scholarly journals THE ROLE OF MARTIAL COURT IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT IN INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 66-73
Author(s):  
Mahfutt Mahfutt ◽  
Khairil Anwar ◽  
Billi Belladona Matindas

The position of the Military Court is a body that executes the judicial power in the circle of the Indonesian National Armed Forces to enforce the law and justice with due observance of the interest in the state defense and safety. The Military Court is authorized to try the crimes committed by someone who when committing such crime is a soldier of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, a member of a group or office or body or equal to a soldier pursuant to the Law and someone is not included in the said group as set forth in the Law Number 31 of 1997 on Military Court. Following the reform of 1988, the existence of the Military Court is developed by some activists and the public that observe the Military Court, insisting the Parliament of the Republic of Indonesia to revise Law Number 31 of 1997 on Military Court, with the focus point for a soldier of the Indonesian National Armed Forces who commits a general crime to be tried in the General Court with the reason that the Military Court practice is closed in nature, and another reason is the equalization of rights before the law. The method used in this research is the normative law research that is carried out to obtain the necessary data relating to the problem. The data used is secondary data consisting of primary law materials, secondary law materials, and tertiary law materials. In addition, primary data is also used as the support of the secondary data law materials. The data is analyzed by the qualitative juridical analysis method. The results of the research show that the Military Court is one of the mechanisms that are always tried to be maintained. The outcome from the research discovers that the role of the Martial Court in Indonesia remains effective, fair, and democratic to this date realistically marked by fair punishment within the jurisdiction offended, which corresponds to the need of TNI institution in the aspects of Culture, Benefit, Assurance, and Fairness. It is recommended that the RI Government continuously develop and improve the same by maintaining the role of the Martial Court in punishing criminal offenses committed by military members on the Martial Court system currently in force.

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Rina Rohayu H

Land given to and owned by people with rights provided by the UUPA is to be used and utilized. The granting and possession of land with these rights will not be meaningful if its use is limited to land as the surface of the earth. The land also has a significant role in the dynamics of development. According to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia NRI,  "earth and water are natural resources contained therein controlled by the state and used for the greatest prosperity of the people." This research uses a normative juridical approach that is research based on the rules / according to the law because this research focused on the use of document studies and literature or secondary data. The research specification used is descriptive-analytic, which describes the law of the land in the era of globalization based on local wisdom. The results of the study illustrate that the role of the land ruling state, which used for the prosperity of the people, is regulated under Law No. 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles (UUPA).On the other hand, the globalization of law is nothing more than a legal intervention from developed countries towards developing countries in order to adjust their laws globally. One way to address the problem of globalization of land law is to reaffirm local wisdom. In other words, they are upholding the customary provisions related to land. Example: provisions of customary land. Customary land is communal land that is jointly owned and thus does not need to be certified.Keywords: globalization, land law, local wisdomABSTRAKTanah diberikan kepada dan dipunyai oleh orang dengan hak-hak yang disediakan oleh UUPA, adalah untuk digunakan dan dimanfaatkan. Diberikannya dan dipunyainya tanah dengan hak-hak tersebut tidak akan bermakna, jika penggunaannya terbatas hanya pada tanah sebagai permukaan bumi saja. Tanah juga mempunyai peranan yang besar dalam dinamika pembangunan. Undang-undang Dasar 1945 menjelaskan bahwa “Bumi dan air dan kekayaan alam yang terkandung didalamnya dikuasai oleh negara dan dipergunakan untuk sebesar-besar kemakmuran rakyat.” Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif yaitu penelitian yang didasarkan kepada kaidah-kaidah/menurut hukum, oleh karena penelitian ini dititik-beratkan pada penggunaan studi dokumen dan bahan pustaka atau data sekunder. Spesifikasi penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analitis yang menggambarkan tentang hukum tanah di era globalisasi berdasarkan kearifan lokal. Hasil penelitian menggambarkan bahwa peran negara penguasa tanah yang digunakan untuk kemakmuran masyarakat diatur berdasarkan Undang-undang No. 5 tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria (UUPA). Disisi lain, globalisasi hukum tak lebih sebagai intervensi hukum dari negara maju terhadap negara berkembang agar menyesuaikan hukumnya secara global. Salah satu cara menyikapi persoalan globalisasi hukum tanah ini adalah dengan menegaskan kembali kearifan lokal. Dengan kata lain, menegakkan kembali ketentuan-ketentuan adat terkait dengan tanah. Misalnya ketentuan tanah ulayat. Tanah ulayat merupakan tanah komunal milik bersama, dengan demikian tidak perlu disertifikatkan.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 392
Author(s):  
Samuel Samuel ◽  
Siti Nurbaiti

In principle, the resolution of consumer disputes can be pursued peacefully. through an alternative mediation dispute resolution. In Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection and Regulation of the Minister of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 / M-DAG / PER / 2017 concerning the Consumer Dispute Settlement Body does not impose limits on the authority of BPSK in handling and adjudicating a consumer dispute. However, in reality many times the decisions of the Consumer Dispute Settlement Body (BPSK) are submitted to the district court and stated that BPSK is not authorized to handle such disputes. How is the authority of the Consumer Dispute Resolution Board in handling disputes between PT. Sinar Menara Deli and Sari Alamsyah are the issues discussed. The method used in this research is descriptive normative legal research, using secondary data and primary data as supporting data with the law approach. The results of the study illustrate that BPSK is not authorized to handle disputes between PT. Sinar Menara Deli with Sari Alamsyah, because the business actors in this dispute have submitted a refusal to be resolved through BPSK and not achieving the requirements for consumer disputes. It is recommended that BPSK members pay more attention to the provisions in the Consumer Protection Act and other regulations concerning the Consumer Dispute Settlement Body.


2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-48
Author(s):  
Onvara Vadhanavisala

Abstract A quarter of a century ago, the Soviet Union dissolved and the Cold War ended. Now the current political era involves a broad challenge to liberal democracy in the European Union. Central European countries such as the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Republic of Poland, and the Slovak Republic (‘the Visegrád Group’) joined the EU in 2004 with the hope that the post-Cold War era would be one of peace and stability in Europe, including (most importantly) the expansion of Europe’s democracy. A turning point came in 2014, however, when the Syrian refugee crisis hit the EU and caused a political ‘about face’. The European refugee and migrant crisis have strengthened right-wing populism among the European countries, including the Visegrád group. Obviously there are certainly similarities between the populist rhetoric of Hungary’s ruling party, Fidesz, and the Law and Justice party (known as PiS) which is governing the Republic of Poland. The two countries appear to be following the same path of becoming ‘illiberal democratic’ states. The templates of authoritarianism which both countries have adopted involve the following: the restriction of civil society and the independence of the media, control of the judiciary and the court system, together with the transformation of the constitutional framework and electoral law in order to consolidate power. This paper analyses two examples of authoritarian populist leaders: first, Viktor Orbán, the Prime Minister of Hungary of the Fidesz Party and, second, Jarosław Kaczyński, a leader of the Law and Justice Party (PiS) in Poland. A brief description of each is provided as a background for the discussion which follows.


2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niken Subekti Budi Utami ◽  
Supriyadi ,

<p align="center"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><em>This research intends to find the answers of two problems. First, the factors that led to the unimplemented jurisdiction of the General Court of the Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI) that perform general crime as mandated by Decree No. VII / MPR / 2000 and Act No. 34 of 2004. Second, the perception of the military conception of justice with jurisdiction over soldiers who committed the crime. This study is a normative- empirical law that uses secondary data and primary data. The data collected by the study of documents and interviews. The data analysis using qualitative methods. The results showed that first the jurisdiction of the General Court of the soldiers who committed the crime can not be implemented because of the general Act No. 31 of 1997 on Military Justice has not been revised by Law Military Justice as new, second that some of the military still wants the soldiers who committed the crime, criminal acts both military and general crime, is in the jurisdiction of Military Justice.</em></p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong><em>Jurisdiction Court, Indonesian Army Forces (TNI)l, Crime.</em></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan jawaban atas dua permasalahan. Pertama, faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan belum diimplementasikannya yurisdiksi Peradilan Umum terhadap prajurit Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) yang melakukan tindak pidana umum sebagaimana diamanatkan oleh Ketetapan MPR Nomor VII/MPR/2000 dan  Undang-Undang Nomor 34 Tahun 2004. Kedua, persepsi kalangan militer mengenai konsepsi peradilan yang berwenang mengadili prajurit TNI yang melakukan tindak pidana. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif-empiris yang menggunakan data sekunder dan data primer. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi dokumen dan wawancara. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, pertama yurisdiksi Peradilan Umum terhadap prajurit TNI yang melakukan tindak pidana umum belum dapat diimplementasikan karena Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1997 tentang Peradilan Militer belum direvisi dengan Undang-Undang Peradilan Militer yang baru, kedua bahwa beberapa kalangan militer tetap menghendaki agar prajurit TNI yang melakukan tindak pidana, baik tindak pidana militer maupun tindak pidana umum, berada pada yurisdiksi Peradilan Militer.</p><strong>Kata Kunci: </strong>Yurisdiksi Peradilan, Prajurit TNI, Tindak Pidana


2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-200
Author(s):  
Segun Joshua ◽  
Daniel Gberevbie ◽  
Kester Onor

Since independence on October 1, 1960, Nigeria has been a victim, at one time or the other, of intra-ethnic, inter-ethnic, religious, and communal conflicts which have undermined the human security of her citizens. Nigeria’s corporate existence had also been threatened by 3 years (1967–1970) civil war which impacted negatively on the well-being of its people. In addition, the inability of the Nigerian Police to cope with the magnitude of the surge of violence in recent years has brought about the idea of involving the military, a core component of traditional security apparatus to deal with internal insecurity. This article is anchored on human security paradigm with reliance on secondary data to analyze the operations of the Nigerian Military in counterviolence campaigns between 1999 and 2017. This article points out that the involvement of the military in internal security has worsened the problem of insecurity due to the military’s unprofessional approach and, at times, deliberate targeting the civilian populace which it is supposed to protect. It, therefore, recommends among others, the need for the Federal Government of Nigeria to urgently review the role of the armed forces in addressing internal security situations in a way that will bring about respect for the rule of engagement in internal security operations and adherence to global best practices.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jibril ◽  
Arvel Mulia Pratama ◽  
Jinan Raidangi

Abstract: Land Acquisition for Development in the Public Interest in Indonesia still often causes polemic, as is still often found in various mass media. The problem in the implementation of land aquisition is because the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2012 concerning Land Aquisition for Development in the Public Interest, and the Presidential Regulation that follows it, has not rigidly stipulated the basis for determining the compensation value used to determine the compensation value. This research was conducted by making a comparison between ius constitutum and in concreto events in the field. Primary data in this study were obtained byinterviewing several sources in August 2017, which can be accounted for, while the secondary data were obtained byliterature studies. Based on the research, it is known that there is injustice in determining the value of compensation to the entitled parties. Seeing this, the author tried to describe the existing problems and provide solutions tailored to the situation and conditions in land aquisition in Indonesia. This was intended to actualize the value of social justice in the aquisition of land for development in the public interest in Indonesia.Intisari: Pengadaan Tanah bagi Pembangunan untuk Kepentingan Umum di Indonesia masih sering menimbulkan polemik, sebagaimana yang masih kerap ditemui dalam berbagai media massa. Permasalahan dalam pelaksanaan pengadaan tanah disebabkan karena Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Pengadaan Tanah Bagi Pembangunan Untuk Kepentingan Umum, serta Peraturan Presiden yang mengikutinya belum mengatur secara rigid tentang dasar penetapan nilai ganti kerugian yang digunakan untuk menetapkan nilai ganti kerugian. Kajian ini dilakukan dengan melakukan komparisi antara ius constitutum dengan peristiwa in concreto yang ada di lapangan. Data primer dalam kajian ini diperoleh dari hasil wawancara dari beberapa narasumber pada Agustus 2017 yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan dan data sekunder dalam kajian ini diperoleh dari studi kepustakaan. Berdasarkan penelitian diketahui bahwa terdapat ketidakadilan dalam penetapan nilai ganti kerugian terhadap pihak-pihak yang berhak. Melihat hal tersebut penulis mencoba menguraikan permasalahan yang ada dan memberikan solusi yang disesuaikan dengan situasi dan kondisi dalam pengadaan tanah di Indonesia. Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk mengaktualisasikan nilai keadilan sosial dalam pengadaan tanah bagi pembangunan untuk kepentingan umum di Indonesia 


Author(s):  
Zaiton Hamin ◽  
Ahmad Ridhwan Abd Rani

Objective - This paper aims to examine the role of judges and the reality of the plea-bargaining process from the perspective of the judiciary, focusing primarily on their perceptions on the new law and their role and the problems facing them in implementing the law. Methodology/Technique - This paper adopts a qualitative methodology, in which the primary data is obtained from semi-structured interviews with 20 respondents comprising of the stakeholders in the criminal justice system. The secondary data is obtained from analysing the CPC and other library-based sources. Findings - The research reveals that judges are facing some problems derived from the law itself which makes the new plea-bargaining process unappealing to them. Consequently, judges have invented their solutions either by reverting to the old practice or imposing on the parties their terms in disposing of the case through judge-prompted plea-bargain. Novelty - This paper is significant in providing some evidence of the procedural difficulties faced by judges in hearing plea-bargaining application at the pre-trial stage. Type of Paper - Review Keywords: Criminal Procedure; Judiciary; Pre-trial Stage; Plea-Bargaining Process; Plea of Guilty. JEL Classification: K40, K49


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moh Kurniawan

Abstrak�Peran dari Balai Harta Peninggalan berkurang, sejak munculnya kurator swasta, apalagi Pengadilan Niaga berdasarkan permintaan debitor atau kreditor cenderung menggunakan kurator swasta dari pada menggunakan Balai Harta Peninggalan yang ada, dan dalam praktek pun Balai Harta Peninggalan kurang mendapatkan perhatian. Hal ini dikarenakan ada anggapan bahwa Balai Harta Peninggalan lamban dalam menjalankan tugasnya dan sumber daya manusianya yang kurang jika di bandingkan dengan kurator swasta.Tujuan penelitian yang ingin dicapai dari penelitian ini adalah Untuk mengetahui tugas dan fungsi Balai Harta Peninggalan Semarang sebagai kurator Kepailitan berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang.dan mengetahui eksistensi Balai Harta Peninggalan Semarang sebagai kurator kepailitan setelah adanya kurator swastaPenelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan metode pendekatan yuridis sosiologis tidak hanya ditinjau dari kaidah hukum saja, tetapi juga berusaha untuk menelaah keterkaitan antara faktor yuridis dengan faktor sosiologis. Faktor yuridis dalam penelitian ini adalah Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004, sedangkan faktor sosiologisnya adalah mengetahui pelaksanaan undang-undang tersebut dalam hal tugas dan fungsi Balai Harta Peninggalan dalam melakukan pengurusan dan pemberesan harta pailit debiturDari data-data yang berhasil dikumpulkan dalam penulisan ini, baik data primer maupun data sekunder didapatkan hasil penelitian bahwa tugas kurator tidaklah mudah. Tugas kurator adalah melaksanakan pengurusan dan pemberesan harta pailit. Eksistensi Balai Harta Peninggalan dibandingkan dengan kurator swasta menunjukkan penurunan eksistensi sebagai kurator yang disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor.Kata kunci : BHP, Tugas, EksistensiAbstractThe role of Probate Court (BHP) has decreased since the presence of private receivers. Moreover, Pengadilan Niaga (Trade Court), according to debtors and creditors� demands prefers private receivers to Probate Court, and in fact, Probate Court gets less attention. It is caused by an opinion that Probate Court clumsily runs its duty and that its human resources are not enough compared with the private receivers.The goals of the research are to understand and to analyze the responsibility of Probate Court as a receiver after the validity of law No. 37 2004 of bankruptcy and the obstacles faced by Probate Court in management and settlement of bankruptcy. Existence with currator non goverment.The research applies methods of juridical-empirical approach, an approach that uses secondary data in advance and followed by primary data in field that will be used to answer the emerged problems.A research says: in the context of bankruptcy, the responsibility for failures and mistakes done by Probate Court is regulated in Article 72 of law No. 37 2004 of bankruptcy which has not given the law certainty as there is no definite punishments. Therefore, the receiver�s responsibility for failures and or mistakes can be different in form and is adjusted with the level of mistakes and loss.Probate Court as a receiver has full responsibilities for making up loss caused by their neglects and or mistakes, based on article 80 Stbl 1872 No. 166 of Instruction for Probate Court in Indonesia.Probate Court in running its duty and authority as a receiver finds some obstacles such as: bureaucracy, juridical, administration, and human resources.Key words: BHP, Assigment, Existence.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 482
Author(s):  
Rio Utomo Hably ◽  
Gunawan Djajaputra

Partij deed is a type of deed that can be made by a notary public official who is authorized by the state to perform services in society. Notary public as a public official who contains an authentic description of all events or events that are seen, experienced, and witnessed by the Notary himself. Notary Deed must contain what is desired by both parties in the agreement. The notary public only has the role of providing perfect proof of strength through the deed he made if later the parties to the deed disputed in court. In practice problems often arise including the issue of notary responsibility and notary authority as happened in the deed of party, how the authority of the Notary in Making Partij Deed (Example of Supreme Court Decision Case Number: 1003 K / PID / 2015) is a problem that is discussed. Descriptive research methods, using secondary data and primary data as supporting data, are analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study illustrate that the Notary does not follow under Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 30 of 2004 concerning the Position of Notary.


2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Ulfatun Najicha ◽  
I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani

<p>Abstract<br />The purpose of this study was to determine the legal politics in the formation of forestry legislation in licensing mining activities in forest areas in terms of environmental management strategy that is based on justice. This research is juridical doctrinal nature descriptive, with a qualitative approach. The method used by Approach legislation (statute approach) and the conceptual approach (conceptual approach). The collection of primary data and secondary data relating to the regulation of forest management in order to policy in forestry management as a whole can be categorized as forest politics. Political laws of occupation and use of natural resources has been regulated in the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945, but the regulation on the management of natural resources, particularly forests that produce injustice. Even away from the sense of justice as referred to in the preamble Homeland 1945. One of the causes of injustice and abuse is the number of mining permits opening of forest destruction in violation of the principle of sustainability. Second, the law should be synergy policy in the licensing of mining activities in forest areas, the Act No. 41 1999 is still there (overlapping) overlapping the utilization of forest between mining and forestry activities are still unresolved and still occur in some areas. Similarly, Law No. 4 Year 2009 on Mineral and Coal are not yet fully support bersinergis natural keletarian remain legalize many dredging coal mines, then the Law 32 of 2009 requires the use of natural resources that is in harmony, and balanced with environmental functions. There is a duality of government policy, in which one side seeks to protect protected areas and establish rules to preserve it, but on the other hand opened up opportunities for the protected forest area exploited. Policy or program development must be animated by the obligation to make environmental preservation and realize the goal of sustainable development. Third Act Issuer within the framework of law should not stand alone because it is still in the realm of environmental law which means it is very closely related to the Forestry Law and the Environment. Hence the need for a policy formulation based Green Legislation overarching governance for sustainable forest and justice in a single Regulation.</p><p>Keywords: Politics, Law, Management of Forests, Mines, preservation, Justice.</p><p>Abstrak<br />Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui politik hukum dalam pembentukan perundang-undangan kehutanan  dalam  pemberian  izin  kegiatan  pertambangan  di  kawasan  hutan  ditinjau  dari  strategi pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang berkeadilan.Penelitian  ini merupakan penelitian yuridis doktrinal yang  bersifat  diskriptif,  dengan  pendekatan  kualitatif.  Metode  yang  dipakai  melalui  Pendekatan peraturanperundang-undangan(statuteapproach)  danpendekatankonseptual(conceptualapproach). Pengumpulan data primer dan data sekunder yang berkaitan dengan peraturan pengelolaan kawasan hutan agar tetap lestari. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pertama, Politik dimaknai sebagai suatu kebijakan maka, kebijakan pemerintah dalam pengelolaan kehutanan secara utuh dapat dikategorikan sebagai  politik kehutanan.  Politikhukum  penguasaan  danpemanfaatansumberdayaalam  telah  diatur dalam  Undang-Undang  Dasar  Negara Kesatuan  RepublikIndonesiaTahun1945,  namun pengaturan tentang  pengelolaan  sumber  daya  alam,  khususnya  hutan  yang  menghasilkan  ketidakadilan. Bahkanjauhdarirasakeadilanmasyarakatseperti  yangdimaksuddalamPembukaan  UUD  NKRI1945. Salah satu penyebab ketidakadilan serta penyalahgunaan adalah dengan banyaknya pembukaan ijin tambang perusakan hutan dengan melanggar prinsip kelestarian. Kedua, Perlu sinergisitas Kebijakan hukum dalam pemberian ijin kegiatan pertambangan di kawasan hutan, pada UU No. 41 Tahun 1999 sampai saat ini masih terdapat (overlapping) tumpang tindih lahan pemanfaatan hutan antara kegiatan pertambangan dan kegiatan kehutanan masih belum dapat diselesaikan dan tetap terjadi di beberapa daerah. Sama halnya dengan UUNo.4 Tahun2009tentangMineraldanBatu Bara yang belum bersinergis penuh mendukung keletarian alam tetap melegalisasikan banyaknya pengerukan tambang batubara, Kemudian padaUU No. 32 Tahun 2009 menuntut penggunaan sumber daya alam yang selaras, serasi, dan seimbang dengan fungsi lingkungan hidup. Terdapat dualisme kebijakanpemerintah, dimanadisatu <br />sisi  berupaya  untuk melindungikawasanlindung  danmenetapkanaturan-aturanuntukmelestarikannya, tapidisisilainmembuka peluangkawasan hutan lindung tersebutuntuk dieksploitasi. Kebijakanatau program pembangunan harus dijiwai oleh kewajiban melakukan pelestarian lingkungan hidup dan mewujudkan tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Ketiga Undang-undang diatasdalam kerangka ilmu hukum harus tidak berdiri sendiri sebab masih masuk dalam ranah hukum lingkungan yang berarti sangat erat berhubungan dengan UU Kehutanan maupun Lingkungan. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya suatu formulasi kebijakan berbasis Green Legislation yang memayungi tata kelola kawasan hutan yang lestari dan berkeadilan dalam satu kesatuan Peraturan.</p><p>Kata Kunci : Politik Hukum, Pengelolaan Hutan, Tambang, Lestari, Keadilan</p>


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document