Income Inequalities among Rural Households of Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-117
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Rural Household ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Large Farm ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Farm Business ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Distribution Of Income

ABSTRACT The study aimed to examine the inequality in income among various categories of households of rural Punjab. An attempt was made to compare and contrast the relative shares of the different components of income items in the total income of the households across the different rural household categories, along with examining the inequalities in the distribution of income prevailing therein. The analysis showed that an average rural household earns around one and a half lakh rupees annually in rural Punjab. There were considerable variations in the income levels earned among the different rural household categories. The farm business income is the most important component of household income for the farmer households, followed by livestock, pension and salary from private jobs. There were considerable differences in the range of average per capita and the average household incomes of the various rural categories. The per capita income earned by large farm households was 10.79 of times the per capita income earned by agricultural labour households.

Levels, Pattern and Distribution of Income of Farmers in Rural Punjab: An Empirical Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Large Farm ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Distribution Of Income

The present study examined the levels, pattern and distribution of income of farmers in rural Punjab. For this purpose, the primary data was collected from 510 farm households randomly from the selected villages from all the development blocks of the high, medium and low productivity regions during the period of 2015-16. The results of the study revealed that average household and per capita income increased with an increase in the farm size. The average household income of the large farm-size category was 9.94 and 6.31 times of the marginal and small farm-size categories, respectively. Farm business income was the largest source of income for all the farm-size categories followed by milk and milk products. The marginal and small farm-size categories have to work as labourers in agricultural and non-agricultural sector due to inadequate income from small landholdings, whereas the semi-medium, medium and large farm-size categories supplemented their income by hiring out agricultural machinery. The marginal and small farm-size categories earned 6.05 and 4.28 times less per capita income than the large farm-size category. The study showed the highly skewed distribution of per household and per capita income among farmers in the rural areas of Punjab.

Income-Based Poverty among Non-Farm Households in Rural Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-210
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Service Category ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Per Capita

This paper focuses upon the magnitude of income-based poverty among non-farm households in rural Punjab. Based on the primary survey, a sample of 440 rural non-farm households were taken from 44 sampled villages located in all 22 districts of Punjab.The poverty was estimated on the basis of income level. For measuring poverty, various methods/criteria (Expert Group Criteria, World Bank Method and State Per Capita Income Criterion) were used. On the basis of Expert Group Income criterion, overall, less than one-third of the persons of rural non-farm household categories are observed to be poor. On the basis, 40 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, around three-fourth of the persons of all rural non-farm household categories are falling underneath poverty line. Similarly, the occurrence of the poverty, on the basis of 50 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, showed that nearly four-fifths of the persons are considered to be poor. As per World Bank’s $ 1.90 per day, overall, less than one-fifth of rural non-farm household persons are poor. Slightly, less than one-fourth of the persons are belonging to self-employment category, while, slightly, less than one-tenth falling in-service category. On the basis of $ 3.10 per day criteria, overall, less than two-fifth persons of all rural non-farm household categories were living below the poverty line.

Research on the Relationship between Income and Consumption of Residents Based on the Regression Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 543-547 ◽  
pp. 4331-4334
Author(s):  
Zai Tang Wang ◽  
Na Wang
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Rural Household ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Marginal Propensity To Consume ◽  
Marginal Propensity ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text. The text area for your manuscript In this paper, through regression model analysis relationship between income and consumption of the residents, found that the rural per capita income, urban per capita income has significant effects on the rural consumption and urban per capita consumption. After comparison with regression coefficients found that spontaneous consumption of rural household per capita is less than the urban, but the marginal propensity to consume of rural is higher than urban.

scholarly journals Resilience in the Face of the Nature’s Furor: Natural Disasters and Vietnamese Households

2014 ◽  
Vol 219 ◽  
pp. 02-19
Author(s):  
Vu Tam Bang ◽  
IM ERIC IKSOON
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Domestic Trade ◽  
Residential Investment ◽  
Disaster Data ◽  
The Face ◽  
Aggregate Effects ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Compare And Contrast

This paper investigates the effects of natural disasters in Vietnam over the period 2002-2010. Using disaster data from the desinventa.net and data on other variables for 64 sub-regions from the General Statistic Office of Vietnam, we examine the impacts of natural disasters on household per capita income, residential investment, and domestic trade. The damage measures comprise the number of people killed, number of people injured, number of houses destroyed, and number of houses damaged. The results reveal that the aggregate effects of the disaster damages on household per capita income are insignificant and on residential investment are positive, implying the resilience of the Vietnamese people against natural disasters. We then compare and contrast the costs of disasters among different regions in Vietnam.

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

A Successful Population Policy: Potentials and Constraints (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 411-431
Author(s):  
Hans-Rimbert Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Per Capita

The current rapid population growth in many developing countries is the result of an historical process in the course of which mortality rates have fallen significantly but birthrates have remained constant or fallen only slightly. Whereas, in industrial countries, the drop in mortality rates, triggered by improvements in nutrition and progress in medicine and hygiene, was a reaction to economic development, which ensured that despite the concomitant growth in population no economic difficulties arose (the gross national product (GNP) grew faster than the population so that per capita income (PCI) continued to rise), the drop in mortality rates to be observed in developing countries over the last 60 years has been the result of exogenous influences: to a large degree the developing countries have imported the advances made in industrial countries in the fields of medicine and hygiene. Thus, the drop in mortality rates has not been the product of economic development; rather, it has occurred in isolation from it, thereby leading to a rise in population unaccompanied by economic growth. Growth in GNP has not kept pace with population growth: as a result, per capita income in many developing countries has stagnated or fallen. Mortality rates in developing countries are still higher than those in industrial countries, but the gap is closing appreciably. Ultimately, this gap is not due to differences in medical or hygienic know-how but to economic bottlenecks (e.g. malnutrition, access to health services)

scholarly journals European Regional Inequalities: The Other Face of Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Celeste Perrucchini ◽  
Hiroshi Ito
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Per Capita

Empirical evidence suggests an overall convergence in terms of GDP and per capita income occurring among the European Union (EU) Member States. Nevertheless, economic inequalities have been increasing at the regional level within European Union countries. Through the review of relevant literature, this study analyzes the increasing inequalities from an economical point of view, focusing on Italy and the UK as examples. First, a general overlook of the empirical evidence of the GDP and per capita income at national and sub-national levels will be presented. Second, an explanation of the possible causes of the results will be proposed through the use of economical and sociological theories. The findings of this research might uncover the relative inefficacy of EU Cohesion policies and point towards the necessity for deeper and more thoughtful measures to continue the convergence of Member States while preserving internal equilibria. This paper ends with discussions for the future directions of the EU.

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