A Never-Ending Story of Anogenital Warts: Review Article

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 614-619
Keyword(s):  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Anogenital Warts ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Anogenital Wart ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Dormant Stage ◽  
Ideal Method ◽  
Basic Medical

Anogenital wart (AGW) has long been one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, which has negative effects on psychological and social issues. Its slowly progressive nature and long dormant stage prevent AGW from elimination. Although diagnosis is as simple as inspection using the naked eyes or a magnifying glass and basic medical treatment is the main treatment modality, the long period of clinical response appears to be the biggest challenge. Many patients suffer from this non-fatal disease for over half a year. Onward transmission obviously continues during the occurrence of lesions. Primary prevention, particularly vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV vaccine), is an ideal method. HPV vaccine is a promising method; however, its high cost limits wide accessibility. In addition, despite being vaccinated, some women present with AGW. Therefore, a never-ending story of AGW remains to be explored. The Siriraj Female STI Clinic, which has over 20 years of experience in treating women with AGW, would like to share some experience so that these patients will be treated with more understanding. Keywords: Anogenital wart, Prevention, Surveillance, Siriraj experience

scholarly journals A narrative review on HPV vaccination among boys and men

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
Vinod K Ramani ◽  
Radheshyam Naik
Keyword(s):  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Anogenital Warts ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
Present Generation ◽  
The Cost

Apart from cervical cancer, Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with head and neck as well as other anogenital cancers such as vulva, vagina, anus, and penis. HPV vaccine provides specific protection against the disease and its subsequent manifestations.Vaccination programs for men tend to improve population-level control of HPV infection and directly prevent HPV related disease such as anogenital warts and oropharyngeal cancers in males. HPV vaccine does not treat existing infection or lesions/cancer and is intended for individuals before initiation fo sexual activity or any other form of exposure to HPV.Many programs across the globe do not include vaccination for boys because of the cost and little recognition of the emerging epidemic of HPV associated cancers in men. In the Indian context, as screening is not feasible for non-cervical HPV associated cancers, its incidence mostly among men will continue to rise until the present generation of vaccinated adolescents reaches their middle-age.Vaccination will reduce transmission rates and increase herd immunity. This in-turn, will prevent not just cervical cancers but also other HPV-associated malignancies among men and women.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitudes and practices about contraception amongst schoolgirls aged 12–14 years in two schools in King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality, Eastern Cape

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Mda ◽  
Don O’Mahony ◽  
Parimalarani Yogeswaran ◽  
Graham Wright
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Debut ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Young Adolescents ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Multiple Partners ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

Background: In South Africa the teenage fertility rate is high. About 42% of women have their sexual debut by 18 years of age and 5% by 15. These young women are also at risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Despite widespread availability of contraception, 18% of sexually active teenagers do not use any. Previous research on the knowledge of, attitudes to and practices of contraception by teenagers has focused on older adolescents.Objectives: This study explored knowledge, attitudes and practices about contraception amongst 12–14 year old unmarried schoolgirls with a view to inform planning of programmes to assist in reducing teenage pregnancies.Methods: A qualitative study design with purposive sampling was used to select participants from two government-run schools in King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality. In-depth and focus group interviews were conducted after obtaining written consent from parents and assent from participants. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, translated and analysed thematically.Findings: Participants reported that young adolescents were sexually active, which included high risk sexual behaviour such as multiple partners and casual and transactional sex. Knowledge about contraceptives varied widely. Condoms were the most preferred method of contraception, but it is unknown whether they ever used condoms as they professed to talk about the behaviour of others rather than themselves. Injectable contraceptives were believed to have long-term negative effects. Common sources of contraceptive information were friends or peers, school curriculum and to a lesser extent family members.Conclusions: Findings of the study suggest that young adolescents are sexually active and have inadequate knowledge and misconceptions about contraception. These findings should inform educational programmes about risks of early sexual activity and about contraception.

Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses

2020 ◽  
pp. 877-885
Author(s):  
Raphael P. Viscidi ◽  
Chen Sabrina Tan ◽  
Carole Fakhry
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexual Contact ◽  
Prophylactic Vaccine ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Anogenital Warts ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Surgical Methods ◽  
Flat Lesions

There are nearly 200 human papillomavirus types that infect epithelia of skin and mucous membranes. They infect only humans, and cause conditions including the following: skin warts and verrucas, which are caused by types 1 and 2; infection initiated when, after minor skin abrasions, for example, the basal cells of the epithelium come in contact with infectious virus; anogenital warts, which are caused by types 6 and 11; transmitted by direct sexual contact, these are the most common sexually transmitted infection; present clinically as multiple exophytic lesions or as subclinical flat lesions. They can be treated topically with podophyllin or imiquimod, or by ablative surgical methods. Recurrences are common. A highly efficacious prophylactic vaccine is available.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine acceptance and perceived effectiveness, and HPV infection concern among young New Zealand university students

Sexual Health ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Chelimo ◽  
Trecia A. Wouldes ◽  
Linda D. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics

Two-hundred undergraduate students completed an anonymous questionnaire after viewing a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine television commercial. Eight-four percent of participants would accept a free HPV vaccine, whereas 47% were unconcerned about future personal HPV infection risk. Males were less likely to accept a free HPV vaccine and to be concerned about future personal HPV infection risk. Perceived HPV vaccine effectiveness was significantly greater among participants who had previously heard of the vaccine and who knew that HPV is sexually transmitted. More education on the role of sexual behavioural characteristics of both males and females in HPV transmission is necessary to promote awareness and concern of personal HPV infection risk and acceptance of HPV vaccination.

scholarly journals Preventing Extremism with Extremists: A Double-Edged Sword? An Analysis of the Impact of Using Former Extremists in Danish Schools

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Parker ◽  
Lasse Lindekilde
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Political Tolerance ◽  
Effect Evaluation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The West ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
The Impact

Governments across the West have invested significant resources in preventing radicalization, and strategies to prevent and counter violent extremism (P/CVE) are increasingly prominent within wider counter-terrorism policies. However, we know little about their effects, especially about projects that utilize former extremists to counter extremist narratives and increase critical thinking. Despite the prominence of interventions utilizing “formers”, there are almost no systematic, scientific evaluations of these programs. The lack of evaluation is problematic given the recognized risks and negative effects of using formers to address other social issues, such as crime prevention. This paper presents findings from the largest study to date of the effects of using former extremists to prevent violent extremism. Based on a randomized controlled effect evaluation with 1931 Danish youths, it highlights significant successes, including reducing the perceived legitimacy of political violence, as well as negative effects, including a small decrease in political tolerance. Overall, the findings suggest a need for cost–benefit analyses of P/CVE initiatives, weighing the benefits against the risks.

scholarly journals Virus-like Particle-Based L2 Vaccines against HPVs: Where Are We Today?

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashi Yadav ◽  
Lukai Zhai ◽  
Ebenezer Tumban
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Capsid Protein ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Genital Warts ◽  
Human Papillomaviruses ◽  
Target Antigen ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Virus Like Particle ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Hpv Types

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Ninety percent of infected individuals clear the infection within two years; however, in the remaining 10% of infected individuals, the infection(s) persists and ultimately leads to cancers (anogenital cancers and head and neck cancers) and genital warts. Fortunately, three prophylactic vaccines have been approved to protect against HPV infections. The most recent HPV vaccine, Gardasil-9 (a nonavalent vaccine), protects against seven HPV types associated with ~90% of cervical cancer and against two HPV types associated with ~90% genital warts with little cross-protection against non-vaccine HPV types. The current vaccines are based on virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from the major capsid protein, L1. The L1 protein is not conserved among HPV types. The minor capsid protein, L2, on the other hand, is highly conserved among HPV types and has been an alternative target antigen, for over two decades, to develop a broadly protective HPV vaccine. The L2 protein, unlike the L1, cannot form VLPs and as such, it is less immunogenic. This review summarizes current studies aimed at developing HPV L2 vaccines by multivalently displaying L2 peptides on VLPs derived from bacteriophages and eukaryotic viruses. Recent data show that a monovalent HPV L1 VLP as well as bivalent MS2 VLPs displaying HPV L2 peptides (representing amino acids 17–36 and/or consensus amino acids 69–86) elicit robust broadly protective antibodies against diverse HPV types (6/11/16/18/26/31/33/34/35/39/43/44/45/51/52/53/56/58/59/66/68/73) associated with cancers and genital warts. Thus, VLP-based L2 vaccines look promising and may be favorable, in the near future, over current L1-based HPV vaccines and should be explored further.

Prevalence of co-infections with other sexually transmitted infections in patients newly diagnosed with anogenital warts in Guangzhou, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1073-1081
Author(s):  
Liuyuan Wang ◽  
Bin Yang ◽  
Lai S Tso ◽  
Peizhen Zhao ◽  
Wujian Ke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Health ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Anogenital Warts ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Medical Histories

Prevalence of co-infecting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among patients newly diagnosed with anogenital warts is under-reported. Our objective is to determine the prevalence of six common STIs, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), genital herpes (herpes simplex virus type 2 [HSV-2]), HIV, and syphilis for patients visiting a sexual health clinic in Guangzhou, China. Demographics, sexual health, and medical histories were collected at patient intake. Patients diagnosed with anogenital warts (N = 200) were invited to participate. We collected urine samples, and urethral, cervical, and rectal swabs to test for CT, NG, and MG, and blood samples for serological detection of HSV-2, syphilis, and HIV. Overall 49 (24.5%) had a co-infection (22.2% of men and 27.7% of women). All six STIs were observed among men: CT (6.8%), NG (3.4%), MG (5.1%), HIV (4.3%), HSV-2 (4.3%), and syphilis (1.7%). Women had fewer STIs, but at higher rates: CT (13.3%), MG (6.0%), and HSV-2 (8.4%). Individual men had up to two co-infections, while women had no more than one co-infection. Chlamydia was the most common STI. Patients aged 18–25 years (35.4%) had the highest prevalence. Although opportunistic screening is often applied for high-risk groups, expansion to patients with anogenital warts in all health-care settings would improve detection of problematic asymptomatic co-infections, thereby increasing China’s capacity to contribute toward global surveillance systems.

Sexual behavior and sexual problems among patients with severe chronic psychoses

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Raja ◽  
Antonella Azzoni
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Sexual Performance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate sexual behavior in a population of psychiatric patients affected by schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or bipolar disorder by means of an ad hoc questionnaire designed to explore the three phases of the sexual response: desire (or interest), arousal, and performance. The study assessed patients’ attitude toward sexuality, several aspects of their sexual behavior, including patients’ awareness of the risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STD), contraceptive strategy preferred by patients, and sexual effects of psychotropic medication. Patients reported a high frequency of sexual dysfunction, in particular, hyposexuality. Schizophrenia diagnosis and female gender were associated with lower levels of sexual performance. The impact of psychotropic drugs on patients’ sexuality was significant, with both positive and negative effects. Although 65.8% of patients reported to be concerned about the risk of contracting infections during sexual intercourse, most of them engaged in sexual behavior at high risk for acquisition and transmission of STD. Patients’ compliance with contraceptive measures was poor.

Review of Evidence and Recommendation for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination of Canadian Males Over the Age of 26 Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Derstenfeld ◽  
Kyle Cullingham ◽  
Zhuo Cai Ran ◽  
Ivan V. Litvinov
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infection ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Control And Prevention

Human papillomavirus (HPV) remains the most common sexually transmitted infection with a lifetime incidence of over 75%. Based on US data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 64% of invasive HPV-associated cancers are attributable to HPV 16 or 18 (65% for females; 63% males) and may be prevented by vaccination with either the quadrivalent or nonavalent HPV vaccine. Public HPV vaccination programs are now the norm for women aged 9-45 years and men aged 9-26 years in Canada. Yet, only recently have guidelines begun to consider vaccination of men older than 26 years of age. There now exist compelling reasons to recommend vaccination against HPV amongst males >26 years of age. Recognizing that the risks posed by HPV infection persist beyond 26 years of age, that the vaccination of men aged 26-45 years with HPV vaccine confers immunogenicity at levels demonstrably efficacious against HPV-related diseases, and that the Food and Drug Administration recently expanded the HPV vaccination to include older men, it is argued that HPV vaccination in men older than 26 years of age should be routinely recommended.

Intention of college students to receive the human papillomavirus vaccine

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Richards
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Human Papillomavirus Vaccine ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
The Usa ◽  
To Receive

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to better understand what influences the intentions of college students to receive the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the USA and cancers related to HPV are on the rise. Design/methodology/approach – A 2×2 experimental design was used to predict the intentions. Messages were created that manipulated the level of severity and vulnerability to determine which would increase intentions to receive the HPV vaccine. Each of the 278 participants viewed a message that contained one severity message (high or low) and one vulnerability message (high or low). Findings – Regression was used to determine that elements of the protection motivation theory such as vulnerability and fear, along with norms, and information seeking explained a significant portion of the variance in intent to be vaccinated (R2=0.40, F(4, 268)=44.47, p < 0.001). Norms had the most influence on intention (β=0.42, p < 0.001), next was vulnerability (β=0.21, p < 0.001) then fear (β=0.16, p=0.002), and finally information seeking (β=0.10, p=0.01). Originality/value – The current college age population did not have the opportunity to be vaccinated early and the recent (2011) recommendation that males get vaccinated makes this research valuable to those designing vaccination messages. The current study shows that norms were the most influential variable in regards to increasing intent to get vaccinated. This means that if the participant believed their friends would support or endorse their intent to get vaccinated they were more likely to say they would follow through and get vaccinated. This finding should be highlighted in any future campaign.

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