scholarly journals The Role of the Multiphase Structure of an Action in Classifying Situations by the Degree of Control (Based on English Utterances)

Author(s):  
Marina Safina

The article analyses utterances from modern English to establish the peculiarities of the process how the presence or absence of control is manifested in a situation as a multiphase process consisting of seven stages such as a wish, an intention, a decision, planning, preparation, an attempt, a result (success or failure). The implicative character of language representations allows us to assume that a situation can be rendered into utterance explicitly as a complete process or metonymically, through one of the genesis of action stages (using phase and intention markers, lexems with connotative meaning, etc.), and both cases can prove sufficiency to obtain a full and complete image of the situation. Thus, analyzing if a situation represented by an utterance is controlled or non-controlled, we shall focus on the whole process instead of examining one of its parts. The theoretical part of the article explains the choice of the term «control» from semantically similar terms and demonstrates some basic approaches to understanding the concept of control in linguistics. Moreover, the article analyses how the notion of control is applied to predicates and situations; discusses the notions of the genesis of an action and implication that makes it possible to provide a more specific view on what should be considered as a situation. The practical part of the article shares the results obtaining by the analysis of English utterances taken from literature, media or the Oxford Dictionary example bank confirming the sufficiency of a metonymic representation of a situation; it offers a classification of situations based on the completeness of their representation in the language and on the degree of control (depending on what and how many stages are marked as controlled or non-controlled).

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 249-269
Author(s):  
Михаил [Mikhail] Лабащук [Labashchuk]

The development of anthropocentric theories in modern linguisticsThe article highlights the unique position of anthropocentric theories within modern linguistics. To exemplify tendencies in the forming of idiolec­tic language theories in their functional aspects, I analyse the gnoseological approach in Alexander Kiklevich's linguistics. Modern linguistics differentiates between anthropocentric and anthropological theories of language. The base category of the latter is sociolect as a supraindividual phenomenon. Anthropo­centric linguistic theories are, in their turn, based on the category of idiolect as the ontologically unique category from which stems the existence of both the individual and society. In the functional approach of anthropocentric theories, sociolect itself is seen as a part of idiolect, whereas sociological theories, on the contrary, consider the idiolect a part of sociolect.The two basic approaches, or sets of criteria, traditionally applied to defin­ing the notion of category have been: (1) logical (adopting the perspective of the rational and logical capacities of consciousness) and (2) empirical (representing the perspective of the sensual experience of the individual). Beginning in the late 19th century, a new approach, or criterion, appeared and has been growing in importance. It might be referred to as: (3) the linguistic approach, which focuses on the exceptionality of how the necessarily unified rational-logical,sensual-imaginary and emotional experiences of the individual are categorised. It is namely that third aspect, or criterion, that is actualised in the studies of the individual's cognitive and mental capacities. Such actualisation is fostered by the researchers' awareness of the focusing role of individual language in regulating the cognitive and communicative manifestations of behaviour.Within the structure of the sign, comprising of the signifying and the signified, the signified is itself a complex structure, essentially describable on three logical and prototypical levels:– the hypernimic (generic, abstract-logical) level,– the base (generic-particular, mental-imaginary) level (whose prototypical structure is the centre-periphery), and– the hyponymic (particular, mixed, syncretic) level.Alexander Kiklevich's theory proposes a classification of scientific paradigms; discusses the pragmatics and functionality of language in communication; emphasises the peculiarity of the conceptualising of information on the basic, supra-basic and sub-basic levels of communication; criticises the content of modern conceptology; finally, it develops and elaborates a distinctive approach to the issues of language polysemy and metaphor. Anthropocentric theories of modern linguistics strengthen the long-stipulated leading position of the discipline among the human sciences. Kształtowanie się teorii antropocentrycznych we współczesnym językoznawstwieArtykuł zwraca uwagę na specyfikę teorii antropocentrycznych we współczesnym językoznawstwie. Jako przykład tendencji rządzących kształtowaniem się funkcjonalnych aspektów idiolektycznych teorii języka analizie poddane zostaje podejście gnozeologiczne w językoznawstwie Aleksandra Kiklewicza. Antropocentryczne teorie lingwistyczne przeciwstawiane są w dzisiejszym językoznawstwie antropologicznym teoriom języka. Podstawową kategorią tych ostatnich jest socjolekt jako zjawisko ponadjednostkowe. Podstawową kategorią teorii antropocentrycznych w językoznawstwie jest z kolei idiolekt jako ontologicznie niepowtarzalna kategoria wyjściowa istnienia jednostki i społeczeństwa. W przypadku podejścia funkcjonalnego w ramach teorii antropocentrycznych sama kategoria socjolektu uznana zostaje za część idio­lektu, nie zaś odwrotnie, jak ma to miejsce w teoriach socjologicznych.Termin kategoria określa się tradycyjnie za pomocą dwóch kryteriów czy też podejść: 1) logicznego (z pespektywy racjonalno-logicznych zdolności, jakimi dysponuje świadomość), 2) empirycznego (z perspektywy zmysłowego doświad­czenia jednostkowej osobowości). Poczynając od końca XIX wieku, pojawiło się, a następnie umocniło trzecie podejście – 3) kryterium językowe, które koncentruje się na swoistości kategoryzowania (ujmowanego jako nierozdzielna całość) doświadczenia jednostki: racjonalno-logicznego, sensoryczno­-obrazowego i emocjonalnego. Właśnie ów trzeci aspekt ulega aktualizacji w związku z badaniami kognitywno-myślowych zdolności jednostki. Aktualizacji tej sprzyja wiedza o ogniskującej roli indywidualnego języka w procesie regulacji kognitywnych i komunikacyjnych przejawów zachowania.Znak dzieli się na znaczące i znaczone, jednakże samo znaczone przedstawia sobą złożoną strukturę odnoszącą się do trzech poziomów logicznych i prototypowych:– hiperonimicznym (rodzajowym, abstrakcyjno-logicznym),– podstawowym (gatunkowo-rodzajowym, mentalno-obrazowym, o prototypowej strukturze centrum-peryferia),– hiponimicznym (gatunkowym, mieszanym, synkretycznym).Teoria Aleksandra Kiklewicza proponuje klasyfikację paradygmatów lingwistycznych, opisuje pragmatykę i funkcję języka w komunikacji, akcen­tuje swoistość konceptualizowania informacji na podstawowym, wyższym i niższym poziomie komunikacji, krytykuje treść współczesnej konceptologii, a także rozwija i konkretyzuje problematykę polisemii i metaforyki języka. Teorie antropocentryczne we współczesnym językoznawstwie wzmacniają od dawna postulowaną pozycję lingwistyki jako wiodącej dyscypliny nauk humanistycznych. Становление антропоцентристских теорий в современном языкознанииВ статье отмечается своеобразие антропоцентристских теорий в современном языкознании. Как пример тенденций в становлении функциональных аспектов идиолектных теорий языка анализируется гносеологический подход в языкознании А. Киклевича. Антропоцентристские лингвистические теории в современном языкознании противопоставлены антропологическим теориям языка. Базовой категорией антропологи­ческих теорий в языкознании является социолект как надличностное явление. Напротив, базовой категорией антропоцентристских теорий в языкознании является идиолект как единственная онтологически исходная категория существования личности и общества. При функ­циональном подходе в антропоцентристских теориях сама категория социолекта признается частью идиолекта, а не наоборот, как в социоло­гических теориях идиолект признается частью социолекта.Традиционно термин категория определялся, в основном, двумя кри­териями, или подходами: 1 – логическим (со сторонырационально-логиче­ских способностей сознания); 2 – эмпирическим (со стороны чувственного опыта личности). Начиная с конца ХIХ-го века появился и последовательно укреплялся третий подход, или критерий 3 – языковой критерий, который акцентирует внимание на своеобразии категоризирования (в их единстве) рационально-логического опыта личности,сенсорно-образногоопыта иэмоционального опыта личности. Именно третий аспект, или критерий актуализируется в связи с исследованием когнитивно-мыслительных способностей личности. Этой актуализации способствует понимание фокусирующей роли индивидуального языка в регуляции когнитивных икоммуникативных проявлений поведения.Помимо дифференциации знака на означающее и означаемое, само означаемое знака является сложной структурой, соотносимой прежде всего с тремя логическими и прототипическими уровнями:– гиперонимический (родовой,абстрактно-логический),– базовый (родо-видовой, ментально-образный, с прототипической структурой центр – периферия),– гипонимический (видовой, смешанный, синкретичный).В теории А. Киклевича представлена классификация лингвистических парадигм, прагматика и фукнции языка в коммуникации, акцентируется своеобразие концептуализации информации в базовом, надбазовом и подбазовом уровнях коммуникации, критикуется содержание современной концептологии, а также развивается и уточняется проблематика языковой полисемии и метафорики. Антропоцентристские теории в современной лингвистике укрепляют давно утверждаемую позицию лингвистики как ведущей дисциплины среди гуманитарных наук.


2007 ◽  
pp. 80-92
Author(s):  
A. Kireev

The paper studies the problem of raiders activity on the market for corporate control. This activity is considered as a product of coercive entrepreneurship evolution. Their similarities and sharp distinctions are shown. The article presents the classification of raiders activity, discribes its basic characteristics and tendencies, defines the role of government in the process of its transformation.


Author(s):  
Petar Halachev ◽  
Victoria Radeva ◽  
Albena Nikiforova ◽  
Miglena Veneva

This report is dedicated to the role of the web site as an important tool for presenting business on the Internet. Classification of site types has been made in terms of their application in the business and the types of structures in their construction. The Models of the Life Cycle for designing business websites are analyzed and are outlined their strengths and weaknesses. The stages in the design, construction, commissioning, and maintenance of a business website are distinguished and the activities and requirements of each stage are specified.


Author(s):  
Robert Hasegawa

Musicians have long framed their creative activity within constraints, whether imposed externally or consciously chosen. As noted by Leonard Meyer, any style can be viewed as an ensemble of constraints, requiring the features of the artwork to conform with accepted norms. Such received stylistic constraints may be complemented by additional, voluntary limitations: for example, using only a limited palette of pitches or sounds, setting rules to govern repetition or transformation, controlling the formal layout and proportions of the work, or limiting the variety of operations involved in its creation. This chapter proposes a fourfold classification of the limits most often encountered in music creation into material (absolute and relative), formal, style/genre, and process constraints. The role of constraints as a spur and guide to musical creativity is explored in the domains of composition, improvisation, performance, and even listening, with examples drawn from contemporary composers including György Ligeti, George Aperghis, and James Tenney. Such musical constraints are comparable to self-imposed limitations in other art forms, from film (the Dogme 95 Manifesto) and visual art (Robert Morris’s Blind Time Drawings) to the writings of authors associated with the Oulipo (Ouvroir de littérature potentielle) such as Georges Perec and Raymond Queneau.


Urban Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Till Koglin ◽  
Lucas Glasare

This paper evaluates the history and cycling accessibility of Nova, a shopping centre established in Lund, Sweden, in 2002. The current situation was also analysed through observation and a literature review. Moreover, the study conducted a closer analysis of the history and role of the municipality based on further literature study and interviews with officials. The conclusion of the analysis indicates poor and unsafe bikeways caused by conflicts of interest between politicians, officials, landowners and the general public. It also depicts a situation in which the municipality’s master plan has been ignored, and, in contrast to the local goals, cycling accessibility at Nova has seen no significant improvement since the shopping centre was first established. The reasons for this, arguably, are a relatively low budget for bikeway improvements in the municipality, as well as a situation in which decision-makers have stopped approaching the subject, as a result of the long and often boisterous conflicts it has created in the past. Lastly, it must be noted that it is easy to regard the whole process of Nova, from its establishment to the current situation, as being symptomatic of the power structures between drivers and cyclists that still affect decision-makers at all levels.


Author(s):  
Victor L. Shabanov ◽  
Marianna Ya Vasilchenko ◽  
Elena A. Derunova ◽  
Andrey P. Potapov

The aim of the work is to find relevant indicators for assessing the relationship between investments in fixed assets in agriculture, gross output of the industry, and agricultural exports using tools for modeling the impact of innovation and investment development on increasing production and export potential in the context of the formation of an export-oriented agricultural economy. The modeling methodology and the proposed estimating and forecasting tools for diagnosing and monitoring the state of sectoral and regional innovative agricultural systems are used to analyze the relationship between investments in fixed assets in agriculture, gross output of the industry, and agricultural exports based on the construction of the classification of Russian regions by factors that aggregate these features to diagnose incongruence problems and to improve institutional management in regional innovative export-oriented agrosystems. Based on the results of the factor analysis application, an underestimated role of indicators of investment in agriculture, the intensity and efficiency of agricultural production, were established. Based on the results of the cluster analysis, the established five groups of regions were identified, with significant differences in the level of investment in agriculture, the volume of production of the main types of agricultural products, and the export and exported food. The research results are of practical value for use in improving institutional management when planning reforms and transformations of regional innovative agrosystems.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. e000196
Author(s):  
Yue Wu ◽  
Xiaosi Jin ◽  
Yuhao Zhang ◽  
Jing Zheng ◽  
Rulai Yang

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common of congenital cardiovascular malformations associated with birth defects, and it results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The classification of CHD is still elusive owing to the complex pathogenesis of CHD. Advances in molecular medicine have revealed the genetic basis of some heart anomalies. Genes associated with CHD might be modulated by various epigenetic factors. Thus, the genetic and epigenetic factors are gradually accepted as important triggers in the pathogenesis of CHD. However, few literatures have comprehensively elaborated the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of CHD. This review focuses on the etiology of CHD from genetics and epigenetics to discuss the role of these factors in the development of CHD. The interactions between genetic and epigenetic in the pathogenesis of CHD are also elaborated. Chromosome abnormalities and gene mutations in genetics, and DNA methylations, histone modifications and on-coding RNAs in epigenetics are summarized in detail. We hope the summative knowledge of these etiologies may be useful for improved diagnosis and further elucidation of CHD so that morbidity and mortality of children with CHD can be reduced in the near future.


ESMO Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 100040 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Danesi ◽  
S. Fogli ◽  
S. Indraccolo ◽  
M. Del Re ◽  
A.P. Dei Tos ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ianthe A. E. M. van Belzen ◽  
Alexander Schönhuth ◽  
Patrick Kemmeren ◽  
Jayne Y. Hehir-Kwa

AbstractCancer is generally characterized by acquired genomic aberrations in a broad spectrum of types and sizes, ranging from single nucleotide variants to structural variants (SVs). At least 30% of cancers have a known pathogenic SV used in diagnosis or treatment stratification. However, research into the role of SVs in cancer has been limited due to difficulties in detection. Biological and computational challenges confound SV detection in cancer samples, including intratumor heterogeneity, polyploidy, and distinguishing tumor-specific SVs from germline and somatic variants present in healthy cells. Classification of tumor-specific SVs is challenging due to inconsistencies in detected breakpoints, derived variant types and biological complexity of some rearrangements. Full-spectrum SV detection with high recall and precision requires integration of multiple algorithms and sequencing technologies to rescue variants that are difficult to resolve through individual methods. Here, we explore current strategies for integrating SV callsets and to enable the use of tumor-specific SVs in precision oncology.


2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii159-ii160
Author(s):  
Roberta Rudà ◽  
Riccardo Pascuzzo ◽  
Francesca Mo ◽  
Alessia Pellerino ◽  
Peter B Barker ◽  
...  

Abstract BACKGROUND There is lack of information on the role of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the development of seizures in patients with lower grade gliomas. Increase of glutamate and downregulation of GABA have been suggested in preclinical models and human surgical samples to be associated with brain tumor-related epilepsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS We prospectively investigated with the use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) the differences in the ratio of metabolites (glutamate/GABA, glutamate/creatine and GABA/creatine) in the peritumoral areas between patients with or without seizures in a series of lower grade gliomas. Tumors were classified according to WHO Classification of 2016 as follows:11 grade II IDH mutated and 1p/19q codeleted; 3 grade III IDH mutated and 1p/19q codeleted; 6 grade II IDH mutated and 1p/19q intact; 1 grade III IDH mutated and 1p/19q intact; 1 grade II IDH wild-type. Patients received surgery alone or followed by temozolomide chemotherapy according to the presence of risk factors. RESULTS At baseline evaluation, maximum glutamate/GABA values were significantly higher (p=0.023) in the peritumoral area of patients with seizures (1.008 ± 0.368) with respect to those without seizures (0.691 ± 0.170). No other metabolites ratio showed significant differences between the two groups. Similar results were obtained when analyzing the metabolites ratio in the examinations during the follow-up. In the cohort of patients with seizures (n.14) variations of metabolite ratios were not associated with tumor location, 1p/19q codeletion, use of AEDs, concomitant chemotherapy or seizure characteristics (type, duration, frequency). CONCLUSIONS The study is ongoing with the aim of analyzing further the correlations between ratio of metabolites and status of the tumor (stable vs progressive).


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