ranging from a precariousness in basic sanitation to a lack of care and inspection of food, differentiation intoxication, of infection and food toxinfection, such as food, microorganisms and the most frequent symptoms, such as means of contamination, the role of sanitary surveillance, as the searches were exposed in two bibliographic databases, these being SciELO and Google Scholar, were included in the period from 1996 to 2018.

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SARS-CoV-2 Removal with a Polyurethane Foam Composite

10.21203/rs.3.rs-971058/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Guilherme Pereira Schoeler ◽

Thays França Afonso ◽

Carolina Faccio Demarco ◽

Victor dos Santos Barboza ◽

Tito Roberto Sant'anna Cadaval ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Social Inequalities ◽

Low Cost ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Expansion Method ◽

New Materials ◽

Free Expansion ◽

Pu Foam ◽

Foam Composite ◽

Basic Sanitation

Abstract The pandemic of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 disease) has been causing unprecedented health and economic impacts, alerting the world to the importance of basic sanitation and existing social inequalities. The risk of the spread and appearance of new diseases highlights the need for the removal of these pathogens through efficient techniques and materials. This study aimed to develop a polyurethane (PU) biofoam filled with dregs waste (leftover from the pulp and paper industry) for removal SARS-CoV-2 from the water. The biofoam was prepared by the free expansion method with the incorporation of 5wt% of dregs as a filler. For the removal assays, the all materials and its isolated phases were incubated for 24h with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 viral suspension. Then, the RNA was extracted and the viral load was quantified using the quantitative reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) technique. The biofoam (polyurethane/dregs) reached a great removal percentage of 91.55%, whereas the isolated dregs waste was 99.03%, commercial activated carbon was 99.64%, commercial activated carbon/polyurethane was 99.30%, and neat PU foam reached was 99.96% for this same property and without statistical difference. Those new materials endowed with low cost and high removal efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 as alternatives to conventional adsorbents.

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The water crisis and its implications in Brazilian agribusiness: A bibliographic review

Scientific Electronic Archives ◽

10.36560/1312020801 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

O. S. Fagundes ◽

L. C. A. Oliveira ◽

O. M. Yamashita ◽

I. V. Silva ◽

M. A. C. Carvalho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Agricultural Practices ◽

Industrial Effluents ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Irrigated Agriculture ◽

Water Crisis ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Economic Sectors ◽

Basic Sanitation ◽

Environmental Good

Water scarcity has become one of the main global problems, since of all the water of the terrestrial surface, only 2.5% represents fresh water, and of this, only 0.3% corresponds to the water of the rivers and lakes that are available to supply the demand for food production and other uses. The present work consisted in surveying the scenario related to the global water crisis and presenting evidence that even Brazil being abundant in the amount of water available, tends to face serious problems because of its scarcity, affecting two of the main economic pillars, agribusiness and industry. It was observed that the main negative effects on water resources occur due to urban occupation and agricultural practices in a disorderly way, causing destruction of natural resources through the discharge of domestic sewage, industrial effluents and agrochemicals. In general, the lack of control of the use of the water directed to the productive processes is one of the major generators of the water shortage, since 69% of the water derived from rivers, lakes and aquifers underground is turned to irrigated agriculture, using 70 times more water than for domestic purposes. Thus, it is necessary to adopt policies aimed at the conservation and efficient use of water resources, to value water as a social, social and environmental good, since their scarcity can generate instability in economic sectors such as agriculture, generating production insecurity in industry, as well as affecting the supply of drinking water, basic sanitation and public health.

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The Study of the Physical and Chemical Behavior of Activated Carbon in the Permeable Concrete for Light Traffic Paving

International Journal for Innovation Education and Research ◽

10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss9.1723 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 175-192

Author(s):

Ednei Bruce Da Silva ◽

Antônio Estanislau Sanches ◽

David Barbosa de Alencar ◽

Mike Jordan Braz Izel ◽

Camily Murrieta Vasconcelos Oliveira Bezerra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Fine Aggregate ◽

Light Traffic ◽

Conventional Concrete ◽

Biological Activated Carbon ◽

Treatment Processes ◽

Basic Sanitation ◽

Slow Filtration ◽

Physical And Chemical

The water treatment processes in which microorganisms act are margin filtration, slow filtration and biological activated carbon (CAB) [2]. For this research, a study of permeable concrete with the addition of 2% activated carbon for light traffic paving was performed. The objective of this research is to identify the feasibility of using this concrete so that filtered water can reach at least the basic sanitation networks, with a better quality to be treated. For this, characterizations of the quality of the concrete component materials were made with a novelty, using the fine aggregate (sand). After the characterizations, the permeable concrete traces with mechanical strength of 30MPa were made. Dosing analyzes followed with molding, curing and rupture of concrete specimens. The results of the arithmetic mean of the axial compression of conventional concrete at 28 days were 34.2 MPa and the concrete with the addition of activated carbon was 32.2 MPa, reaching the expectations of strength. Complementary experiments were performed for the quality of the water filtered by the CP's, the pH, the alkalinity and the chlorine content were analyzed. The pH of the conventional concrete found was 7.6 and the concrete with the addition of activated carbon was between 7.2 and 6.8, which may be the best result found

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Mapping the risk for transmission of urban schistosomiasis in the Brazilian Northeast

Geospatial health ◽

10.4081/gh.2020.861 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Emília Carolle Azevedo De Oliveira ◽

Iris Edna Pereira Da Silva ◽

Ricardo José Ferreira ◽

Ricardo José de Paula Souza e Guimarães ◽

Elainne Christine de Souza Gomes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Kernel Density ◽

Map Algebra ◽

Breeding Sites ◽

Snail Intermediate Host ◽

Basic Sanitation ◽

Medium Risk ◽

Brazilian Northeast ◽

The City

This is an analysis of the risk of schistosomiasis transmission in the city of Recife in the Northeast of Brazil based on the number of schistosomiasis cases (Schistosoma mansoni) registered for the period 2007-2017 together with data resulting from active search of breeding sites of the Biomphalaria snail intermediate host. The analyses were performed using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), SaTScan and Map Algebra methodology using human socio-demographic data and biotic and abiotic data from the snail breeding sites. Investigating 44 breeding sites resulted in a total of 3.800 snails, 31.8% of which were positive for S. mansoni DNA. These data were considered in relation to total of 652 schistosomiasis cases. The KDE showed two high-risk and two medium-risk clusters, while three significant clusters were identified by SaTScan. Combining these data with the Map Algebra methodology showed that all high-risk neighbourhoods had breeding sites with snails positive for S. mansoni. It was concluded that schistosomiasis transmission cannot be controlled without basic sanitation and sewage management in the presence of Biomphalaria snails. The technique of Map Algebra was found to be fundamental for the analysis and demonstration of areas with a high probability of schistosomiasis transmission.

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Intestinal helminthiasis as a relevant factor on immunological markers status of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients

10.21203/rs.3.rs-21215/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

ALEIDA VERDUGUEZ-ORELLANA ◽

Ernesto Rojas Cabrera ◽

Mery Arteaga Terrazas ◽

Fidelia Barrientos Laura ◽

Miguel Guzman-Rivero

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Intestinal Helminths ◽

Sanitation Services ◽

Immunological Markers ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Before And After ◽

The Status ◽

Basic Sanitation

Abstract Background: The intestinal helminths and the tegumentary leishmaniasis are frequent in rain forest area of Bolivia by absence of basic sanitation services and the natural presence of sand fly, vector of Leishmania parasites. Each one of these infections triggers a specific immune response by the host, nevertheless there is scant information regarding the behaviour of immune response during simultaneous Leishmania and intestinal helminths infections. The purpose of this study was contributing to the knowledge on this matter. Results: Forty-four cutaneous leishmaniasis patients and thirty controls entered in the study. The percentage of eosinophils from peripheral blood and plasma concentration of IgE and TNF-α were increased at after antimony treatment, respect the values presented before treatment in Albendazole and Non Albendazole groups, those increases were not statically significant. A decrease between before and after antimony treatment was observed in the ratio CD4/CD8 in both groups, but only in the receiving Albendazole group it was presented differences statistically significant.Conclusions: Several changes in the status of immunological markers including the number of eosinophils were found after the antimony treatment of patients. No additional clinical, neither immunological benefit of Albendazole treatment could be documented probably because the contact of individuals with helminths is long-standing.

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Exploring the Potentiality of Family Resources on Basic Household Sanitation Management in Dense Settlements of Binjai in North Sumatera Province of Indonesia

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2021.5720 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (E) ◽

pp. 547-551

Author(s):

Evi Naria ◽

Heru Santoso ◽

Kintoko Rochadi ◽

Nurmaini Nurmaini

Keyword(s):

National Level ◽

Family Members ◽

Community Empowerment ◽

Household Waste ◽

Research Approach ◽

Family Resources ◽

Family Empowerment ◽

Management Actions ◽

Action Research Approach ◽

Basic Sanitation

BACKGROUND: Community empowerment-based sanitation development by prioritizing participation has been implemented; however, it still shows insignificant progression. Even though the family is the manager of basic sanitation starting from the household, personal empowerment, and family participation miss from the focus of attention. AIM: This study thus aimed to develop a participatory model of family empowerment in the management of basic sanitation at the household level. METHODS: This type of qualitative research employed a participatory action research approach. It involved stakeholders who managed sanitation as the informants and 30 families who fulfilled the criteria namely having children over 10 years old and having no assistants as the participants. The data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews, observation, focus group discussion, and documentation. The basic sanitation includes water supply, latrines, garbage, and household waste was also examined to support the data obtained. The data were then analyzed by applying Miles and Huberman flows. RESULTS: It was found that household sanitation management was potentially implemented by managing family resources, sources of information and knowledge, motivation in family empowerment, and household sanitation support facilities. Sanitation management actions were carried out by assistance and division of tasks to family members accounting for 80%–100%. Conditions of basic sanitation in households thus were significantly better after the implementation of the sanitation management. CONCLUSION: The basic sanitation management model can be improved based on participatory family empowerment by employing assistance and the division of tasks to family members. This model also can be applied both at the local and national level and can become a guide for sustainable short or medium-term sanitation development.

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Determinants of Private Investment Contracts in the Basic Sanitation Sector: Evidence for Developing Countries

10.21203/rs.3.rs-31377/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dianifer Leal Borges ◽

Rodrigo Nobre Fernandez ◽

Cláudio Djissey Shikida ◽

Luciana de Andrade Costa

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Private Investment ◽

Sanitation Services ◽

Key Factor ◽

Basic Sanitation ◽

Main Determinants ◽

The Empirical Analysis ◽

Macroeconomic Environment

Abstract Investment in infrastructure is a key factor for improving the quality of life of the population and, consequently, for the economic development of nations. In this context, the universalization of water and sanitation services is of great importance due mainly to their impact on public health. Based on the work of Yehoue et al. (2006) and Sharma (2012), this article studies the determinants of the number of private investment contracts for the basic sanitation sector. In the empirical analysis, with a panel of developing countries during the years 2003-2016, we use the following counting estimators to study the number of contracts in the sector: Negative, Poisson, Negative Binomial, and Zero Inflated negative binomial with corrected Vuong (ZINBCV). The results show that the channels of the macroeconomic environment, foreign investment and the political environment are the main determinants in the formulation of new contracts in the basic sanitation sector.

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