scholarly journals The essential definitions of modular-developmental interaction of teacher and students in the educational process

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (81) ◽  
pp. 53-81
Author(s):  
Oksana Furman ◽  
Andriy Hirniak
Keyword(s):  
Educational System ◽  
Educational Communication ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Psychological Climate ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
Educational Model ◽  
National Education ◽  
Essential Change

Today there is an urgent strategic task of qualitative essential change of the existing educational model of secondary and higher education in the multi-problematic context of highly politicized, declarative and formalized reforming of the national education system during the decades of Ukraine’s independence, which giving priority to information-technical resources, academic and intellectual competence successes of students, does not focus on the processes of multifunctional, primarily widely involved and fully balanced, psychocultural development of individuals, groups, and teams. This methodologically oriented study argues that the modern trends of innovative development of society, ethnocultural prospects of the Ukrainian nation and systemic psychodidactic requirements meets A.V. Furman’s modular-developmental system, which as a complex socially-scientific project is implemented for more than a quarter of a century in the field of domestic education by a team of scientists, managers, researchers and practitioners. It theoretically, projectly, methodically and practically implements a more effective than the existing one technostructure of organization and logic-semantic content of the educational process due to the balanced implementation of ideas of culture and development, the requirements of mentality, spirituality, development, modularity and most importantly – its qualitatively different psychological-pedagogical, program-methodical, educationally-bookish, psycho-artistic and expert-diagnostic support. In the effective dimension, it is substantiated that this author’s educational system guarantees a Quaternary metasystemic effect, namely: a) causes at the level of the institution an innovative-psychological climate appearance of productive cooperation of all organizers, teachers and participants by a number of its interdependent basic parameters (according to O.Ye. Furman’s theory, it is psychological influence and its classes, educational communication and its aspects as types of exchange, polymotivation and spheres of conditions of its development, positive-harmonious Self-concept and its components); b) determines at the level of group (joint-academic) educational interaction the formation of such a psychocultural polydialogical space, which has an essentially new restructuring of the educational process, by the format of coverage the advanced human experience – socio-cultural-psychological and by structural structure – modular and multi-parametric; c) allows at the level of interpersonal contact between the mentor and successor to reflect still closed to the conscious ability of each of them the semantic components of their real, purely interself, modular-developmental interaction (normatively set for each stage of the educational cycle invariants of psychological-pedagogical content, portions of educational-subject content as fragments of the state educational standard, newly created sets of methodical-means content of a separate discipline, etc.); d) all this ultimately actualizes in the psycho-spiritual sphere of a personal world of a pupil, a student the best sensory and mental, social and volitional, existential and action, reflexive and creative potential of diverse development and self-improvement during his passing the holistic modular-development cycle in its central link – gradual implementation of personal educational activity. It is reflexively concluded that the logic-semantic core of the investigated here educational system is the concept of developmental interaction (A.V. Furman, O.Ye. Furman (Humeniuk), A.N. Hirnyak, etc.), which has the perspective with the efforts of the current scientific school representatives to become a full-fledged original theory. For the time being, this methodological research outlines the attributive features of the new educational model in terms of both scientific-design support and psycho-artistic implementation in everyday life the optimal psychosocial influences of participants in innovative learning on each other, as well as psychodidactic conditions for achieving proper efficiency and quality of parity educational activity in the classroom are highlighted. In addition, it is established as a product of pure thinking of named system’s author – an updated intelligence map of 36 categorical concepts of modular-developmental education, which has at least five-segment heuristics. Naturally, the lion’s share of the proposed scientific text is devoted to the logic-essential definition of ten basic categories of this innovative educational model, which in semantic complementarity reflect its fundamental theoretical framework and complex research optics of interdisciplinary (mostly socio-humanitarian) cognition.

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN TERMS OF DISTANCE LEARNING

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-98
Author(s):  
SVITLANA VYSOTCHENKO ◽  
IRYNA MALYNOVSKA
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Authentic Texts ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Motivating Factor

The article reviews the key peculiarities of teaching foreign languages in the conditions of distance learning. It has been established that the basis of modern paradigms of education consists in scientific and theoretical concepts reflecting the main features of reality. These include personality-oriented learning, individualization and differentiation of educational activity, the formation of motivation to learn, self-development of students and etc. The given conceptual ideas of education are successfully implemented in modern information and educational environment. This provides the organization of the educational process due to information and communication technologies both in person and remotely. Modern paradigms of teaching foreign languages reflect the main features of the modern educational system. The article has considered distance learning as one of the actual areas of modernizing education, as well as the peculiarities of teaching foreign languages ​​in terms of distance learning. It has been summarized that the process of introducing distance learning into the educational system in different countries has its own peculiarities. The specificity of the subject “Foreign language” is correlated with the specifics of distance learning, the main peculiarities of which are network (remote) interaction of all participants of the learning process and a relatively bigger scope of individual work conducted in the form of “Just in time”, interactivity, selection and structuring of educational materials (authentic texts), pedagogical technologies, etc. It has been concluded that distance learning is a motivating factor in learning foreign languages. It contributes to the achievement of personal, metadisciplinary, subject learning outcomes and, ultimately, achieving the aim of learning foreign languages, that is forming foreign language communicative competence

scholarly journals Future of the Learning Activities in Teenage School: Content, Methods, and Forms

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-69
Author(s):  
A.B. Vorontsov
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Developmental Education ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Scientific Ideas

V.V. Davydov scientific ideas of developing training. Since the early 1990s their scientific research results have been formed in the educational system and began to be used in general primary school. However, when the widespread use of developmental education in elementary school, further studies on the age possibilities of adolescents and the content of their education have not been completed. Targeted research was organized again under the leadership of B.D. Elkonin only in 2000. Designing of teenage school in the framework of the principles and ideology of this system started at the same time at the Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education and many other educational institutions. The article presents the hypothetical ideas about the content, forms and methods of organization of educational process in the second stage of schooling. Particular attention is paid to the fate of the educational activity in teenage school, as well as methods and forms of organization of other activities in the adolescent school.

scholarly journals Question Left Unanswered (Lessons by Eduard Borisovich Abdullin)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-128
Author(s):  
Mikhail D. Kornoukhov
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
Music Teaching ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Almost All

The article describes the author’s personal perception of his Teacher, one of the best representatives of the Russian musical and pedagogical science, Eduard Borisovich Abdullin, as a person, a musician-teacher, and a scientist. Among the personal and professional qualities of E. B. Abdullin, the author, speaking about the “magic of personality”, notes his passion for his profession, his ability to “infect” others with it, his highest level of morality, his creative degree of “being” in the musical and educational environment, his ability to bring particular problems of the educational process to a fundamentally different level – the level of creativity and scientific analysis. The author considers his meeting with Eduard Borisovich to be his main life lesson and the answer to the question: “What should a musician-teacher be like?” As one of the essential principles of the scientific school by E. B. Abdullin, the author considers the “principle of questioning”. This principle is associated with the questions that everyone asks, first of all, to himself when solving various problems encountered in the educational process. In the School by E. B. Abdullin, multi-level “questions – answers”, “questions – problems”, “questions – reflections” characterize the semantic content of almost all components of the music teaching profession. This paradigm, according to the author, is consistent with the Dialogic way of teaching in antiquity – the guiding questions prepared by the Teacher stimulate the cognitive activity of the student and necessarily lead to the understanding of knowledge due to his personal capabilities. This model maximizes the student’s personality and unique creative and reflexive development. In the section “Evolution of research interests”, the author briefly outlines the problems of his own PhD and doctoral theses, completed under the supervision of E. B. Abdullin, as well as some dissertation materials of his students, who continue the traditions of the scientific School “Methodology of music education pedagogy”.

scholarly journals ВПЛИВ СУБ’ЄКТНИХ І ОБ’ЄКТНИХ ФАКТОРІВ ІНФОРМАТИЗАЦІЇ НА ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ПЕДАГОГІЧНОГО ПРОЕКТУВАННЯ

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Tamara O. Pushkareva
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Dual Problem ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Conceptual Apparatus ◽  
Pedagogical Design ◽  
Educational Product ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Individual Needs

In this article, a preliminary terminological analysis of the conceptual apparatus in the direction of computer-oriented informatization of pedagogical designing of educational activity in the structure of general secondary education has been made. The influence of the subject and object factors of the informatization of the educational process on the efficiency of pedagogical design is investigated. The existence of a dual problem in the educational sphere, related both to the formatting of an effective informational and educational product, and to the technologically acceptable component of well-organized computer-oriented support for students, is established. It is carried out the analysis of priority in the perception of varieties of information by the subjects of the educational system, as well as revealed that in the perception of computer information by subjects of different status or age there are differences that are related to their individual needs, desires, inclinations. The means of informative support of educational process are considered and recommendations on their use are given.

scholarly journals THE PHENOMENON OF CIVIC EDUCATION IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL, SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL CONTEXTS

2019 ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Valentyna Bobrytska
Keyword(s):  
Civic Education ◽  
Democratic Society ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Democratic Citizenship ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Education Standards ◽  
Historical Discourse ◽  
National Education ◽  
National Education System ◽  
Education Levels

The analysis of the philosophical and historical discourse of the emergence of the idea of civic education in a broad geopolitical context made it possible to find that the end of the 20th - the beginning of the 21st century was marked by a growing interest in it in both the countries belonging to the socialist camp and the countries with developed democracy, which resulted in the appearance of a number World Education Initiative for Democratic Citizenship in order to deepen citizens' awareness of their rights and responsibilities in a democratic society. The essence, purpose, objectives and content of civic education in Ukraine at the present stage of the formation of a civil society are clearly defined in the “Concept of the Development of Civic Education in Ukraine” (2018), which emphasizes the importance of forming the civil competencies of a person, aimed at the establishment and protection of statehood and democracy, ability to uphold their rights, be responsible to civic duties, to take responsibility for their own lives, for establishing harmonious relations between members of their family, for the life of a territorial community. The effectiveness of civic education as a factor in the implementation of the foundations of a democratic society in modern Ukraine determines the effectiveness of coverage of all components of education, levels and degrees of education, standards of education, educational institutions and other subjects of educational activity, participants in the educational process, education authorities, and timeliness adoption and introduction of normative legal acts regulating relations by all subjects, engaged in civil education within the national education system.

scholarly journals ELECTRONIC EDUCATIONAL COURSES IN PHYSICS IN THE SYSTEM OF PRE-HIGH PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 82-91
Author(s):  
T. O. Semakova ◽  
A. V. Podozyorova
Keyword(s):  
High Education ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
Computer Environment ◽  
Educational Course ◽  
High Professional Education

The article defines the essence of the concept of “electronic educational course”, defines its characteristics and qualities, reveals the requirements for its creation and application in institutions of professional pre-high education in Ukraine. The essence of the electronic educational course concept as a didactic computer environment containing is systematized material on the relevant discipline, united by a single software shell. The description of such a course is revealed from two positions: as a structured educational material and as a computer program. The functional subsystems of the electronic educational course are characterized. They are information and navigation, informative and diagnostic. The stages of development and implementation of the electronic educational course in educational institutions are disclosed. The functional capabilities of educational resources management systems, where the electronic educational course can be located, are shown. The authors describe the peculiarities of the process of the electronic educational course creating and introducing in institutions of professional pre-high education, which are determined by peculiarities of the educational process, and are shown in the semantic content and methods of using the electronic course. The requirements for the creation of electronic educational course, which provides opportunities for students’ skills development of the self-educational activity, are considered. One of the principles, which is worth using in the development of the electronic educational course intended for the study of educational physics in institutions of professional pre-high education. The structural composition of mentioned the electronic educational course is described and some recommendations for its application in the study of physics are given.

scholarly journals FORMATION OF THE EMOTIONAL ORIENTATION OF FUTURE PRESCHOOL EDUCATION SPECIALISTS BY MEANS OF CREATIVE ACTIVITY

2021 ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
Proseniuk A.I.
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Preschool Education ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
Goal Object ◽  
Communicative Strategy

The article is devoted to the urgent problem of humanization of educational activities. It indicates the interdependence of preschool and higher pedagogical education as important links of the national educational system. The article discusses the theoretical foundations of the education of the educational system, which integrates the efforts of the subjects of the educational process in preschool and higher pedagogical educational institutions. The ways of educational activity that allow to activate and form the emotional orientation of the future specialist in the field of preschool education by means of creative activity are also considered. Modern educational processes are characterized as dynamic and controlled systems in which the teacher is the coordinator of education and the student is a complex object. The student audience is considered as a target audience with their dreams, desires, needs, interests, experiences and values, therefore, one of the important tasks in working with them is the need to consider all possible communication channels, planning an educational and communicative strategy for the emotional involvement of future preschool educational process in a higher school. The article sounded the expediency of connecting the professional training of future educators of preschool children with the corresponding emotional orientation of the educational process and an attempt was made to prove the expediency of forming a positive emotional mood of future educators in their professional development, since the psychological structure is inherent in pedagogical activity: motive, goal, object, means, result. The creative activity of future preschool education specialists is considered as an important component of the educational process in the conditions of higher educational institutions, taking into account the mutual emotional influences of future preschool education specialists. The article also outlines the importance of considering the emotional and motivational aspect of the formation of the personality of future preschool education specialists as such that increases the attraction to pedagogical activity, in particular, creative activity with the presence of a healthy psychological response. Considered pedagogical conditions as important components of the structure of pedagogical activity. The first pedagogical condition for the formation of the emotional orientation of future preschool education specialists by means of creative activity is the development of which provides for involvement in the collective search for a solution to the pedagogical situation. The second pedagogical condition of the indicated process was recognized as the relationship of target pedagogical orientations and versatile and creative work to achieve them. According to the result of a qualitative analysis of the consistency and expediency of professional training of future workers of preschool institution of their emotional orientation.Key words: emotional feedback, professional activity, professional development, creative potential, cognitive and sensory experience, pedagogical conditions. Стаття присвячена актуальній проблемі гуманізації освітньої діяльності. У ній окреслено взаємозу-мовленість дошкільної та вищої педагогічної освіти як важливих ланок вітчизняної освітньої системи. У статті розглядаються теоретичні основи створення виховної системи, що інтегрує зусилля суб’єк-тів освітнього процесу в дошкільних та вищих педагогічних навчальних закладах. Також розгляда-ються шляхи освітньої діяльності, які дозволяють активізувати й формувати емоційну спрямованість майбутнього спеціаліста у царині дошкільної освіти засобами творчої діяльності. Сучасні навчальні та виховні процеси охарактеризовано як динамічні та керовані системи, в яких викладач є координа-тором освіти, а студент є складним об’єктом. Студентська аудиторія розглядається як цільова зі своїми мріями, бажаннями, потребами, інтересами, переживаннями й цінностями, тому одним із важливих завдань у роботі з ними визнано необхідність розглянути всі можливі канали комунікації, планування навчально-комунікативної стратегії емоційного включення майбутніх фахівців дошкільної освіти до освітнього процесу в умовах ВНЗ. У статті озвучено доцільність пов’язувати професійну підготов-ку майбутніх вихователів дітей дошкільного віку з відповідною емоційною спрямованістю освітнього процесу та зроблено спробу довести доцільність формування позитивної емоційної налаштованості майбутніх вихователів у їхньому професійному самовдосконаленні, оскільки педагогічній діяльності притаманна психологічна структура: мотив, мета, предмет, засоби, результат. Розглянуто творчу діяль-ність майбутніх фахівців дошкільної освіти як важливу складову частину освітнього процесу в умовах ВНЗ з урахуванням взаємних емоційних впливів майбутніх фахівців дошкільної освіти. У статті також зазначено важливість розглядати емоційно-мотиваційний аспект формування особистості майбутніх фахівців дошкільної освіти як такий, що употужнює потяг до педагогічної діяльності, зокрема творчої, з наявним здоровим психологічним відгуком.Розглянуто педагогічні умови як важливі складники структури педагогічної діяльності. Першою педа-гогічною умовою формування емоційної спрямованості майбутніх фахівців дошкільної освіти засобами творчої діяльності визнано розробку завдань, виконання яких передбачає включення до колективного пошуку рішення педагогічних ситуацій. Другою педагогічною умовою зазначеного процесу визнано вза-ємозв’язок цільових педагогічних орієнтацій та різносторонню й творчу роботу для їх досягнення.За результатами якісного аналізу дослідження у статті визнано логічність та доцільність професій-ної підготовки майбутніх працівників закладів дошкільної освіти з паралельним формуванням їхньої емоційної спрямованості.Ключові слова: емоційний відгук, професійна діяльність, професійне вдосконалення, творчий потенціал, пізнавальний та чуттєвий досвід, педагогічні умови.

scholarly journals Innovative Model of Socio-Professional Development of a Student’s Personality

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Zeer ◽  
V. S. Tretyakova ◽  
M. V. Zinnatova
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Soft Skills ◽  
Professional Knowledge ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Educational Model ◽  
Professional Perspective ◽  
Innovative Model ◽  
Educational Programmes

Introduction. The expansion of infocommunication and digital technologies, the uncertainty of professional future and accelerated changes in the social and professional future of a modern man and the radical transformation of socio-professional environment require qualitative changes in the Russian education, revision of its methodology, content and technologies of training for the postindustrial economy. Today, “work in the specialty” is increasingly losing its importance, hard professional knowledge and hard skills are not decisive in the professional development and building of a successful career. Flexible, soft skills are becoming increasingly required. Soft skills allow a person to be successful regardless of the specifics of the activity and the direction in which he or she works. However, educational programmes, developed on the basis of Federal State Standards, continue to be currently directed by “mass production” and “conveyor production”, which is contrary to objective requirements of the labour market and students’ requirements.The aim of the present research is the development and theoretical-methodological justification of an innovative educational model of socio-professional development of a student personality. The introduction of this model into the practice of universities and secondary vocational educational institutions will allow the graduates to realise their potential in new realities through the formed transprofessional qualities and extraprofessional competencies.Methodology and research methods. Methodological framework of the research is based on the concept of subject-activity approach, according to which the personality is considered as an active, self-improving, self-actualising and self-determining actor; process and project approaches; as well as the methodology of convergence, which provides a synergistic effect of interaction of socio-humanitarian, natural-scientific and industrial-technical disciplines. The authors used the methods of various types of analysis including SWOT analysis; logical-semantic and structural-functional modelling.Results. The authors actualised the problem of creating an innovative educational content, which expands the range of professional knowledge and skills required of competitive personnel, who are capable and ready to preadapt to the rapidly changing socio-professional conditions. The educational model proposed by the authors is built on a modular principle. The targets, the content of modules, elective disciplines representing this or that module are defined. The content of each module is focused on the final result of educational activity: professional, diagnostic, competence, technological, functional. The mechanism of the model implementation is to build an individual student professional perspective aimed at practical action in order to improve the level of qualification, ability to work, enrichment of professional and personal qualities and behavioural patterns.Scientific novelty of the present research consists in the formation of interdisciplinary scientific knowledge (at the intersection of psychology, pedagogy, philosophy, occupational studies) on the methodology of the modelling, organisation and content of professional education taking into account modern challenges and demands of the digital economy. When training pedagogical personnel, it is necessary to create professional transcendence – an ability to go beyond particular professional activities, to find new meanings in it and beyond it and to solve nonstandard tasks.Practical significance. The presented innovative model of socio-professional development can be focused on the training of specialists at different levels of education, including additional education. The research materials can be useful to developers of educational programmes and training technologies of vocational education, to managers and specialists of educational organisations when making management decisions and organising the educational process.

scholarly journals MAJOR TRENDS OF EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN SCHOOL OF POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
Ilya Levin
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Methodology Development ◽  
New School ◽  
Postindustrial Society ◽  
Science Methodology

The present paper is a theoretical study of the educational system in the coming postindustrial society. The authors propose a conceptual model of that modern educational system. The model represents the approaching new school as a culturological space defined by three planes corresponding to three new phenomena closely related to the modern information technologies. These phenomena affecting the new school are: a) Social Media as a new way of forming social consciousness; b) Personal Identity Online as a new way of forming personality, and c) Data Intensive Science as a new scientific and methodological paradigm. It is shown that each of these phenomena is a result of evolution in three fields: knowledge acquiring, learning process, and science methodology. Development of the educational system/process is considered to benefit from а conflict between two tendencies: socialization and individualization. The paper also discusses digital curation as a novel educational activity which can be born in the new school based on a combined contribution of the above three phenomena. No doubt that education in the social media, within the abundance of various content, and with stimulating the students’ personal identity online - such education should drastically change roles of both the teacher and the students in the new school. Key words: educational system, methodological paradigm, postindustrial society.

THE ROLE OF CHILDREN'S ARTISTIC LITERATUR IN THE ASSIMILATION OF PHILOSOPHICAL CATEGORIES BY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Ponomareva L.I. ◽  
Gan N.Yu. ◽  
Obukhova K.A.
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
Culture And Health ◽  
Nature And Society ◽  
Good And Evil

In the presented study, the authors raise the question of the need to include in the educational process of a preschool institution to familiarize children with some philosophical categories. The educational system in which the child is included, starting from preschool childhood, provides him with the opportunity to gradually and continuously enter the knowledge of the world around him. It is in preschool childhood that the child is exposed to various relationships, values of culture and health, diverse patterns in the field of different knowledge. This contributes to a broader interaction of the preschooler with the world around him, which, in turn, ensures the assimilation not of disparate ideas about objects and phenomena, but their natural integration and interpenetration, which means understanding the integrity of the picture of the world. The authors prove the idea that the assimilation of philosophical categories by children contributes to the understanding of the structure of the surrounding world. The analysis of research is presented, proving that children's fiction in an understandable and accessible language, life examples and vivid images is able to explain to children the laws of the functioning of nature and society, as well as to reveal the world of human relations and feelings. Fiction surrounds the child from the first years of his life. It is she who contributes to the development of thinking and imagination, enriches the sensory world, provides role models and teaches you to find a way out in different situations. Philosophical categories such as "love and friendship", "beautiful and ugly", "good and evil" are represented in children's literature very widely, and the efficiency of mastering philosophical categories depends on the skill of an adult in conveying the content of a work, on correctly placed accents.

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