scholarly journals Białoruskie i rosyjskie działania dezinformacyjne wobec Polski w kontekście antyreżimowych protestów przeciwko Alaksandrowi Łukaszence

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-180
Author(s):  
Filip Bryjka
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
The Political ◽  
Information Warfare ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Historical Revisionism ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Main Target ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Psychological Operations

Since August 2020, the political situation in Belarus has become one of the key elements of Russia’s information warfare against the transatlantic community. The main target of Belarusian and Russian information and psychological operations is Poland, repeatedly accused of interfering in the internal affairs of Belarus, inspiring a colour revolution, waging a hybrid war, supporting separatism, historical revisionism, preparation of military intervention or organising an armed coup and assassination of Lukashenko. The main research problem of this article is the answer to the question: what disinformation activities are Belarus and Russia conducting against Poland in connection with the political situation in Belarus after the falsification of the results of the presidential elections of 9 August 2020. The author analyses, among others, why Poland has become the main target of Belarusian and Russian disinformation operations, what the goals are of these activities, on what issues the Belarusian and Russian information narrative towards Poland is focused, and what the effectiveness is of these influence operations.

scholarly journals Exploitation of the Right to Freedom of Expression for Promoting Pro-Russian Propaganda in Hybrid War

Politeja ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2(71)) ◽  
pp. 171-182
Author(s):  
Mykola Polovyi
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
The Political ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Russian Media ◽  
The Common ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
The Right ◽  
Source Of Information

The paper is devoted to the process and results of an analysis of abusing the right to freedom of expression for promoting pro-Russian propaganda in hybrid war against Ukraine at the present stage. It is shown that due to the peculiarities of the political situation in modern Ukraine, pro-Russian propaganda is most common in social networks. The study is conducted on the data from a weekly monitoring of pro-Russian propaganda in the Facebook public groups (‘publics’) of the Odessa region of Ukraine. Effective typology of propaganda messages in social networks is created and described. Its connection with the Lasswell’s test is grounded. General characteristics of pro-Russian propaganda promotion under the guise of implementing the right to freedom of expression in the Facebook publics of the Odessa region in the first quarter of 2021 are described. It has been found that the common tone of contemporary pro-Russian propaganda in Ukraine is becoming increasingly ‘soft’. The main group of contemporary pro- Russian propaganda messages are about the ‘shared past’ of Ukraine and Russia during the Soviet era, shared nostalgia for the ‘brave past world.’ ‘Soft’ promotion of the Russian information agenda and indicating Russian or Ukrainian pro-Russian media as a familiar source of information is the second huge group of propaganda texts. It is noted that both most popular ‘patterns’ of the propaganda can be considered propaganda only in the context of Russia’s undeclared war against Ukraine.

scholarly journals Political and Economic Situation in Madagascar in the Period of the Forthcoming Presidential Elections in 2018

2018 ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
K. Safronov
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Budget Execution ◽  
Positive Results

In the run-up of the forthcoming presidential election scheduled for the end of 2018 the political situation in the Republic of Madagascar is worsening. The incumbent president Hery Rajaonarimampianina is being accused of possessing levers of influence on judiciary. However, in the author’s opinion, most of the citizens support the president, and the prospects of political development to a significant degree are dependent on the present socioeconomic situation on the island. Risks of mass protests are quite low. The paper acknowledges the effectiveness of economic policy pursued by the executive power. The current financial situation, as a whole, meets expectations, and the positive results of a budget execution are obvious.

scholarly journals Remittances, Spending, and Political Instability in Ukraine

Südosteuropa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iuliia Kuntsevych
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Political Instability ◽  
The Political ◽  
Future Expectations ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Political Views ◽  
Orange Revolution ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Individual Decisions

AbstractThis paper offers an analysis of remitt ances sent by Ukrainian emigrants to their country of origin. It explores how far the expenditure on remitt ances by individual Ukrainians and the total amount of all remitt ances received from abroad has been dependent on the political situation of the Orange Revolution and Presidential Elections in Ukraine in 2004. The author then investigated what effect the political instability in Ukraine had on how households there used such remittances. She used the results of a nationally representative survey of households in Ukraine to compare individual decisions to invest money received from remittances, and how those decisions depended on individual political views and future expectations. Changes in emigrants’ expectations might increase emigrants’ willingness to offer financial support to relatives remaining in Ukraine.

scholarly journals Wojny zastępcze – próba konceptualizacji

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-201
Author(s):  
Filip Bryjka
Keyword(s):  
Research Problem ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
The Political ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
Direct Involvement ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The Third ◽  
Proxy War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Strategic Goals

Proxy wars are a phenomenon widely encountered in the history of armed conflicts. The character and particularity of a proxy war is not determined by direct warfare but by the orchestration of a military conflict serving the political needs of a third state without its direct involvement. This orchestration may assume a variety of forms, and the scale and specifics of each case are determined by the third party’s aims and interests. The category of proxy wars is known in Polish strategic studies, although so far not much attention has been paid to it. This article is an attempt to fill this gap. The main research problem undertaken by the author is to answer the question of what characterises the phenomenon of proxy wars. To answer this question, the author has formulated the following specific problems: 1) what are the definitional frameworks of the phenomenon of proxy wars? 2) what are the strategic goals of waging a war by proxy? 3) what are the forms of the external orchestration of a conflict?

scholarly journals Zmiana systemu politycznego a funkcje społeczne prawa karnego — wybrane zagadnienia

2020 ◽  
Vol 5(160) ◽  
pp. 55-81
Author(s):  
Tomasz Kuczur
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Political System ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Model System ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
The Relationship

The conditions related to the relationship between the political system and the shape of criminal law solutions in the period of a fundamental change of the political system in the model system — in accordance with the concept proposed by the author — are as follows: change of the political system, introduction into the political system of legal acts which validate it in the basic scope, adoption of a provisional constitution, adoption of a basic law (formally changing the state system), adoption of code solutions in the area of substantive criminal law. However, there are certain deviations from this “model”, depending on the direction of system changes. This process is different, for example, in a totalitarian system, and different in a democratic one. Therefore the role of criminal law in this process is different, and the intensity and scope of changes that are made by the provisions of this law are also varied. The answer to the question about the role of criminal law in individual political systems was the main research problem raised by the author.

Пословни амбијент у Босни и Херцеговини – анализа текућег стања и препоруке за унапријеђење // Business Environment in Bosnia and Herzegovina – Analysis of the Current Situation and Recommendations for Improvement

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Миро И. Џакула ◽  
Бојан Ј. Данон
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
The Political ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
High Unemployment Rate

Резиме: Лоше економско–социјалне прилике у Босни и Херцеговини: висока стопа незапослености, стагнација БДП-а, слаба покривеност увоза извозом, необрађено пољопривредно земљиште, недостатак домаћих и страних инвестиција, упућују на потребу да се са стручног аспекта одговори на питање: у каквом је стању пословни амбијент у Босни и Херцеговини, што је суштина проблема истраживања у овом раду. Кориштењем метода анализе, дедукције и индукције, а темељено на публикацији Свјетске банке Doing Bussiness, те другим релевантним изворима података, у овом раду је недвосмислено потврђена главна истраживачка хипотеза: Пословни амбијент у БиХ је у лошем стању и спада међу лошије у региону. Такође смо, користећи се идентичним методама као и код главне хипотезе, потврдили и споредну хипотезу: Политички фактор и политичка нестабилност су главне препреке развоју пословног амбијента у БиХ. У посљедњем дијелу рада дате су опште препоруке за унапријеђене економије и пословног амбијент у БиХ.Summary: Poor economic and social situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina; high unemployment rate, stagnation of GDP, week export/import ratio, uncultivated agricultural land, lack of domestic and foreign investments, all is pointing to importance of professional answering to the questionin what condition is business environment in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is the essence of the research problem in this paper. Using the methods of analysis, deduction and induction, based on World Bank’s publication „Doing Business” and other relevant data sources, this paper has undoubtedly confirmed main research hypothesis: The business environment in BiH is in poor condition and is among the worst in the region. Using the same methods, we have also confirmed supporting hypothesis: The political factor and political instabilityare major obstacles to the development of the business environment in BiH. In the last part of the paper, are given general recommendations for improving the economy and business environment in BiH.

scholarly journals Belarus: Political Situation after the Presidential Elections

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
S. Astakhova
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Constitutional Reform ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

The political crisis in Belarus is connected with the society’s demand for change. The main reason for the mass protests after the presidential elections was the lack of confidence in the electoral system of the republic. The recent history of the republic has not yet known such an intense and long protest marathon. Nevertheless by the beginning of 2021, the protest potential was almost exhausted. In the republic, the preparation of a constitutional reform for the implementation of the transit of power has begun.

scholarly journals EVOLUTION OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL VALUES IN MODERN RUSSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 38-51
Author(s):  
Andrew I. Zhdanov ◽  
◽  
Rashid T. Mukhaev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Values ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The Russian Federation

This article is devoted to the study of the evolution of the system of political values in modern Russia. Within the framework of the study, the results of sociological studies of the political orientations of citizens of the Russian Federation, conducted by the leading world and russian sociological agencies over the past 30 years, are considered. Various aspects of the dynamics of value orientations of the inhabitants of Russia and the peculiarities of the perception by the citizens of Russia of various components of political culture are shown. The author, using sociological methods, analyzes the political culture of the Russian Federation through the prism of the attitude of its inhabitants to various elements of the system of political values: democracy, political participation as such, equality, freedom, propensity to participate in protest actions, etc. The author also examines how much the position of such values as statism, nationalism, right, left and centrist ideological orientations has changed in the political consciousness of russian citizens. The research design is built around a cross-temporal analysis of the dynamics of political values. The main research problem is the dissemination of qualitatively new practices of political behavior for Russia, starting from 2017-2018. The central topic of the study is to identify the connection between the change in the vector of political behavior of citizens of the Russian Federation, which is why many researchers postulate the thesis of the emergence of a qualitatively “new” political reality, and more structural processes of the evolution of political values in modern Russia. Based on the data of opinion polls World Values Survey, European Values Study, the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion, the Federal Agency for Youth Affairs (Rosmolodezh), the author examines the main trends in changes in the political values of russian citizens and determines the trajectories of their further development.

Ein Ende mit Schrecken – Frankreich nach den Wahlen

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (188) ◽  
pp. 495-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Syrovatka
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Political Support ◽  
The Political ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
Crisis Of Representation ◽  
Election Results ◽  
Deep Crisis

The presidential and parliamentary elections were a political earthquake for the French political system. While the two big parties experienced massive losses of political support, the rise of new political formations took place. Emmanuel Macron is not only the youngest president of the V. Republic so far, he is also the first president not to be supported by either one of the two biggest parties. This article argues that the election results are an expression of a deep crisis of representation in France that is rooted in the economic transformations of the 1970s. The article analyses the political situation after the elections and tries to give an outlook on further political developments in France.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn Apropos of Russia’s Future: Specific Outlook Features Depending on Different Historical Context

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 327-334
Author(s):  
Inga V. Zheltikova ◽  
Elena I. Khokhlova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Future ◽  
Pessimistic Attitude ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
Images Of The Future ◽  
The Church

The article considers the dependence of the images of future on the socio-cultural context of their formation. Comparison of the images of the future found in A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s works of various years reveals his generally pessimistic attitude to the future in the situation of social stability and moderate optimism in times of society destabilization. At the same time, the author's images of the future both in the seventies and the nineties of the last century demonstrate the mismatch of social expectations and reality that was generally typical for the images of the future. According to the authors of the present article, Solzhenitsyn’s ideas that the revival of spirituality could serve as the basis for the development of economy, that the influence of the Church on the process of socio-economic development would grow, and that the political situation strongly depends on the personal qualities of the leader, are unjustified. Nevertheless, such ideas are still present in many images of the future of Russia, including contemporary ones.

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