TRANSLATING TEXTS ON ART (ILLUSTRATED BY EXAMPLES FROM MUSEUM TEXTS IN RUSSIAN, ENGLISH AND FINNISH)

The article studies the ways of rendering stylistic and lexical features of museum texts in the Russian, English and Finnish languages in translations. Research in the field of translation of museum texts seems important in view of the growing popularity of museums and the increased number of international visitors who have to refer to translated texts. The study uses the texts of Kiasma and the Helsinki Art Museum (HAM), Helsinki, as well as the texts of the Museum and Exhibition Complex of Small Arms named after M. T. Kalashnikov, Izhevsk. The source languages ​​(SL) of the analyzed texts were Russian and Finnish, the target languages ​​(TL) were Russian and English. The objective of this research was to study the peculiarities of translating museum texts. In the course of the study, a linguistic analysis of texts in the SL was carried out. It was found that museum texts feature a combination of different functional styles. In addition to publicist and scientific styles, museum texts can have some features of fiction, formal business and colloquial functional styles. The study showed a link between the type of the museum text or the nature of the museum and the functional style of the text. In the course of a comparative and translation analysis of texts in the SL and the TL, the main stylistic and lexical problems of translating museum texts were identified, and optimal translation solutions for conveying the stylistic and lexical features of museum texts were described. It was found that lexical translation problems were most often associated with idioms and the vocabulary lacking equivalents in the TL, as well as the dependence of texts on the visual component of works of art. Stylistic problems, in turn, were due to the need to preserve the functional and stylistic characteristics of the original.

CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL ADVERTISING: TRANSLATION PROBLEMS (BASED ON ECO ADVERTISING)

In our days advertising discourse presents an actively studied field. Eco advertising has recently become very popular as it draws attention to many serious and urgent problems which influence the society on the whole and each individual in particular. At the time of intensive development of science and technology, frequent technological disasters the role of eco advertising as a constituent of general social advertising is constantly growing. The main goal of social eco advertising is to call attention to acute environmental problems. Its primary objective is to influence people’s outlook, change their attitude to nature, the animal world, and involve them into solving the existing problems. As this kind of advertising concerns all the inhabitants of the Earth and is of international importance, the study of the problems of its adequate translation is very challenging. The present paper discusses the dominating communicative strategies employed in eco advertising and those linguistic means of their realization which present some difficulties for translation. The following methods of analyzing the data were employed: linguostylistic analysis, cognitive analysis, lexicographic analysis, contextual analysis and comparative analysis. The conducted research makes it possible to conclude that the strategy of emotional impact is most frequently employed. This strategy is implemented with the help of various stylistic devices: metaphors, epithets, parallel constructions, antitheses, etc. Adequate translation of the listed expressive means poses the main problems for translators.

ON THE ISSUE OF STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC SIMILARITIES OF THE FRENCH AND SERBIAN LANGUAGES AT THE MORPHOLOGICAL LEVEL

The article examines similarities between French and Serbian languages at the morphological level. The study of linguistic contacts in modern linguistics is a separate direction, which contributes to the growth of interest in the processes of borrowing, where a special place is given to the theory of tracing and its fixation in scientific materials in Russian, the Baltic and some Turkic languages. The paper considers the tracing of French lexemes by the Serbian language as one of the types of external influence on the language, which makes it possible to reveal the nature and extent of this influence from certain sources. The goal of the paper was to identify and describe some structural and semantic similarities in certain lexical groups in French and Serbian languages in comparison with Russian at the morphological level. 140 French and Serbian linguistic units were analysed and compared to their Russian equivalents. Continuous sampling method, componential analysis and comparative analysis were used in the study. As a result, it was found that the French and Serbian lexemes under study are marked by coincidence of the inner form and morphological structure. As for the Russian equivalents, they are represented by word collocations, loan words (transliterations or transcriptions), or lexemes with a different inner form.

MASS MEDIA LANGUAGE AND ITS ROLE IN TRANSLATION ACTIVITIES (BASED ON ENGLISH MEDIA TEXTS)

Reporting information by mass media reflects the current state of public and state systems and relations between them. Since modern Western media are sponsored and controlled by large political parties, associations and corporations, and the authors of texts and messages act as conductors of the ideology of these organizations, in modern media texts a purely informative function (impartial news reporting) is increasingly combined with the intention of influencing the audience with the goal of using both purely linguistic and some extra-linguistic means ‒ to form in the addressee’s mind a certain picture of the modern world, at the behest of the ruling elites. In this light, knowledge of socio-political terminology (SPT), as well as of scientific, technical and humanitarian terms, which inevitably penetrate the media, provided that these terms acquire the status of social or political significance, is of particular importance for translators. On becoming generally known, the terms of various branches of scientific knowledge form, within SPT, special microfields which embrace the concepts of statehood, authorities and public order, administrative-territorial structure of the country, its social structure, systems of party and public associations, organizations; cultural life of society; rights and obligations of society members, international relations, institutions, state associations, their political systems, etc. Translators who track and assimilate the vocabulary of these microfields on a regular basis find it much easier to cope with the translation of pertinent texts. In this article particular attention is paid to the English-language newspaper information style: the headlines of publications, lexical and syntactic features of media texts, the modern tendency of mixing the official style with the colloquial one, means of achieving imagery, etc. The article notes an increasing use of evaluative and expressive vocabulary for certain pragmatic purposes. It also emphasizes that for the successful conduct of interpreting activities, translators need to pay special attention to the assimilation and knowledgeable acquisition of set expressions, clichés, their translation equivalents and analogues ‒ all to the point of automaticity.

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME ON THE UDMURT LANGUAGE AND CULTURE FOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN A POLYETHNIC REGION

The paper discusses the issues of teaching nationality languages of Russia to preschool children, taking the Udmurt language and culture as an example. The relevance of the study is dermined by the scientific data according to which ethnic stereotypes in behaviour are formed most intensively in preschool age. Getting acquainted with new cultures and languages is particularly important for preschool education in multinational regions as it prevents the development of ethnocentric personalities. The paper aimed at a detailed analysis of the didactic and substantive content of the educational programme “Zarni bugor” (“Golden ball”) (hereinafter referred as the Programme) with the elements of teaching the Udmurt language to children from 4 to 7; the Programme is to be realised within three years in the Russian group of kindergarten № 5 in the town of Agryz, Republic of Tatarstan. The novelty of the Programme lies in introducing the Udmurt language (along with Tatar and Russian) into the educational process of the kindergarten. The research methods are theoretical (the study of academic literature on the problems of intercultural education in a multi-ethnic region) and empirical (observation and behavioral analysis of preschoolers). The system of exercises included into the Programme, its content, the forms and methods of teaching preschoolers present a consistant didactic material for teaching the Udmurt language and culture in this age group. The programme is expected to provide a high level of intercultural competence corresponding to the age of children, it is supposed to arouse their interest in the Udmurt language and culture, make them open for perception of other cultures.

SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT IN EUROPE OF RUSSIAN SPEAKING MIGRANTS FROM THE CATEGORY “WOMEN-MIGRANTS ADVANCED”

The studies, conducted by the IMAGRI Institute in Europe, allow us to answer the question about the attitude of Russian speaking migrants to European values. The Institute started its activities in 2009, in Brussels. The category of migrants WMA (Women-Migrants Advanced) has highly developed cross-cultural communication skills, but in about half the cases it does not solve the problem of self-realization in their careers and in the society – for this category these concepts are inseparable. “Our” category of migrants, whose number has increased in Europe, requires special integration programmes through entrepreneurship, as our project RESTART (2011–2014) has proved its effectiveness. This research was prompted by communication with migrants and monitoring processes that are currently activated in the Russian diaspora. Of course, the focus of our researches and monitoring is a gender (women’s) group. According to many reports, women make the majority of migrants living in Europe, being present in a significant number in all sectors of migration: family migration (both creation and family reunification), intellectual migration (both professionals and specialists as family members), and labour migration (mainly from the post-Soviet area, but not from Russia). They are the “invisible majority” (experts say) in the Russian migration to Europe. However, by working on research projects in the sphere of migrant women, establishing contacts with various community organizations, consulting experts, we drew attention to the fact that, first of all, women are not only a significant part of immigration, but also an extremely active (both socially and culturally) part of it.

FOREIGN LANGUAGE ERGONYMS AND SIGNS IN THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF THE CAPITAL CITY (TAKING MOSCOW AND HELSINKI AS AN EXAMPLE)

The article presents the results of analysing the elements of the linguistic landscape (LL) i. e. ergonyms, inscriptions and signs of two capital cities – Moscow and Helsinki. The main objective of the study is to track the elements from other languages in the linguistic landscape of these cities. Another task of the study involves reviewing of the methods of linguistic landscape studies and considering the reasons for the penetration of foreign language elements into the LL of a certain city. The LL research methods include observation and contextual analysis. Comparative studies of LL are presented fragmentarily, which determined the purpose of this work: to compare LL of two cities – Moscow and Helsinki, and to analyze foreign language elements in the LL of these two capital cities. Focusing on foreign language elements allows to determine which languages play a more or less significant role in the LL of a certain city. The relevance of the research topic is undeniable as the linguistic landscape of capital cities is constantly changing, and the importance of a comparative research in this area can hardly be overestimated. Research materials include 204 contexts (ergonyms, advertisements) from public places of Moscow and 198 examples of similar linguistic functioning in the urban environment of Helsinki. The contexts were selected using a continuous sample method. The author examines the main approaches to defining the concept of a linguistic landscape, which confirms the theoretical significance of the work. As a result of the study, conclusions are drawn about the foreign language elements which are present in the linguistic landscapes of both capital cities. The degree of spreading some foreign language elements from a specific source language is also considered, as well as the ways of representing foreign language elements in the linguistic landscapes of the cities under study.

FOREIGN LANGUAGE COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE DEVELOPMENT AS A MEANS OF INTERNATIONAL VOLUNTEERING COOPERATION

The article is devoted to the description of opportunities for developing a foreign language communicative competence to establish international cooperation in the field of volunteering using the methods of teaching English for Specific Purposes (ESP). The relevance of the topic is determined by dissemination of ideas of volunteerism around the world. The programmes for the development of social policy in Russia state the need to establish international cooperation on volunteerism issues; there are plans for organizing some events with international participation. They require a high level of proficiency in English for communication in the field of volunteering. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the methodology of teaching English for establishing cooperation on volunteering from a theoretical point of view. The current policy of activating international volunteering is analysed, the possibilities of using the ESP concept as a method of short-term specialized teaching of English on a specific topic are discussed, and an approximate thematic planning of a language training course for participation in international volunteer projects is presented. The following methods are used to conduct the research: the analysis of Acts on volunteering at the international and Russian levels, an overview of the websites of Russian volunteer projects and foreign volunteer organizations, the analysis of scientific literature on the methods of teaching English, including ESP. The results of the study confirm the need to develop a foreign language communicative competence for establishing a professional and productive international cooperation on volunteering. An approximate thematic planning of English language classes within the framework of the ESP concept to establish such cooperation is proposed.

CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR IN THE GERMAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE AS A REFLECTION OF MIGRATION PROCESSES (BASED ON OFFICIAL STATEMENTS OF THE PARTY “ALTERNATIVE FOR GERMANY”)

The paper considers the metaphorical models as a way of conceptual-metaphorical representation of migration policies pursued by the German federal government in the texts of official statements of the right-wing opposition party “Alternative for Germany” (AfD). The study aims at analyzing the functioning of conceptual metaphors in the German political discourse focused on migration processes. The study is based on the texts of AfD’s official statements within the 2016th and the 2019th years posted on the website https://www.afd.de/ The overall number of the analyzed texts is 70. The theory of political metaphor is currently one of the most urgent and dynamic fields of linguistics. In our opinion, the metaphorization of migration processes is understudied and needs addressing the topic. As a result of the research, the conclusion is made that the metaphor serves as one of the most important and effective ways of manipulation aimed at controlling the public awareness and contributing to shaping political viewpoints that benefit the addresser. Throughout the study we analyzed the basic metaphorical models used to describe migration processes in Germany; a classification of predominant metaphors based on the sources of metaphorical expansion was worked out. Besides, we tried to trace the dynamics of using the metaphorical models within the four-year period. In 2016 as well as in 2019 nature-morphic, anthropomorphic, sociomorphic models were widely used in the official statements of the AfD party. However, the number of the metaphors in the texts dated 2016 is half as much as in 2019 (184 versus 120). In both periods of time the sociomorphic model proved to be the most popular but it is much more frequent in 2019. However, in the texts dated 2016 it comprises additional concepts of religion and hospitality. The nature-morphic metaphor is twice more frequent in 2016. The percent of anthropomorphic and cognitive metaphors in both periods of time remains unaltered.

DOCUMENTARY FROM TRANSLATION PERSPECTIVE (BASED ON THE TRANSLATION OF THE DOCUMENTARY “A LIFE IN JAPAN”)

The article discusses one of the problems of audiovisual translation – translation of documentary films, taking “A Life in Japan” by a Swedish director Petri Storlopare as an example. The choice of the film was determined by the presence of difficult situations from the point of view of translation, as well as by the lack of Russian translation. The paper considers typical characteristics of an operational interview which is an important constituent of the film under study. Special attention is given to the problem of synphase in voice-over translation. The topic is relevant as there are no fundamental theoretical papers devoted to translation of documentaries, both in domestic and foreign translation studies. The main goal was to consider the existing algorithms and strategies of audiovisual translation and to find the most optimal ways of translating the definite documentary film. We employed the following methods of analyzing the data: comparative analysis, lexicographic analysis, contextual analysis and communicative analysis. The conducted research allows to define the main problems of translating documentaries, they include transmitting the meaning of realia of another country’s culture and solving the “phase shift” problem when syncing the text in voice-over translation. In this paper we tried to account for our own translation solutions. The research has shown that it is possible to achieve adequacy of translation by using compression, a certain set of transformations and techniques for transferring the meaning of culturally marked lexical units.