scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE EXPRESSION OF BIRCH STRESS TOLERANCE GENES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DROUGHT IN THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Tat'yana Grodeckaya ◽  
Petr Evlakov ◽  
Igor Isakov
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Rna Isolation ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Cell Defense ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
The Impact

Birch is one of the main deciduous forest-forming species in the European part of Russia, but the impact of stress (in particular, drought) greatly limits its distribution. In this regard, it seems relevant to identify resistance mechanisms in order to select promising genotypes for their further reproduction. The aim of this work is to identify drought-tolerant genotypes of European birch (B. pendula Roth.), pubescent birch (B. pubescens Ehrh.) аnd their hybrids. For the study, we have taken samples of birch at the age of 26 years, which remained viable after the droughts of 2010 and 2013. Birch leaves have been selected in the third decade of June 2019 to analyze drought resistance. Leaves of birch, selected during the period with optimal conditions of air temperature and precipitation, have been used as control ones. A modified CTAB method has been proposed for RNA isolation. We studied the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in the activation of cell defense pathways under the influence of abiotic stress (pal, PR-1, PR-10, lea8, DREB2) during the drought period (June 2019). A study of the expression of genes encoding proteins of metabolic pathways that are activated in response to abiotic stress (phenylpropanoid pathway) associated with the pathogenesis of proteins (PR1 and PR10), transcription factors (DREB2), and late embryogenesis proteins (LEA) has been made. As a result of the effects of drought, a significant increase in the expression of pal, PR-1, PR-10 and DREB2 genes has been detected in the analyzed samples. At the same time, changes in lea8 gene expression were detected for two out of ten genotypes. The largest increase in expression for all five genes is shown for birch samples 29-58 and 233. It indicates the development of adaptive mechanisms in these genotypes and can characterize them as the most stable. The studied genes can be recommended as markers for the analysis of stress resistance in various species of woody plants

scholarly journals Oleanolic Acid Exerts a Neuroprotective Effect Against Microglial Cell Activation by Modulating Cytokine Release and Antioxidant Defense Systems

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 683 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Castellano ◽  
Silvia Garcia-Rodriguez ◽  
Juan M. Espinosa ◽  
María C. Millan-Linares ◽  
Mirela Rada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Oleanolic Acid ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Cell Defense ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant

Microglia respond to adverse stimuli in order to restore brain homeostasis and, upon activation, they release a number of inflammatory mediators. Chronic microglial overactivation is related to neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. In this work, we show that oleanolic acid (OA), a natural triterpene present in food and medicinal plants, attenuates the activation of BV2 microglial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell pretreatment with OA inhibited the release of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NO, which was associated with the downregulation of the expression of genes encoding for these cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and the reinforcement of the endogenous antioxidant cell defense. These findings advocate considering OA as a novel neuroprotective agent to inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory response in activated microglia associated with Alzheimer’s disease.

scholarly journals Role of hyaluronan in regulating self-renewal and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells and pre-osteoblasts

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 3923-3937
Author(s):  
Maria B. Asparuhova ◽  
Vivianne Chappuis ◽  
Alexandra Stähli ◽  
Daniel Buser ◽  
Anton Sculean
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Osteogenic Differentiation ◽  
Bone Matrix ◽  
Osteogenic Potential ◽  
Differentiation Markers ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of two hyaluronan (HA) formulations on the osteogenic potential of osteoblast precursors. Materials and methods Proliferation rates of HA-treated mesenchymal stromal ST2 and pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were determined by 5-bromo-20-deoxyuridine (BrdU) assay. Expression of genes encoding osteogenic differentiation markers, critical growth, and stemness factors as well as activation of downstream signaling pathways in the HA-treated cells were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunoblot techniques. Results The investigated HAs strongly stimulated the growth of the osteoprogenitor lines and enhanced the expression of genes encoding bone matrix proteins. However, expression of late osteogenic differentiation markers was significantly inhibited, accompanied by decreased bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. The expression of genes encoding transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) as well as the phosphorylation of the downstream signaling molecules Smad2 and Erk1/2 were enhanced upon HA treatment. We observed significant upregulation of the transcription factor Sox2 and its direct transcription targets and critical stemness genes, Yap1 and Bmi1, in HA-treated cells. Moreover, prominent targets of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway showed reduced expression, whereas inhibitors of the pathway were considerably upregulated. We detected decrease of active β-catenin levels in HA-treated cells due to β-catenin being phosphorylated and, thus, targeted for degradation. Conclusions HA strongly induces the growth of osteoprogenitors and maintains their stemness, thus potentially regulating the balance between self-renewal and differentiation during bone regeneration following reconstructive oral surgeries. Clinical relevance Addition of HA to deficient bone or bony defects during implant or reconstructive periodontal surgeries may be a viable approach for expanding adult stem cells without losing their replicative and differentiation capabilities.

Using muscle gene expression to estimate triacylglyceride deposition, and relative contributions of fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid import in intramuscular fat in cattle

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1436 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Dalrymple ◽  
B. Guo ◽  
G. H. Zhou ◽  
W. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Muscle Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Muscle Gene ◽  
The Impact

Intramuscular fat content (IMF%) in cattle influences the value of individual animals, especially for higher marbling markets. IMF is triacylglyceride (TAG) in lipid droplets in the intramuscular adipocytes. However, there are many different pathways from feed intake to the final common process of TAG synthesis and storage as IMF. To evaluate the relative importance of different pathways we compared changes in the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in the TAG and fatty acid (FA) synthesis pathways in the longissimus muscle of Piedmontese × Hereford (P×H) and Wagyu × Hereford (W×H) crosses. Based on these changes we have estimated the relative contributions of FA synthesised de novo in the intramuscular adipocyte and the uptake of circulating FA (both free and from TAG), from the diet or synthesised de novo in other tissues, to TAG deposition as IMF. We have analysed the impact of different developmental times and different diets on these processes. Increased de novo FA synthesis in intramuscular adipocytes appeared to contribute more than increased FA uptake from circulation to the additional TAG deposition in W×H compared with P×H cattle between 12 and 25 months (forage diet). Changing diet from forage to concentrate appeared to increase the importance of FA uptake from circulation relative to de novo FA synthesis for TAG synthesis in intramuscular adipocytes. These results are consistent with the literature based on analysis of lipid composition. Gene expression appears to provide a simple assay for identification of the source of FA for the deposition of IMF.

scholarly journals Age- and sex-related ABC transporter expression in pyrethroid-susceptible and –resistant Aedes aegypti

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie C. Rault ◽  
Ellis J. Johnson ◽  
Scott T. O’Neal ◽  
Rui Chen ◽  
Sarah E. McComic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Abc Transporter ◽  
Abc Transporters ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Detoxification Enzymes ◽  
Insecticide Exposure ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding

AbstractResistance mechanisms to synthetic insecticides often include point mutations and increased expression of genes encoding detoxification enzymes. Since pyrethroids are the main adulticides used against Aedes aegypti, which vectors pathogens such as Zika virus, understanding resistance to this insecticide class is of significant relevance. We focused on adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in the pyrethroid-resistant Puerto Rico (PR) strain of Ae. aegypti. We investigated the expression patterns of six ABC transporters previously characterized as differentially expressed in insecticide-challenged mosquitoes, or increased mRNA expression in pyrethroid-resistant Ae. aegypti, by comparing PR to the Rockefeller (Rock) susceptible strain. No constitutive differential expression between strains was detected, but expression differences for these genes was influenced by sex and age, suggesting that their role is independent from resistance in PR. Instead, ABC transporters may be induced after insecticide exposure. Challenging mosquitoes with deltamethrin, with or without ABC transporter modulators, showed that Rock and PR responded differently, but a contribution of ABC transporters to deltamethrin toxicity is suspected. Moreover, the effect of dexamethasone, which enhanced the inhibition of nerve firing by deltamethrin, was observed using a Drosophila central nervous system preparation, showing synergy of these two compounds through the potential inhibition of ABC transporters.

scholarly journals Effects of Subinhibitory Concentrations of Antibiotics on Colonization Factor Expression by Moxifloxacin-Susceptible and Moxifloxacin-Resistant Clostridium difficile Strains

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 5155-5162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Denève ◽  
Sylvie Bouttier ◽  
Bruno Dupuy ◽  
Frédéric Barbut ◽  
Anne Collignon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Colonization Factor ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Subinhibitory Concentrations ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Recent outbreaks of Clostridium difficile infection have been related to the emergence of the NAP1/027 epidemic strain. This strain demonstrates increased virulence and resistance to the C-8-methoxyfluoroquinolones gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin. These antibiotics have been implicated as major C. difficile infection-inducing agents. We investigated by real-time reverse transcription-PCR the impact of subinhibitory concentrations of ampicillin, clindamycin, ofloxacin, and moxifloxacin on the expression of genes encoding three colonization factors, the protease Cwp84, the high-molecular-weight S-layer protein, and the fibronectin-binding protein Fbp68. We have previously shown in six non-NAP1/027 moxifloxacin-susceptible strains that the presence of ampicillin or clindamycin induced an upregulation of these genes, whereas the presence of fluoroquinolones did not. The objective of this study was to analyze the expression of these genes under the same conditions in four NAP1/027 strains, one moxifloxacin susceptible and three moxifloxacin resistant. Two in vitro-selected moxifloxacin-resistant mutants were also analyzed. Moxifloxacin resistance was associated with the Thr82→Ile substitution in GyrA in all but one of the moxifloxacin-resistant strains. The expression of cwp84 and slpA was strongly increased after culture with ampicillin or clindamycin in NAP1/027 strains. Interestingly, after culture with fluoroquinolones, the expression of cwp84 and slpA was only increased in four moxifloxacin-resistant strains, including the NAP1/027 strains and one of the in vitro-selected mutants. The overexpression of cwp84 was correlated with increased production of the protease Cwp84. The historical NAP1/027 moxifloxacin-susceptible strain and its mutant appear to be differently regulated by fluoroquinolones. Overall, fluoroquinolones appear to favor the expression of some colonization factor-encoding genes in resistant C. difficile strains. The fluoroquinolone resistance of the NAP1/027 epidemic strains could be considered an ecological advantage. This could also increase their colonization fitness and promote the infection.

scholarly journals Exogenous Trehalose Induces Defenses in Wheat Before and During a Biotic Stress Caused by Powdery Mildew

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Tayeh ◽  
Béatrice Randoux ◽  
Dorothée Vincent ◽  
Natacha Bourdon ◽  
Philippe Reignault
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Lipid Transfer Protein ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Lipid Transfer ◽  
Wheat Diseases ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Protein ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
The Impact

Powdery mildew would be one of the most damaging wheat diseases without the extensive use of conventional fungicides. Some of the alternative control strategies currently emerging are based on the use of resistance inducers. The disacharride trehalose (TR) is classically described as an inducer of defenses in plants to abiotic stress. In this work, the elicitor or priming effect of TR was investigated in wheat both before and during a compatible wheat–powdery mildew interaction through molecular, biochemical, and cytological approaches. In noninoculated conditions, TR elicited the expression of genes encoding chitinase (chi, chi1, and chi4 precursor), pathogenesis-related protein 1, as well as oxalate oxidase (oxo). Moreover, lipid metabolism was shown to be altered by TR spraying via the upregulation of lipoxygenase (lox) and lipid-transfer protein (ltp)-encoding gene expression. On the other hand, the protection conferred by TR to wheat against powdery mildew is associated with the induction of two specific defense markers. Indeed, in infectious conditions following TR spraying, upregulations of chi4 precursor and lox gene expression as well as an induction of the LOX activity were observed. These results are also discussed with regard to the impact of TR on the fungal infectious process, which was shown to be stopped at the appressorial germ tube stage. Our findings strongly suggest that TR is a true inducer of wheat defense and resistance, at least toward powdery mildew.

scholarly journals Optimization of RNA isolation from stone fruits at different ripening stages

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pfeiffer ◽  
J. Halász ◽  
Z. György ◽  
A. Pedryc ◽  
A. Hegedűs
Keyword(s):  
Rna Isolation ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Isolation Method ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Ripening Stages ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Potential Applicability ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway

This study was conducted to select the most appropriate RNA isolation method that can be used successfully in case of stone fruits. The changing pattern of gene expression during the ripening process of stone fruits may elucidate the molecular background of several phenotypical or phytochemical alterations present among different genotypes. Our laboratory aims to study the expression of genes encoding for enzymes that catalyze crucial steps in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. RNA isolation from fruit mesocarp is a challanging task due to high levels of sugars and polyphenolics accumulating during fruit development. Therefore, at first, the optimal techniques eligible for RNA isolation from fruit tissues at different ripening stages must be selected. Our study compares three different RNA isolation protocols and describes their potential applicability according to different fruit species and ripening stages.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Cholera Agent Persistence under Varying Osmolarity Conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-233
Author(s):  
Svetlana P. Zadnova ◽  
N. A Plekhanov ◽  
N. I Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Transcription Regulators ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽  
The Impact

During the lifecycle cholera agent, being human pathogen and natural reservoir inhabitant, is constantly exposed to varying osmolarity environments, induced by different sodium chloride content. However, Vibrio cholerae has created the mechanisms providingfor adaptation to changes of living surroundings. The review covers the data on the impact of NaCl on the survivability of toxigenic V. cholerae strains, and information on mechanisms of adaptation to varying osmolarity. It is demonstrated that at low NaCl contents expression of genes, necessary for cell wall formation and cell growth is elevated; under high NaCl concentration conditions for transcription of genes, encoding transport systems, removing sodium ions, and also responsible for biosynthesis of osmoprotectors, are increased. There is discussed the role of two transcription regulators, CosR and OscR, cooperatively altering gene expression in accordance with particular environmental osmolarity. Further studies into the mechanisms of V. cholerae adaptation to changes of sodium chloride concentration will extend the knowledge about biology and ecology of the pathogen.

scholarly journals A potential probiotic Leuconostoc mesenteroides TBE-8 for honey bee

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Han Huang ◽  
Yu-Hsin Chen ◽  
Jui-Hung Chen ◽  
Pei-Shou Hsu ◽  
Tzu-Hsien Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rdna ◽  
Leuconostoc Mesenteroides ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Probiotic Properties ◽  
Intergenic Spacer Region ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Fermented Broth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bee Colonies

AbstractAn isolated bacterium TBE-8, was identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides according to the sequences of 16S rDNA and the 16S–23S rDNA intergenic spacer region. The probiotic properties of the L. mesenteroides TBE-8 strain were characterized and revealed that TBE-8 could utilize various carbohydrates, exhibited high tolerance to sucrose’s osmotic pressure and acidic conditions, and could mitigate the impact of the bee pathogen Paenibacillus larvae. In addition, we found that the TBE-8 broth increased the expression of the nutrition-related genes major royal jelly protein 1 and vitellogenin in bees by approximately 1400- and 20-fold, respectively. The expression of genes encoding two antibacterial peptides, hymenoptaecin and apidaecin, in the bee abdomen was significantly increased by 17- and 7-fold in bees fed with the TBE-8 fermented broth. Furthermore, we fed four-frame bee colonies with 50% sucrose syrup containing TBE-8 and can detect the presence of approximately 2 × 106 16S rDNA copies of TBE-8 in the guts of all bees in 24 h, and the retention of TBE-8 in the bee gut for at least 5 days. These findings indicate that the L. mesenteroides TBE-8 has high potential as a bee probiotic and could enhance the health of bee colonies.

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