scholarly journals Medieval Islamic Medicine

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-143
Author(s):  
Daniel Martin Varisco
Keyword(s):  
Medical Curriculum ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Islamic Medicine ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
Medical Traditions ◽  
The Impact

One of the acknowledged contributions to late medieval western educationwas the tradition of Islamic medicine, both for its role in preserving earlierGreek medical knowledge and, as the authors of this book demonstrate, forinnovative and creative advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and patientcare. Pormann and Savage-Smith provide an informative overview of thehistory of medicine in the Islamic world, from the Prophet’s sayings to theperiod of extensive contact with European colonialism. Their work supplementsand updates the slim volume ofManfred Ullmann, to whom this bookis dedicated, entitled Islamic Medicine (Edinburgh University Press: 1976). Consciously avoiding a sweeping history of a vast scientific field, theauthors narrate a readable story of Islamicmedicine and provide suggestionsfor further reading at the end of each chapter. Without question, this volumecan be considered the best and most critical introduction to the field and aguide for future research.One of the most important critical issues probed is the impact of Greekmedicine, especially as mediated through Byzantine sources, on the emergenceof a distinctive “Islamic” approach to medicine. The synthetic corpusof the Hippocratic writings and the works of Galen formed the holistic basisfor the scientific development of medical theory (chapter 2), including thehumoral system, diet, pharmacology, disease diagnosis, anatomy, and surgery.The authors also discuss other currents of medical knowledge, from theAlexandrian medical curriculum to the knowledge found in Sasanid Persia,Syriac Christian sources, India, and even unto China. The translation of non-Arabic texts was a major contribution, but “Greek medicine as well as someelements of other medical traditions were transformed and not merely givenpermanent right of abode as aliens, they were assimilated, adapted, andfinally adopted in the truest sense of the word into Islamic society” (p. 37) ...

scholarly journals Exploring the 175-year history of spirometry and the vital lessons it can teach us today

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (162) ◽  
pp. 210081
Author(s):  
Andrew Kouri ◽  
Ronald J. Dandurand ◽  
Omar S. Usmani ◽  
Chung-Wai Chow
Keyword(s):  
Lung Function ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Flow Volume ◽  
Volume Curve ◽  
The World ◽  
Flow Volume Curve ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

175 years have elapsed since John Hutchinson introduced the world to his version of an apparatus that had been in development for nearly two centuries, the spirometer. Though he was not the first to build a device that sought to measure breathing and quantify the impact of disease and occupation on lung function, Hutchison coined the terms spirometer and vital capacity that are still in use today, securing his place in medical history. As Hutchinson envisioned, spirometry would become crucial to our growing knowledge of respiratory pathophysiology, from Tiffeneau and Pinelli's work on forced expiratory volumes, to Fry and Hyatt's description of the flow–volume curve. In the 20th century, standardization of spirometry further broadened its reach and prognostic potential. Today, spirometry is recognized as essential to respiratory disease diagnosis, management and research. However, controversy exists in some of its applications, uptake in primary care remains sub-optimal and there are concerns related to the way in which race is factored into interpretation. Moving forward, these failings must be addressed, and innovations like Internet-enabled portable spirometers may present novel opportunities. We must also consider the physiologic and practical limitations inherent to spirometry and further investigate complementary technologies such as respiratory oscillometry and other emerging technologies that assess lung function. Through an exploration of the storied history of spirometry, we can better contextualize its current landscape and appreciate the trends that have repeatedly arisen over time. This may help to improve our current use of spirometry and may allow us to anticipate the obstacles confronting emerging pulmonary function technologies.

Transatlantic Television Drama

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Hilmes ◽  
Matt Hills ◽  
Roberta Pearson
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Audience Reception ◽  
Fan Fiction ◽  
Television Drama ◽  
Global Partnerships ◽  
Transatlantic Exchange ◽  
Production Distribution ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

A tide of high-quality television drama is sweeping the world. The new transnational television series has developed not only global appeal but innovative new modes of production, distribution, and reception. Nowhere is the transnational exchange of television drama more vital than between Britain and the United States, where it builds on more than sixty years of import, adaptation, coproduction, and fandom. This edited volume explores the transatlantic flow of television drama, focusing on key programs, industry strategies, critical debates, and audience reception, from an international roster of scholars and researchers. The chapters explore some of the most widely discussed programs on the transatlantic circuit. The book's first part focuses on media industries, tracing the history of transatlantic exchange and investigating contemporary practices such as coproduction, digital distribution, global partnerships, promotion, and branding. The second part concentrates on specific television texts and their negotiation of meaning across cultural contexts, exploring critical issues in the creation of transnational drama, such as heritage, proximity, performance, and self-reflexivity. Part III turns to the lively sphere of transatlantic fandom and commentary, including fan conventions, fan fiction, the role of both traditional and social media, and fan strategies for negotiating cultural differences. Transatlantic Television Drama provides a wide-ranging analysis of a phenomenon at the forefront of today’s television universe. It is focused on the serial dramatic programs that have gained the bulk of critical and popular attention and is particularly concerned with the impact of digital technologies on the production, distribution, and reception of television drama.

Race in post-war science: The Swiss case in a global context

2021 ◽  
pp. 095269512110103
Author(s):  
Pascal Germann
Keyword(s):  
Human Genetics ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Success Stories ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Research ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Racial Knowledge ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Impact

The historiography on the concept of race in the post-war sciences has focused predominantly on the UNESCO campaign against scientific racism and on the Anglo-American research community. By way of contrast, this article highlights the history of the concept of race from a thus far unexplored angle: from Swiss research centres and their global interconnections with racial researchers around the world. The article investigates how the acceptance, resonance, and prestige of racial research changed during the post-war years. It analyses what resources could be mobilised that enabled researchers to carry out and continue scientific studies in the field of racial research or even to expand them and link them to new contexts. From this perspective, the article looks at the dynamics, openness, and contingency of the European post-war period, which was less stable, anti-racist, and spiritually renewed than retrospective success stories often suggest. The pronounced internationality of Swiss racial science and its close entanglement with the booming field of human genetics in the early 1950s point to the ambiguities of the period’s political and scientific development. I argue that the impact of post-war anti-racism on science was more limited than is frequently assumed: it did not drain the market for racial knowledge on a continent that clung to imperialism and was still shaped by racist violence. Only from the mid 1950s onwards did a series of unforeseen events and contingent shifts curtail the importance of the race concept in various sectors of the human sciences.

1. All creatures great and small

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
James Yeates
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Veterinary Science ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Scientific Fields

‘All creatures great and small’ provides an abridged history of veterinary science, which helps highlight how veterinary scientific developments have progressed alongside other scientific fields and social changes in how we treat animals. From early civilizations in Mesopotamia to the developing scientific knowledge in Ancient Greece and Rome, and from the 17th-century scientific revolution to the 18th-century Enlightenment, veterinary science has progressed alongside medical knowledge. The impact of the world wars and then increased farming productivity in peacetime is discussed along with modern developments in the digital age. Nowadays, veterinary science is both scientific and clinical, but at its core it is about non-human animal physical, mental, and social well-being.

Some Sri Lankan medical manuscripts of importance for the history of Sout Asian traditional medicine

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-400
Author(s):  
JINADASA LIYANARATNE
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Proven Efficacy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Medical Manuscripts

This paper is a philological study of twelve Sri Lankan medical manuscripts preserved in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, and the Cambridge University Library. It shows the impact of Buddhism on the development of traditional medicine in South Asia and the important role played by South Indian Vaidyas in the propagation of medical knowledge in Sri Lanka. Those Vaidyas appear to have been well versed in Siddha medicine and proficient in both Sinhala and Tamil languages. Only the historical and cultural aspects revealed in these documents are dealt with here. The therapeutic aspect is no less important in view of the large number of medicinal prescriptions, some of which are said to be of proven efficacy. The material presented may be of interest to students of the history of medicine and medical anthropology.

Petrus Johann du Toit, 1888-1967

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 247-266
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
International Level ◽  
Boer War ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
The Republic ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
The Individual

The life and work of Dr P. J. du Toit spanned a significant period in the history of South Africa. During his lifetime there were two World Wars, as well as the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902; in 1910 the two recently independent republics of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State were united with the colonies of the Gape of Good Hope and Natal in the Union of South Africa which, in 1961, became the Republic of South Africa. The last ten years of his life, from 1957 to 1967, saw the virtual disappearance of European colonialism which had dominated the African scene for more than two centuries. The life of P. J. du Toit—the individual, the scientist and the public figure—is inextricably bound up with the rapidly changing patterns of social, political and scientific development brought about by these momentous events and his contribution, at both the national and the international level, must be seen against the background of these happenings.

scholarly journals Interactive multimedia information for digital Anatomy Museum

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matina Kiourexidou ◽  
Nikos Antonopoulos ◽  
Eugenia Kiourexidou ◽  
Rigas Kotsakis ◽  
George Heliades ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Multimedia Content ◽  
Website Design ◽  
Digital Museum ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Online technology advances and the reduction of their cost have facilitated their use by museums. Today, internet users visit museums’ websites around the world on regular basis. Website design helps to disseminate information and multimedia content from exhibitions and to attract visitors as well. The integrated communication strategy of the museums has changed due to digital museums development. The exhibits of anatomical museums present the complexity of human anatomy to medical students and to general public. Visiting of such museums could be difficult as the impact of their exhibits on visitors could lead to various reactions. These museums offer medical knowledge employing anatomical maps, bones, cadavers and various items explaining the history of anatomy and medicine. The aim of this research is to create and present a digital multimedia museum of Anatomy, located at the School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The results of this study focus on the development of a digital museum for citizens, that offers an integrated, open access experience for all. The research contributes to the construction of anatomical museums’ digital presence using online new technologies and multimedia content.

scholarly journals Study of religious traditions as a factor in ensuring the secular nature of culture and education

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-409
Author(s):  
Mikhail O. Orlov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
State Educational ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the dialogue and mutual influence of secular and religious culture in the system of secular education from two points of view: firstly, the influence of teaching knowledge about religion on the implementation of the secular nature of education and, secondly, the impact of the need to comply with state educational standards on the form of presentation of religious culture. The study assumes that religious thinking, culture, lifestyle are not something contrary to everyday rational thinking and scientific character, being in their high forms the carriers of self-discipline and ordering of human life. The long history of the dialogue between religion and science has led to the fact that today religion speaks with science in the same language of scientific concepts, and often religious organizations, paying attention to certain scientific and technical achievements, are a factor in increasing interest in science in the whole society. The processes of the expulsion of religious discourse from the public sphere that took place in the past led to the replacement of the authentic religious tradition, tuned in to dialogue with science, with forms of “low” religiosity, often of an obscurantist, fundamentalist and anti-scientific nature. And the forcible imposition of the «only true» secular ideology ultimately negatively affects the pace of scientific development.

Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Stigma Among Young Adults With History of Suicide Attempts

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meshan Lehmann ◽  
Matthew R. Hilimire ◽  
Lawrence H. Yang ◽  
Bruce G. Link ◽  
Jordan E. DeVylder
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Self-esteem is a major contributor to risk for repeated suicide attempts. Prior research has shown that awareness of stigma is associated with reduced self-esteem among people with mental illness. No prior studies have examined the association between self-esteem and stereotype awareness among individuals with past suicide attempts. Aims: To understand the relationship between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among young adults who have and have not attempted suicide. Method: Computerized surveys were administered to college students (N = 637). Linear regression analyses were used to test associations between self-esteem and stereotype awareness, attempt history, and their interaction. Results: There was a significant stereotype awareness by attempt interaction (β = –.74, p = .006) in the regression analysis. The interaction was explained by a stronger negative association between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among individuals with past suicide attempts (β = –.50, p = .013) compared with those without attempts (β = –.09, p = .037). Conclusion: Stigma is associated with lower self-esteem within this high-functioning sample of young adults with histories of suicide attempts. Alleviating the impact of stigma at the individual (clinical) or community (public health) levels may improve self-esteem among this high-risk population, which could potentially influence subsequent suicide risk.

The Film World’s Cooperative Store: Institutions and Films of the 1930s and 1940s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
International Context ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This chapter traces the early history of state-sponsored informational filmmaking in Denmark, emphasising its organisation as a ‘cooperative’ of organisations and government agencies. After an account of the establishment and early development of the agency Dansk Kulturfilm in the 1930s, the chapter considers two of its earliest productions, both process films documenting the manufacture of bricks and meat products. The broader context of documentary in Denmark is fleshed out with an account of the production and reception of Poul Henningsen’s seminal film Danmark (1935), and the international context is accounted for with an overview of the development of state-supported filmmaking in the UK, Italy and Germany. Developments in the funding and output of Dansk Kulturfilm up to World War II are outlined, followed by an account of the impact of the German Occupation of Denmark on domestic informational film. The establishment of the Danish Government Film Committee or Ministeriernes Filmudvalg kick-started aprofessionalisation of state-sponsored filmmaking, and two wartime public information films are briefly analysed as examples of its early output. The chapter concludes with an account of the relations between the Danish Resistance and an emerging generation of documentarists.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document