Influence of growth conditions on content of monolignols in Phragmites australis’ leaves

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
O.M. Nedukha ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Total Content ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Laser Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
Reed Plants

Using a cytochemical method and laser confocal microscopy, a sensitivity of content and distribution of monolignols in the leaves of Phragmites australis, grown in different natural conditions, was established. The leaves at stage of vegetative growth of two ecotypes of Ph. australis, which grew in water and on land, were studied. We present results obtained by comparing the data on the leaves of Ph. australis of air-water and terrestrial plants growing in natural conditions (Kyiv, Ukraine). It was found that the decrease in soil moisture leads to an increase in ratio of syringyl monolignol to guaiacyl (S-G) and to an increase in total content of monolignols (S+G) in epidermis and tissues of vessel bundles of the terrestrial plants. It was assumed that changing the ratio of monolignols and changing their content in the epidermis of leaves of terrestrial reed plants is one of the mechanisms of plant adaptation to lower soil moisture, which reduces transpiration and maintains optimal water potential in leaves of Ph. australis growing on land. Based on the obtained experimental data, we believe that high content of syringyl monolignol, which gives high strength to leaves and stems of terrestrial reeds, can serve as a marker for commercial use of these plants in various sectors of economy.

scholarly journals Combined Effect of Altitude, Season and Light on the Accumulation of Extractable Terpenes in Norway Spruce Needles

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1737
Author(s):  
Kristýna Večeřová ◽  
Karel Klem ◽  
Barbora Veselá ◽  
Petr Holub ◽  
John Grace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Adult Trees ◽  
Canopy Position ◽  
Germacrene D ◽  
Spruce Needles ◽  
Evergreen Conifers

Plants produce specific terpenes, secondary metabolites conferring tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Our study aims to investigate the effects of altitude, light intensity and season on contents of mono- and sesquiterpenes in needles of coniferous Norway spruce (Picea abies). Needles of current shoots representing upper and lower canopy were collected from adult trees growing along an altitudinal gradient (400–1100 m a.s.l.) in summer and autumn. After the extraction in cold heptane, the content of extractable terpenes was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Our results show that the total content of terpenes decreases with increasing altitude regardless of canopy position and season. Needles of the upper canopy have a higher total content of terpenes than lower canopy needles, but this difference decreases with increasing altitude in summer. Total content of extractable terpenes increases in autumn when compared to summer particularly in upper canopy needles of trees from high altitudes. Limonene, camphene, α-pinene and myrcene are the most abundant monoterpenes in spruce needles forming up to 85% of total monoterpenes, while germacrene D-4-ol is the most abundant sesquiterpene. Altitude, canopy position and season have a significant interactive effect on most monoterpenes, but not on sesquiterpenes. Terpenoid biosynthesis is thus tightly linked to growth conditions and likely plays a crucial role in the constitution of stress tolerance in evergreen conifers.

Components of the Variability of Radial Cell Size in Tree Rings of Conifers

IAWA Journal ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.G. Vysotskaya ◽  
E.A. Vaganov
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Radial Cell ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Main Components

Radial cell size of conifers of three speeies: Pinus sylvestris, Larix sibirica, and Larix gmelinii from natural stands in the south of the Krasnoyarsk region (USSR) have been measured with a semi-automated device. The main factors responsible for cell size variation have been determined. These are: age, growth rate, soil moisture, climatic changes and endogenous rhythm of cell growth. Age greatly affects the radial cell size in trees up to 30 years old. Growth rate only affects radial tracheid diameter in narrow rings of 0 to 0.5 mm. The main components of variation: soil moisture, climatic factors and a cyclic component have been estimated for pines from three different conditions of moisture: moist, moderately moist and dry. It was shown, that under optimal growth conditions the contribution of the endogenous component was more or less equal to that of the climatic component.

The Assessment of the Possibility of Smelting a Cast Alloy for the Manufacture of Components and Parts of Arctic Technical Equipment Using Ore from the "Verkhnyaya Amga" Ore Occurrence

2020 ◽  
Vol 992 ◽  
pp. 561-566
Author(s):  
A.D. Danilov ◽  
Ksenia V. Stepanova ◽  
P.P. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Cast Alloy ◽  
High Strength Steels ◽  
Total Content ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Static Tension ◽  
Plastic Properties ◽  
Geochemical Composition ◽  
Deoxidation Product ◽  
Foundry Alloys

The research assesses the possibilities of using local minerals to create foundry alloys that are used in conditions of low temperature. The mineral-geochemical composition of iron ore from Verkhnyaya Amga ore occurrences in the Aldan region of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) was studied in detail. The expedience of using iron ores from this ore occurrence to develop new cold-resistant and high-strength steels was analyzed. The chemical composition and microstructure of the cast alloys were studied. The ore contains oxides of alkaline earth metals: MgO; CaO; Sr0 and BaO, the total content of which is 4.2%, that contributes to the process of deoxidation of the melt during its cooling, and the deoxidation product in the form of oxides and other chemical compounds based on Ca, Sr and Ba floats into slag. During crystallization, the melt is cleaned of detrimental impurities, non-metallic inclusions, gases, pores, etc. Alloy is smelted from enriched ore, samples for static tension and toughness are made in order to study the physicomechanical properties. Microstructure of the obtained alloy and structural steel subjected to static tension at an external load of 0.8 yield strength (σ = 0,8 σт) was investigated. Mechanical properties and dynamic characteristics were measured. Analogues for comparing the strength and plastic properties were given.

scholarly journals Closing the loop in a constructed wetland for the improvement of metal removal: the use of Phragmites australis biomass harvested from the system as biosorbent

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Bianchi ◽  
Andrea Coppi ◽  
Simone Nucci ◽  
Alexandra Antal ◽  
Chiara Berardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sorption Capacity ◽  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Closing The Loop ◽  
Reed Plants ◽  
Fe Ions

Abstract Among the numerous clean-up techniques for water treatment, sorption methods are widely used for the removal of trace metals. Phragmites australis is a macrophyte commonly used in constructed wetlands for water purification, and in the last decades, its use as biosorbent has attracted increasing attention. In view of a circularly economy approach, this study investigated improvement of trace metal removal by recycling the biomass of P. australis colonizing a constructed wetland, which operates as post-treatment of effluent wastewater from an activated sludge plant serving the textile industrial district of Prato (Italy). After the annual mowing of the reed plants, the biomass was dried and blended to derive a sustainable and eco-friendly biosorbent and its sorption capacity for Fe, Cu, and Zn was investigated comparing the batch system with the easier-to-handle column technique. The possibility of regeneration and reuse of the biosorbent was also evaluated. The biomaterial showed an interesting sorption capacity for Cu, Fe, and Zn, both in batch and in column experiments, especially for Fe ions. The immobilization of the biosorbent in column filters induced some improvement in the removal efficiency, and, in addition, this operation mode has the advantage of being much more suitable for practical applications than the batch process.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Probiotic Profile of the Lactobacillus Acidophilus Used in Pharmaceutical and Food Applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 36664
Author(s):  
Jucelaine Deon Schmitt ◽  
Luciana Oliveira de Fariña ◽  
Márcia Regina Simões ◽  
Luciana Bill Mikito Kottwitz
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
Inhibitory Compounds ◽  
Food Applications ◽  
Fermented Dairy

 Lactobacillus acidophilus used in three different applications, compounding pharmacies (LA1), fermented dairy (LA2), and allopathic compoundings (LA3) were tested to evaluate the existence of significant differences between them and in different growth conditions. In the evaluation of resistance to different commercial use antibiotics, all strains were sensitive to the antibiotics ampicillin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, and tetracycline. LA1 was considered moderately sensitive (MS) to erythromycin and LA3 was MS to clindamycin and erythromycin. LA3 was classified between MS to resistant to erythromycin. All three strains were resistant to gentamicin. When evaluating acid pH resistance, the three origins presented similar behavior, with a decrease in cell viability at pH 2, maintaining constant viability at pH 3 and 4. In the test of resistance to the gastrointestinal tract conditions and hydrophobicity, LA2 presented better results. The three strains showed production of inhibitory compounds against pathogenic bacteria and deconjugated tauroconjugated bile salts (TDCA). It was concluded that, depending on the origin, Lactobacillus acidophilus may present different behaviors that will determine its growth and, consequently, its action in vivo. Due to the practicality of access, economy, and the satisfactory results in the tests performed, LA2 can be considered the strain of choice among those studied. 

Microstructures and Interfaces in Melt-Growth Al2O3-Ln2O3 Based Eutectic Composites

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 1377-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léo Mazerolles ◽  
N. Piquet ◽  
M.F. Trichet ◽  
Michel Parlier
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Eutectic Composition ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Ternary Systems ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Temperature Influence ◽  
Directionally Solidified ◽  
Orientation Relationships

Directionally solidified oxide eutectic ceramics were prepared from Al2O3, Ln2O3 and ZrO2 based binary or ternary systems. Their microstructures consist of continuous networks of single-crystal Al2O3 and oxide compounds (LnAlO3, Ln3Al5O12) which interpenetrate without grain boundaries. The outstanding stability of these microstructures gives rise to a high strength and creep resistance at high temperature. Influence of growth conditions on the morphology of the as-obtained microstructures was studied. Preferred growth directions, orientation relationships between phases and single-crystal homogeneity of specimen were revealed. Low residual stresses were measured in the binary eutectics and fracture toughness at room temperature was improved by the addition of zirconia at a eutectic composition in ternary systems.

scholarly journals Mothers determine offspring size in response to own juvenile growth conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Taborsky
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Juvenile Growth ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Offspring Quality ◽  
Better Than

Through non-genetic maternal effects, mothers can tailor offspring phenotype to the environment in which young will grow up. If juvenile and adult ecologies differ, the conditions mothers experienced as juveniles may better predict their offspring's environment than the adult environment of mothers. In this case maternal decisions about investment in offspring quality should already be determined during the juvenile phase of mothers. I tested this hypothesis by manipulating juvenile and adult maternal environments independently in a cichlid fish. Females raised in a poor environment produced larger young than females raised without food limitations, irrespective of the feeding conditions experienced during adulthood. This maternal boost was due to a higher investment in eggs and to faster larval growth. Apparently, mothers prepare their offspring for similar environmental conditions to those they encountered as juveniles. This explanation is supported by the distribution of these fishes under natural conditions. Juveniles live in a different and much narrower range of habitats than adults. Therefore, the habitat mothers experienced as juveniles will allow them to predict their offspring's environment better than the conditions in the adult home range.

scholarly journals Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Brackish Salty Water and its Safe use in the Cultivation of Woody Trees and Economic Plants

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Salty Water ◽  
Stable Growth ◽  
Petroleum Company

Oil-mining companies have to subject waste water to expensive treatment before it can be discharged on land or at sea to comply with environment regulations. This study aims at developing an economically valid and applied comprehensive solution that takes advantage of oil-contaminated brackish salty water disposed by the General Petroleum Company in Egypt, and maximizes its economic value and ensures its safe use in the environment. Three fields in Ras Sudr site of the company were inspected. Two main common plant species to Ras Sudr, Tamarix niloteca tree and Phragmites australis grass that is tolerant to salinity. These plants together with their associated bacteria of endophytes and rhizosphere that utilize crude oil as a carbon and energy source was considered a useful combination of bioremediation agents. Initially, soil characteristics were determined by analyzing soil samples taken at depths of 25cm and 50cm, and bacterial content of soil around the roots and within plant tissues was examined. Discharged water (@50 m3 day-1) was used in irrigating plant fields in amounts sufficient to plant needs only. Growth parameters of plants were assessed four times in an interval of two months. Preliminary results indicated that growth rates in plant length, number of branches and stem girth, and chlorophyll content of oil-polluted water irrigated plants of the two plant species were not significantly different (p≤0.05) of plants irrigated with fresh water. The number of bacteria in the soil increase9d significantly (p≥0.05) over time, and the color of residual oil in the soil was fading, indicating the its decomposition. Soil under Tamarix niloteca contained similar quantities of microorganisms in both coastal saline-alkali soil and inland arid region indicating that colonization of the plant provided stable growth conditions for microorganisms. These plants and endophytes and rhizosphere combination played the main rule in the in-situ bioremediation process, and were efficient in removing around 70 % of the initial traces of crude oil within two months. They also provide safe environment and romote plant growth. They were able to decompose hydrocarbons and residues of crude oil as they possess special physiological mechanisms (PGPR) turns polluted water to safe water for human and environment, and meanwhile achieving the objectives of this work. These results indicated that Tamarix niloteca and Phragmites australis are promising agents for treating oil-polluted salty wastewater in other fields of crude oil mining.

scholarly journals Positive impact of bio-stimulators on growth and physiological activity of willow in climate change conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Piotrowski ◽  
Zdzisława Romanowska-Duda
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatases ◽  
Anabaena Pcc 7120 ◽  
Pcc 7120

Abstract The aim of this research was to evaluate the physiological activity and growth of willow (Salix viminalis L.) plants cultivated under the conditions of adverse temperature and soil moisture content, and to assess the effect of the foliar application of Biojodis (1.0%) and Asahi SL (0.03%) bio-stimulators, or a mixture of Microcistis aeruginosa MKR 0105 and Anabaena PCC 7120 cyanobacteria under such changing growth conditions. The obtained results showed different reactions to the applied constant or periodically changed temperature and soil moisture content. The plants which grew at periodically changed adverse temperature (from -5 to 40oC) or in scantily (20% m.c.) or excessively (60% m.c.) watered soils, grew slowly, in comparison with those growing at 20oC and in optimally moistened soil (30% m.c.). Foliar application of Biojodis and Asahi SL cyanobacteria increased the growth of willow at optimal and adverse temperature or in scantily and excessively moistened soil. The changes in plant growth were associated with the changes in electrolyte leakage, activity of acid or alkaline phosphatases, RNase, index of chlorophyll content in leaves and gas exchange. The above indicates that the foliar application of the studied cyanobacteria and bio-stimulators partly alleviates the harmful impact of adverse temperature and water stress on growth and physiological activity of willow plants

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