HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE THE USE OF THE LANGUAGE AS MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 2209-2212
Author(s):  
Vesna Milevska
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
English Language ◽  
International Communication ◽  
World Language ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
The Status ◽  
Main Medium ◽  
History Of ◽  
Discourse Variation ◽  
Global And Local

English language has obtained the status of the prime world language due to its multiple functions in international communication: it is the lingua franca for politics, diplomacy, international academic and business conferences, the leading language for science and technology, mass media, computers and entertainment. English language as the main medium worldwide is important both in global and local sense. The expansion of communities of users of English has indicated pragmatic, conceptual and discourse variation that has created new communicative needs. Before continuing to refer to other matters connected to English language as one of the main global and most widely used languages, the primary step is to look at its history, its origins and development.

scholarly journals HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE THE USE OF THE LANGUAGE AS MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 2209-2212
Author(s):  
Vesna Milevska
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
English Language ◽  
International Communication ◽  
World Language ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
The Status ◽  
Main Medium ◽  
History Of ◽  
Discourse Variation ◽  
Global And Local

English language has obtained the status of the prime world language due to its multiple functions in international communication: it is the lingua franca for politics, diplomacy, international academic and business conferences, the leading language for science and technology, mass media, computers and entertainment. English language as the main medium worldwide is important both in global and local sense. The expansion of communities of users of English has indicated pragmatic, conceptual and discourse variation that has created new communicative needs. Before continuing to refer to other matters connected to English language as one of the main global and most widely used languages, the primary step is to look at its history, its origins and development.

Researching World Englishes in HEL Courses

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Percy
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
American English ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
World Englishes ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Online Newspapers ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Final Essay

This chapter describes assignments used to teach the History of the English Language (HEL) and its contemporary counterpart the English Language in the World. In both of these courses, linguistic concepts can be linked to literary analysis, which helps students learn how to analyze code-switching and/or style-shifting in the context of a literary argument. For discovering and interpreting issues about the status and use of English around the world, students have a number of options. For example, after reading specific articles about slang generally and analyzing examples chosen in class, some students choose to write a final essay on slang or jargon used within online newspapers or films that represent different World Englishes (e.g., in Nigerian “Nollywood” films). Thus, World Englishes become realer for students rather than exotic abstractions or curious variants of English or American English.

scholarly journals MASS MEDIA LANGUAGE AND ITS ROLE IN TRANSLATION ACTIVITIES (BASED ON ENGLISH MEDIA TEXTS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 150-162
Author(s):  
E. Yu. Shamlidi
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
English Language ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Expressive Vocabulary ◽  
News Reporting ◽  
The Status ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
Media Texts

Reporting information by mass media reflects the current state of public and state systems and relations between them. Since modern Western media are sponsored and controlled by large political parties, associations and corporations, and the authors of texts and messages act as conductors of the ideology of these organizations, in modern media texts a purely informative function (impartial news reporting) is increasingly combined with the intention of influencing the audience with the goal of using both purely linguistic and some extra-linguistic means ‒ to form in the addressee’s mind a certain picture of the modern world, at the behest of the ruling elites. In this light, knowledge of socio-political terminology (SPT), as well as of scientific, technical and humanitarian terms, which inevitably penetrate the media, provided that these terms acquire the status of social or political significance, is of particular importance for translators. On becoming generally known, the terms of various branches of scientific knowledge form, within SPT, special microfields which embrace the concepts of statehood, authorities and public order, administrative-territorial structure of the country, its social structure, systems of party and public associations, organizations; cultural life of society; rights and obligations of society members, international relations, institutions, state associations, their political systems, etc. Translators who track and assimilate the vocabulary of these microfields on a regular basis find it much easier to cope with the translation of pertinent texts. In this article particular attention is paid to the English-language newspaper information style: the headlines of publications, lexical and syntactic features of media texts, the modern tendency of mixing the official style with the colloquial one, means of achieving imagery, etc. The article notes an increasing use of evaluative and expressive vocabulary for certain pragmatic purposes. It also emphasizes that for the successful conduct of interpreting activities, translators need to pay special attention to the assimilation and knowledgeable acquisition of set expressions, clichés, their translation equivalents and analogues ‒ all to the point of automaticity.

scholarly journals CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION SKILLS AS AN OBJECT OF TEACHING ENGLISH PRACTICAL PHONETICS AT LINGUISTICS INSTITUTE (PEDAGOGICAL TRAINING)

2021 ◽  
pp. 173-179
Author(s):  
Алина Андреевна Любимова
Keyword(s):  
English Learners ◽  
English Language ◽  
International Communication ◽  
Recent Change ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
Pedagogical Training ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
Linguistic Backgrounds

В данной статье аргументируется необходимость пересмотра номенклатуры профессионально-профильных устно-речевых умений как объекта контроля при обучении практической фонетике английского языка в языковом вузе в условиях функционирования английского языка как глобального лингва франка. Основываясь на результатах анализа научных и нормативных источников, автор предлагает расширенный перечень профессионально-профильных устно-речевых умений, формирование и развитие которых представляется целесообразным для студентов, обучающихся по программам бакалавриата языкового вуза (педагогический профиль). Предлагаемая номенклатура продуктивных и рецептивных умений учитывает требования к нормативности в оформлении устной речи будущего преподавателя английского языка, необходимость формирования медиативных устно-речевых умений при овладении фонетикой английского языка как глобального лингва франка, а также необходимость формирования и поддержания готовности студентов языкового вуза к общению в условиях социокультурного разнообразия и произносительной вариативности. This article seeks to justify the necessity of rethinking and re-establishing the range of professional pronunciation skills that English language teaching and linguistics majors are required to develop. This change is conditioned by the status of English as a global lingua franca, i.e., the primary language of international communication, and the consequent recent change in international requirements towards English learners’ pronunciation. The suggested list of pronunciation skills is based on the recommendations outlined in contemporary phonetics research as well as Russian and international educational standards and requirements. It takes into consideration the necessity of developing students’ mediation skills as well as their readiness to participate in intercultural communication with the representatives of various sociocultural and linguistic backgrounds.

Alexander Galagan: Russian titan of the Enlightenment in the history of accounting

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail I Kuter ◽  
Marina M Gurskaya ◽  
Alexander V Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
English Language ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
English Language Literature ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
First Time ◽  
Outstanding Representative ◽  
Language Literature

The purpose of the article is to analyze the characteristic features of the Enlightenment in Russian accounting in relation to the activity of its outstanding representative Alexander Galagan, who followed the motto, proclaimed in the essay “An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?” by Immanuel Kant, “Sapere aude!” (Dare to know!). For the first time in the English language literature, Galagan is spoken about not only as a theorist but as an accounting historian and a teacher. A detailed description of his works and views is presented. The article’s attention is focused on Galagan’s main aim: improving the status of accounting as a science. Following the results of the research, the following hypothesis has been advanced: which period of time should be regarded in Russian accounting as the Enlightenment? It has also been explained why Alexander Galagan can be considered as a model of Enlightenment.

History of the English Language

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ans van Kemenade
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
English Language ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
West Germanic ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Populations

The status of English in the early 21st century makes it hard to imagine that the language started out as an assortment of North Sea Germanic dialects spoken in parts of England only by immigrants from the continent. Itself soon under threat, first from the language(s) spoken by Viking invaders, then from French as spoken by the Norman conquerors, English continued to thrive as an essentially West-Germanic language that did, however, undergo some profound changes resulting from contact with Scandinavian and French. A further decisive period of change is the late Middle Ages, which started a tremendous societal scale-up that triggered pervasive multilingualism. These repeated layers of contact between different populations, first locally, then nationally, followed by standardization and 18th-century codification, metamorphosed English into a language closely related to, yet quite distinct from, its closest relatives Dutch and German in nearly all language domains, not least in word order, grammar, and pronunciation.

scholarly journals Tim William Machan. (2009). Language Anxiety: Conflict and Change in the History of English. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Nadeane Trowse
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Language Anxiety ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Site ◽  
Oxford University Press

Tim William Machan’s book Language Anxiety: Conflict and Change in the History of English illuminates the status of English in the context of a conflictual history. It has been on my desk for some time while I have engaged in inner and outer debate about it, mostly about why I find it so rich and students find it less so. To support my teaching of the history of the English language, I wanted a carefully researched book that displayed English and its evolution as a site of difficulty as well as opportunity. I wanted a book that could show that English is a language whose history is laden with issues of colonialism, hegemony, power imbalances, and prescriptivism—the latter complicit in all the preceding. I wanted a book that would detail the need to nuance notions of grammar and its unproblematic goodness. I wanted a book to ground, historically and socio-linguistically, Deborah Cameron’s (1995) arguments in Verbal Hygiene. Machan provides all those things. This review celebrates Machan’s undoubted achievement in producing such a book, while noting that I still search for a book more persuasive to students.

Introduction

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela R. McLean ◽  
Robert M. May
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Ecological Society ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Many ◽  
Cabinet Of Curiosities ◽  
The Church

In this introductory chapter, we indicate the aims and structure of this book. We also indicate some of the ways in which the book is not synoptic in its coverage, but rather offers an interlinked account of some major developments in our understanding of the dynamics of ecological systems, from populations to communities, along with practical applications to important problems. Ecology is a young science. Theword ecology itself was coined not much more than 100 years ago, and the oldest professional society, the British Ecological Society, is less than a century old. Arguably the first published work on ecology was Gilbert White’s The Natural History of Selborne. This book, published in 1789, was ahead of its time in seeing plants and animals not as individual objects of wonder—things to be assembled in a cabinet of curiosities—but as parts of acommunity of living organisms, interacting with the environment, other organisms, and humans. The book has not merely remained in print, but has run steadily through well over 200 editions and translations, to attain the status of the fourth most published book (in the sense of separate editions) in the English language. The following excerpt captures White’s blend of detailed observation and concern for basic questions. Among the many singularities attending those amusing birds, the swifts, I am now confirmed in the opinion that we have every year the same number of pairs invariably; at least, the result of my inquiry has been exactly the same for a long time past. The swallows and martins are so numerous, and so widely distributed over the village, that it is hardly possible to recount them; while the swifts, though they do not all build in the church, yet so frequently haunt it, and play and rendezvous round it, that they are easily enumerated. The number that I constantly find are eight pairs, about half of which reside in the church, and the rest in some of the lowest and meanest thatched cottages.

Problématique de la politique linguistique de l'Agence de coopération culturelle et technique

1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-199
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Corbeil
Keyword(s):  
International Communication ◽  
National Language ◽  
French Language ◽  
Technical Cooperation ◽  
European Language ◽  
Multilateral Cooperation ◽  
Politique Linguistique ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Languages

SUMMARY Problems of the Linguistic Policy of the Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation The Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) is an organization for multilateral cooperation that brings together all countries in which French is used. Although the working language of the organization is French, for the most part, member countries are bilingual or multilingual, a situation that has led to the adoption of a complex yet largely implicit linguistic policy, basic considerations of which are the status of French as a common language and the development of national languages within member states. A bilingual relationship between the French language, as a European language of international communication, and the national language poses a problem for the organization. This article explores the history of the ACCT and the goals of the organization. It also analyzes the linguistic problems posed for the agency by the need to accommodate different varieties of French and, more importantly, by differences in the status of French in each of the member nations. RESUMO Problematiko de la lingvopolitiko de la Instanco pri Kultura kaj Teknika Kunlaboro La Instanco pri Kultura kaj Teknika Kunlaboro (ACCT) estas organizo por mult-flanka kunlaboro, kiu kunigas ĉiujn landojn, en kiuj la franca lingvo estas uzata. Kvankam la labora lingvo de la organizo estas la franca, la statoj-membroj estas plej-parte dulingvaj aŭ multlingvaj—situacio, kiu rezultigis la starigon de komplika sed plejparte implicita lingvopolitiko, kies bazaj konsideroj estas la statuso de la franca kiel komuna lingvo, kaj la evoluigo de naciaj lingvoj ene de la teritorioj de la statoj-membroj. Tia dulingva rilato inter la franca lingvo, kiel eŭropa lingvo de internacia ko-munikado, kaj la nacia lingvo prezentas problemon por la organizo. La artikolo esploras la historion de la menciita organizo kaj ĝiajn celojn. Gi ankaŭ analizas la lingvajn problemojn, kiujn ĝi prezentas, pro la bezono akomodi diversajn variantojn de la franca lingvo, kaj, pli grave, pro diferencoj en la statuso de la franca lingvo en la diversaj nacioj-membroj.

scholarly journals Failed language predictions: history giving lessons

Movoznavstvo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 313 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-23
Author(s):  
P. O.  Selihey ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
World Language ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The external history of individual languages shows attempts to predict their future. Time has shown that these predictions were both true and false. The article on the material of some languages analyzes what exactly predicted them in the past and what happened to them later. For example, in 16–17th centuries English was perceived as «backward» and «peasant», which should give way to a more perfect Latin. In the middle of the 20th century the Russian language was foretold the status of a world language after the victory of communism throughout the world. Quite often predictions about the near death of languages experiencing linguicide turned out to be false. Fr. Engels predicted the disappearance of «small» Slavic peoples and their languages (Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes). In the 18th century, the Swedish administration predicted the rapid disappearance of the «hopeless» Finnish language. Sometimes optimistic forecasts were not confirmed either. At one time, nobody could foresee the rapid decline of Yiddish. As a result of the Nazi Holocaust and the subsequent assimilation of the Jews, the demographic power of this language decreased by more than 20 times. At the same time, Hebrew has unexpectedly overcome the opposite path during the incomplete century: from a half dead book language to a universal means of communication in all communicative spheres. The history of the Ukrainian language abounds with predictions of its imminent decline. The respective forecasts were given not only by assimilators, but also by native speakers. Thus, in the 19th century one of the motives for compiling grammar and dictionaries was the fear that in the future it would be impossible to do so, as the language is doomed to death. From chauvinistic point of view the Ukrainian language was perceived as unviable, which served as a basis for administrative oppressions and prohibitions. The misconceptions about its futility and near death existed in fact until the end of the 20th century. Unfulfilled predictions about the decline of languages give reason to formulate a recommendation: even if the language is subject to linguicide, it is not necessary to be pessimistic and to lose heart. The belief in a better future, the position «not to give up under any circumstances», the guide to an uncompromising fight for the language is practically expedient and psychologically advantageous. The second conclusion: there are still no reliable forecasting methods in linguistics. This is a big gap, because, apart from cognitive function, science must also have a predictive function. Prediction of the future of the language should become a topical task of modern linguistics.

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