scholarly journals DESIGN AND PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION OF LAYERED FERTILIZATION OPENER FOR WHEAT, BASED ON EDEM

2021 ◽  
pp. 213-224
Author(s):  
Zhilong Zhang ◽  
Jinlong Zheng ◽  
Aijun Geng ◽  
Ji Zhang ◽  
Abdalla N.O. Kheiry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Average Depth ◽  
Average Spacing ◽  
Layering Effect ◽  
Machine Speed

Applying different types of fertilizers to different depths of soil according to demand is advantageous in that it can optimize the distribution of nutrients in arable soil, adjust the nutrient supply of each growth stage of wheat, and increase grain yield. In the study, a layered fertilization opener that could realize the layered fertilization was developed. The interaction model between the opener, fertilizer and soil was established using EDEM simulation software. A response surface analysis was used to determine the optimal parameters of the opener. Specifically, the horizontal distance between the fertilizer drop openings was 140 mm, the machine speed was 1.05 m/s, and the angle of the opener was 37°. Furthermore, field experiments demonstrated that the average depth of upper layer was 8.39 cm, the average depth of middle layer was 16.465 cm, the average depth of lower layer was 24.025 cm, the average spacing of upper layer was 8.075 cm, and the average spacing of lower layer was 7.6 cm. The corresponding findings demonstrated that the layering effect of the opener met the requirements of the fertilization standard.

RESULTS OF PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF MESHOKO CERAMICS

Kavkazologiya ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 12-25
Author(s):  
S.M. OSTASHINSKIJ ◽  
◽  
M.A. KULKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Layer ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Biogenic Carbonates ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Carbonate Composition

The article presents the results of petrographic analysis of the ceramics of the Chalcolithic settlement of Meshoko. A total of 42 fragments were examined (see appendix), 10 of which belong to the upper part of the monument's sediments (layers 1 and 2a; Fig. 1), 20 refer to the middle part of the sediments (layer 2b; Fig. 2), 12 – to the lower part (layer 3; Fig. 3). Based on the analysis, 5 groups of ceramics were identified (Fig. 4). Group 1 consists of fragments with an admixture of limestone, group 2 – with an admixture of diorite, group 3 – with an admixture of biogenic carbonates and sand, group 4 – with an admixture of calcite, group 5 – with an admixture of diorite and chamotte. Clays of smectite composition predominate in groups 1 and 2, while clays of smectite-carbonate composition predominate in groups 3 and 4. Comparison of these groups with stratigraphy revealed that most of the ceramics of groups 3 and 4 are confined to the lower layer, and groups 1 and 2 to the middle and upper layer (Table 1). In addition, the ceramics of these layers differ in the nature of the external surface treatment. Significant changes in the technology of making ceramics during the transition from the lower layer to the middle layer allow us to assume corresponding changes in the composition of the population.

Pipeline Visualization, Simulation and Monitoring in Unstable Areas Affected by Soil Movements at Serra do Mar – Brazil

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline V. R. Musman ◽  
Alvaro M. Costa ◽  
Claudio Amaral ◽  
Robson C. Santos ◽  
Maria Tereza Carnevale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Serra Do Mar ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Extensive Program ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
The Times ◽  
Soil Movements ◽  
Visualization Simulation

In this work we discuss the importance of visualization, simulation and monitoring pipelines constructed in areas geologically unstable. In particular it is of great concern pipelines crossing Serra do Mar, in Brazil, where there are colluvium deposits subject to slow movements not traceable by a simple visual inspection most of the times. In order to guarantee the structural integrity of the pipeline it is necessary to measure the tensions transmitted by the ground to the pipeline. Knowing that the soil-pipeline interaction is extremely complex the implementation of an extensive program involving visualization, simulation and monitoring that includes not only the slope but also the pipeline becomes mandatory. This program seeks the collection of information that allows the establishment of a reliable interaction model. This model must be capable of providing operational control parameters and subsidize the decision of an intervention in the pipeline. Therefore the safety of pipeline operations can be maximized through instruction of operators and establishment of monitoring and inspection routines. Right now, in a joint effort of CENPES and TRANSPETRO, a complete set of visualization and numerical simulation software platform is available and it is being used to build a 3D model of all the geotechnical risky areas in Serra do Mar. Also the installation and operation of a pilot monitoring system, including piezometers and inclinometers on the slope and strain gauges on the pipeline, at three different pipelines crossing Serra do Mar, with data acquisition in real time is being undertaken.

scholarly journals PENENTUAN OPERATOR KARTU SELULER TERBAIK MENGGUNAKAN METODE AHP(ANALITYCAL HIERARCHY PROCESS)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Rizaldi Rizaldi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support System ◽  
Support System ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Ahp Method ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hierarchy Process

Abstract - The role of telecommunications technology is very important, especially in changing people's lives. The development of technology in the field of communication and information can now be enjoyed by various layers of society, starting from the upper layer, middle layer or lower layer even though the results are not satisfactory. The research entitled "Decision Support System Determination of the best cellular card operator using the AHP method" aims to provide convenience for consumers who want to buy cellular cards from various telecommunications operators according to their needs and save on bags. (economical). The number of cellular card operators provided by telecommunications makes it difficult for consumers to make the right choice, according to the desired criteria. Determining cellular cards with the AHP method is the right method to overcome the problem of determining the best cellular card with many criteria offered by each operator. These criteria include the purchase price of cellular cards, rates, promos and active periods. Keywords - Cellular card operator, Decision support system, Analitycal Hierarchy Process.

scholarly journals Distribusi Vertikal Logam Pb, Zn, Cr dan Keterkaitannya Terhadap Karbon Organik Sedimen di Pantai Marunda, Jakarta

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132
Author(s):  
Triyanti Nurhidayah ◽  
Lilik Maslukah ◽  
Sri Yulina Wulandari ◽  
Kurnia Kurnia
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Sediment Texture ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
Very High

Pantai Marunda terletak di Teluk Jakarta dan berdekatan dengan muara Sungai Tiram. Kegiatan antropogenik di sekitar Pantai Marunda sangat tinggi, sehingga dapat menyumbang limbah yang mengandung logam berat Pb, Zn dan Cr. Limbah logam berat yang terakumulasi dalam perairan, akan  mengendap dalam sedimen dan seiring berjalannya waktu akan mengalami peningkatan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini, untuk mengetahui konsentrasi Pb, Zn, dan Cr berdasarkan kedalaman vertikal, hubungannya dengan karbon organik total (KOT) dan ukuran butir sedimen di Pantai Marunda. Sampel sedimen diambil menggunakan polietylen sediment core dan dipisahkan berdasarkan kedalamannya (1-3 cm, 4-6 cm, dan 7-9 cm). Logam berat dalam sedimen dianalisis menggunakan metode destruksi asam dan diukur nilai absorbansinya menggunakan AAS, karbon organik total menggunakan metode loss of ignition (LOI) dan analisa tekstur sedimen dengan metode pengayakan dilanjutkan pemipetan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi rerata logam berat Pb, Zn, Cr secara berurutan pada lapisan atas sebesar 5,14; 107,19; dan 12,79 ppm, lapisan tengah sebesar 4,41; 100,20; 12,28  ppm serta lapisan bawah sebesar 4,8; 101,30; 14,10 ppm. Logam berat Zn dan Cr berkorelasi positif kuat terhadap KOT dan persentase lumpur, sedangkan terhadap Pb berkorelasi negatif. Hasil penelitian ini menggambarkan bahwa distribusi logam berat Pb, Zn dan Cr secara vertikal menunjukkan konsentrasi tinggi pada lapisan permukaan yaitu pada kedalaman sedimen 1-3 cm dan keberadaanya ditentukan oleh konsesntrasi  KOT dan fraksi sedimen jenis lumpur. The Marunda Beach is located on the Jakarta Bay and adjacent to the mouth of the Tiram River. Anthropogenic activity around Marunda Beach is very high, so it can contribute the heavy metals such as Pb, Zn and Cr. The heavy metal will accumulate in the sediment and over time will be increase. The purpose of this study was to determine the vertical distribution of Pb, Zn, Cr, and their relationship to total organic carbon (TOC) and the grain size. Sediment samples were taken using polyethylene cores and this sample separated based on their depth (1-3 cm, 4-6 cm, and 7-9 cm). The heavy metals were analyzed using acid destruction and absorbance values were measured using AAS, TOC using the loss of ignition (LOI) and sediment texture with a sifting method, followed by pipetting. The results showed that the average concentration of Pb, Zn, Cr in the upper layer was 5.14; 107.19; 12.79 ppm, in the middle layer of 4.41; 100.20; 12.28 ppm and in the lower layer 4.8; 101.30; 14.10 ppm, respectively. Zn and Cr are strongly positively correlated to TOC and mud, and vice versa, the relationship to Pb is negative. The results of this study found that the vertical distribution of Pb, Zn and Cr was high in the surface layer (1-3 cm) and their presence was determined by TOC concentration and mud fraction.

scholarly journals Estimating Vertical Distribution of Leaf Water Content within Wheat Canopies after Head Emergence

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 4125
Author(s):  
Weiping Kong ◽  
Wenjiang Huang ◽  
Lingling Ma ◽  
Lingli Tang ◽  
Chuanrong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Spectral Indices

Monitoring vertical profile of leaf water content (LWC) within wheat canopies after head emergence is vital significant for increasing crop yield. However, the estimation of vertical distribution of LWC from remote sensing data is still challenging due to the effects of wheat spikes and the efficacy of sensor measurement from the nadir direction. Using two-year field experiments with different growth stages after head emergence, N rates, wheat cultivars, we investigated the vertical distribution of LWC within canopies, the changes of canopy reflectance after spikes removal, the relationship between spectral indices and LWC in the upper-, middle- and bottom-layer. The interrelationship among vertical LWC were constructed, and four ratio of reflectance difference (RRD) type of indices were proposed based on the published WI and NDWSI indices to determine vertical distribution of LWC. The results indicated a bell shape distribution of LWC in wheat plants with the highest value appeared at the middle layer, and significant linear correlations between middle-LWC vs. upper-LWC and middle-LWC vs. bottom-LWC (r ≥ 0.92) were identified. The effects of wheat spikes on spectral reflectance mainly occurred in near infrared to shortwave infrared regions, which then decreased the accuracy of LWC estimation. Spectral indices at the middle layer outperformed the other two layers in LWC assessment and were less susceptible to wheat spikes effects, in particular, the newly proposed narrow-band WI-4 and NDWSI-4 indices exhibited great potential in tracking the changes of middle-LWC (R2 = 0.82 and 0.84, respectively). By taking into account the effects of wheat spikes and the interrelationship of vertical LWC within canopies, an indirect induction strategy was developed for modeling the upper-LWC and bottom-LWC. It was found that the indirect induction models based on the WI-4 and NDWSI-4 indices were more effective than the models obtained from conventional direct estimation method, with R2 of 0.78 and 0.81 for the upper-LWC estimation, and 0.75 and 0.74 for the bottom-LWC estimation, respectively.

scholarly journals Mathematical Modeling of Vortex Interaction Using a Three-Layer Quasigeostrophic Model. Part 2: Finite-Core-Vortex Approach and Oceanographic Application

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1267
Author(s):  
Mikhail A. Sokolovskiy ◽  
Xavier J. Carton ◽  
Boris N. Filyushkin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Vortex Interaction ◽  
Vortex Dipoles ◽  
The North ◽  
Surface Cyclone ◽  
Vertical Density ◽  
Quasigeostrophic Model ◽  
The Stability

The three-layer version of the contour dynamics/surgery method is used to study the interaction mechanisms of a large-scale surface vortex with a smaller vortex/vortices of the middle layer (prototypes of intrathermocline vortices in the ocean) belonging to the middle layer of a three-layer rotating fluid. The lower layer is assumed to be dynamically passive. The piecewise constant vertical density distribution approximates the average long-term profile for the North Atlantic, where intrathermocline eddies are observed most often at depths of 300–1600 m. Numerical experiments were carried out with different initial configurations of vortices, to evaluate several effects. Firstly, the stability of the vortex compound was evaluated. Most often, it remains compact, but when unstable, it can break as vertically coupled vortex dipoles (called hetons). Secondly, we studied the interaction between a vertically tilted cyclone and lenses. Then, the lenses first undergo anticlockwise rotation determined by the surface cyclone. The lenses can induce alignment or coupling with cyclonic vorticity above them. Only very weak lenses are destroyed by the shear stress exerted by the surface cyclone. Thirdly, under the influence of lens dipoles, the surface cyclone can be torn apart. In particular, the shedding of rapidly moving vortex pairs at the surface reflects the presence of lens dipoles below. More slowly moving small eddies can also be torn away from the main surface cyclone. In this case, they do not appear to be coupled with middle layer vortices. They are the result of large shear-induced deformation. Common and differing features of the vortex interaction, modeled in the framework of the theory of point and finite-core vortices, are noted.

A review of the western extent of the Amrok River Culture Area between 6700 and 5300 years ago

2019 ◽  
pp. 89-118
Author(s):  
Jae Youn Kim
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
The West ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Culture Area ◽  
Zigzag Pattern ◽  
Liaodong Peninsula ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Absolute Age

Misongri site is the oldest relic in the currently known Amrok River basin, and can be compared with the lower layer of Xiaozhushan culture. The period of this remains was studied to be the same as that of lower layer of Xiaozhushan culture in the southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula, due to the zigzag pattern pottery. However, as the ruins of Suzhou have been re-excavated recently, the absolute age of Xiaozhushan culture and the contents of middle layer of Xiaozhushan culture have also changed. Based on the measurement date, the age of the lower layer of Xiaozhushan culture is between 6700 and 6300 years ago, and middle layer of Xiaozhushan culture is between 5500 and 5300 years ago. In comparison with Misongri site, only the culture of the lower layer of Xiaozhushan were compared. But, compared to the newly known data, it can be divided into the first stage of Misongri site and the second stage of Misongri site. It can be seen as the ruins of the same period as the lower layer of Xiaozhushan culture and the Xiaozhushan middle-layer culture. In addition, the earthenware of the first phase of Misongri site is confirmed in the lower Houwa culture of the northern part of the Liaodong area and the lower layer of Xiaozhushan in the south of the Liaodong peninsula. To the Amrok River culture area. The first stage of the Amrok River cultural Area is between 6700 and 6300 years ago, and the west is the northern part of the Liaodong to the southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula. The second stage of the Amrok River Cultural Zone is between 5500-5300 years ago. The western range extends from the northern part of the Liaodong to the southern part of Liaodong and the basin of the Taizhe River.

The Photosynthetic Characteristics of Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) for Different Canopy Leaves

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 4274-4279
Author(s):  
Yong Hui Cao ◽  
Ben Zhi Zhou ◽  
Xiao Ming Wang ◽  
Gang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
B Value ◽  
Phyllostachys Pubescens ◽  
Light Saturation ◽  
Saturation Point ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Light Saturation Point

The carbon sequestration ability of different ages of Phyllostachys pubescens was analyzed at three canopy layers with a LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system. Under different photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of upper and middle layers of 3-year old bamboo were significantly higher than that of lower layer. When the light was greater than 800 umol·m-2·s-1, the Pn of bamboo in middle layer was in the order of 3-year-old > 4-year- old >2-year-old >7-year-old bamboo. When the light was greater than 500 umol·m-2·s-1, Pn of lower layer was in the order of 3-year old > 4-year old >2-year old, while in the order of 3-year-old > 2-year -old >4-year-old bamboo during the low light range (PAR<200 umol·m-2·s-1).The chlorophyll a/b value, maximum net photosynthetic rate, light compensation point and light saturation point values change were reduced gradually with the decrease of canopy height.

Off-Road Vehicle Dynamics Mobility Simulation With a Compaction Based Deformable Terrain Model

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Madsen ◽  
Andrew Seidl ◽  
Dan Negrut
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Soil Mechanics ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Repeated Loading ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Vehicle Simulation ◽  
Terrain Model

This paper discusses the terramechanics models developed to incorporate a physics-based, three dimensional deformable terrain database model with vehicle dynamics mobility simulation software. The vehicle model is contained in Chrono, a research-grade C++ based Application Programming Interface (API) that enables accurate multibody simulations. The terrain database is also contained in a C++ based API, and includes a general tire-terrain interaction model which is modular to allow for any tire model that supports the Standard Tire Interface (STI) to operate on the terrain. Furthermore, the ability to handle arbitrary, three dimensional traction element geometry allows for tracked vehicles (or vehicle hulls) to also interact with the deformable terrain. The governing equations of the terrain are based on a soil compaction model that includes both the propagation of subsoil stresses due to vehicular loads, and the resulting visco-elastic-plastic stress/strain on the affected soil volume. Non-flat, non-homogenous and non-uniform soil densities, rutting, repeated loading and strain hardening effects are all captured in the vehicle mobility response as a result of the general 3-D tire/terrain model developed. Pedo-transfer functions allow for the calculation of the soil mechanics model parameters from existing soil measurements. This terrain model runs at near real-time speed, due to parallel CPU and GPU implementation. Results that exercise the force models developed with the 3-D tire geometry are presented and discussed for a kinematically driven tire and a full vehicle simulation.

scholarly journals Research and development of processes of vacuum ion-plasma parts surface treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 2131 (2) ◽  
pp. 022037
Author(s):  
A Sychev ◽  
I Kolesnikov ◽  
A Voropaev ◽  
I Bolshykh
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Wear Resistant Coatings ◽  
Ion Plasma ◽  
High Adhesion ◽  
Coating Methods ◽  
Combined Coatings

Abstract The application of electron-ion-plasma technologies for increasing the service life of machine parts, tools and technological equipment has been investigated. The technology of vacuum ion-plasma surface treatment is proposed for the deposition of coatings, which makes it possible to create internal, external and combined coatings. The manufacturability of coating methods is largely determined by the level of the developed equipment. The entire technological process of deposition of wear-resistant coatings on parts of friction units is carried out in one cycle on a BRV600F vacuum unit, which is equipped with all the necessary technical means. A method has been developed for the technology of obtaining a superhard carbon-metal coating with desired properties, namely, improving the quality of diamond-like films by changing their structure and composition, while the lower layer should have high adhesion to the substrate material, the middle layer should have high hardness and increased wear resistance, and the upper layer should have good thermal conductivity and heat resistance with low coefficient of friction.

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