Pengaruh Angin Dan Kelembapan Atmosfer Lapisan Atas Terhadap Lapisan Permukaan Di Manado

Penelitian ini mengkaji lebih dalam kondisi angin dan kelembapan udara pada saat musim hujan dan musim kemarau di Manado dengan menggunakan data di lapisan permukaan dan data udara atas dari Stasiun Meteorologi Sam Ratulangi Manado. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan hubungan antara kondisi angin dan kelembapan lapisan atas terhadap lapisan permukaan, sehingga dapat memprakirakan kondisi angin dan kelembapan lapisan permukaan dengan berdasarkan keadaan lapisan atas. Metode yang digunakan adalah mengkomponenkan angin dalam arah utara-selatan dan timur-barat, selanjutnya mencari keterkaitan dengan menggunakan teknik korelasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan pada saat musim hujan angin pada lapisan 1500 m dan angin di lapisan permukaan memiliki arah yang sama dan saling menguatkan untuk komponen timur-barat (zonal) dengan koefisien korelasi r=0,56, sedangkan pada saat musim kemarau angin pada lapisan 1500 m dan angin di lapisan permukaan memiliki arah yang sama dan saling menguatkan untuk komponen utara-selatan (meridional) dengan koefisien korelasi r=0,45. Keterkaitan yang cukup kuat antara angin dengan kelembapan terjadi pada komponen V (meridional) yaitu, pada saat musim hujan, semakin besar kecepatan angin komponen negatif (utara) semakin besar pula kelembapan udara di lapisan permukaan, dengan koefisien korelasi benilai positif r=0.40. Pada saat musim kemarau, semakin besar kecepatan angin komponen positif (selatan) semakin kecil kelembapan udara di lapisan permukaan, dengan koefisien korelasi bernilai negatif r=— 0,48.This study examined the wind and humidity condition in the rainy season and dry season in Manado by using the data in surface layer and upper air data from the Sam Ratulangi Meteorological Station. The primary objective of this study was to find the relationship between wind condition and upper layer humidity to surface layer, using correlation technique, in order to predict wind condition and humidity of the surface layer based on the condition of the upper layer. The results showed that, during the rainy season, the wind at layer 1500 m and surface layer had the same direction and mutually reinforced for the east-west component (zonal) with correlation coefficient r=0.56, whereas during the dry season, wind at layer 1500 m and at surface layer had the same direction and mutually reinforced for the north-south component (meridional) with correlation coefficient r=0.45. A relationship between wind and humidity was found at V component (meridional), which was, at rainy season, the higher the wind speed of negative component (north) the higher the humidity at surface layer with positive correlation coefficient r=0.40. At dry season, the higher the wind speed of positive component (south), the lower the humidity at the surface layer, with negative correlation coefficient r=—0.48.

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Simulation of suspended sediment and black carbon transport in surface water layer of Ha Long bay

Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ Biển ◽

10.15625/1859-3097/19/2/9729 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 233-241

Author(s):

Le Duc Cuong ◽

Nguyen Van Thao

Keyword(s):

Surface Layer ◽

Black Carbon ◽

Suspended Sediment ◽

Suspended Matter ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Water Layer ◽

Dry Season ◽

Particulate Carbon ◽

The North ◽

Long Bay

Delft3D model employed to simulate the distribution and transport of suspended sediment and black carbon in Ha Long bay shows outcomes meeting with results from previous experiment studies. In the rainy season, suspended matter in surface layer is mainly in waters of western and southwestern Cat Ba island regions, and from Cua Luc toward the south nearshore areas with concentration of 50–130 g/m3. The concentration of suspended setdiment in the waters from Cua Luc to the north nearshore area is from 20 g/m3 to 50 g/m3 and that of offshore areas is 2–20 g/m3. In the dry season, the average concentrations of suspended matter are lower, approximately 110–150 g/m3 compared to the rainy season. In the rainy season, the total particulate carbon in surface layer is 0.0016–0.0028 kg/m3 and in the dry season, it ranges from 0.0001–0.005 kg/m3.

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Implementasi Konsep Konservasi Air di Gedung Apartemen X

Jurnal Serambi Engineering ◽

10.32672/jse.v4i2.1481 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Vine Valenia David ◽

Kancitra Pharmawati ◽

Djoni Kusmulyana Usman

Keyword(s):

Water Conservation ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Rainwater Harvesting ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Dry Season ◽

Clean Water ◽

Groundwater Availability ◽

The North ◽

Water Recycle ◽

Runoff Rate

Clean water crisis that occurred in Bandung is caused by land conversion in North Bandung area which is a recharge area into commercial buildings. This increases runoff rate from 40% to 70% that can lead can lead to flooding and reduced groundwater availability. Therefore, it is necessary to save water by implementing water conservation. Considering those problems, this study aims to apply the concept of water conservation in X Apartment building that is located in the North Bandung Region by referring to Mayor Regulation of Bandung in 2016. Water conservation efforts that will be applied are wastewater reuse into water recycle, rainwater harvesting, infiltration well construction and placing water meters. The application of water conservation concept considers two conditions, namely in rainy season and dry season. Total need for clean water can be saved by 45,8% in dry season, while in rainy season clean water can be saved by 31,74%.

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What are the main local drivers determining richness and fishery yields in tropical coastal fish assemblages?

Zoologia (Curitiba) ◽

10.3897/zoologia.35.12898 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Cynthia Diniz Souza ◽

Vandick S. Batista ◽

Nidia Noemi Fabré

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Fish Assemblages ◽

Principal Component ◽

Dry Season ◽

Community Diversity ◽

Tropical Species ◽

Coastal Fish ◽

Wide Range ◽

Diversity Profiles

Seasonal ecological effects caused by temperature and photoperiod are typically considered minimal in the tropics. Nevertheless, annual climate cycles may still influence the distribution and abundance of tropical species. Here, we investigate whether seasonal patterns of precipitation and wind speed influence the structure of coastal fish assemblages and fishing yields in northeast Brazil. Research trips were conducted during the rainy and dry seasons using commercial boats and gear to sample the fish community. Diversity was analyzed using abundance Whittaker curves, diversity profiles and the Shannon index. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to analyze associations between the abundance of species and various environmental variables related to seasonality. A total of 2,373 fish were collected, representing 73 species from 34 families – 20 of which were classified as both frequent and abundant. Species richness was greater and more equitable during the rainy season than the dry season – driven by changes in the precipitation rather than to wind speed. Species diversity profiles were slightly greater during the rainy season than the dry season, but this difference was not statistically significant. Using PCA was identified three groups of species: the first associated with wind speed, the second with precipitation, and the third with a wide range of sampling environments. This latter group was the largest and most ecologically heterogeneous. We conclude that tropical coastal fish assemblages are largely influenced by local variables, and seasonally mediated by annual changes related to precipitation intensity and wind speed, which in turn influences fishery yields.

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Normalizing Air–Sea Flux Coefficients for Horizontal Homogeneity, Stationarity, and Neutral Stratification

Journal of Physical Oceanography ◽

10.1175/2010jpo4407.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 40 (9) ◽

pp. 2148-2158 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. L. Geernaert

Keyword(s):

Surface Layer ◽

Steady State ◽

Wind Speed ◽

North Sea ◽

Spatial Inhomogeneity ◽

Interaction Dataset ◽

The North ◽

The North Sea ◽

Spatially Homogeneous ◽

Neutral Stratification

Abstract Monin–Obukhov similarity (MOS) theory is routinely applied over the ocean to describe surface layer profiles of wind speed, temperature, and gas concentrations. Using this theory, fluxes are in turn estimated based on the best available parameterizations of normalized flux coefficients: for example, neutral flux coefficients. Flux coefficients can vary with environmental conditions. Because it is generally assumed that the domain of interest must be characterized by spatially homogeneous and steady-state conditions, systematic violations of the assumptions may lead to significant uncertainties in flux estimates. In this paper, the author has extended MOS theory to accommodate nonstationarity and spatial inhomogeneity in the representation of the normalized drag coefficient, Stanton number, and Dalton number. The author illustrates the importance of his theoretical extension, based on a reexamination of a historical air–sea interaction dataset obtained from the North Sea.

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Factors Influencing Seasonal and Daily Dynamics of the Genus Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762 (Diptera: Muscidae), in the Adamawa Plateau, Cameroon

International Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1155/2019/3636943 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sevidzem S. Lendzele ◽

Mavoungou J. François ◽

Zinga-Koumba C. Roland ◽

Koumba A. Armel ◽

Gérard Duvallet

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Dry Season ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Trap Catch ◽

Weather Variables ◽

Activity Peak ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Mean Wind Speed ◽

Ideal Tool

The rangelands of the Vina Division on the Adamawa Plateau are densely infested with Stomoxyinae, but little is known about their species composition and ecology. A trap-transect survey was carried out in three villages: Galim, Mbidjoro, and Velambai, using Nzi (n = 3), Vavoua (n = 3), and Biconical (n = 3) traps, all baited with octenol. Three traps of each trap type were set in each of the study villages, and collections were carried out daily. In total, 3,762 Stomoxys spp. were collected from October 2016 to June 2017 and identified using standard keys into five species: Stomoxys niger niger, S. calcitrans, S. niger bilineatus, S. omega, and S. xanthomelas. Galim recorded the highest apparent density of stomoxyines (30 stomoxyines/trap/day) with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The Vavoua trap was an ideal tool for Stomoxyinae collection. Stomoxyines abundantly occurred at the end of the dry season (March 2017) and beginning of the rainy season (May 2017). The monthly rainfall positively influenced monthly ADTs of Stomoxyinae. Their diurnal biting activity was bimodal in the rainy season and unimodal in the dry season. The daily activity peak was between 14 h and 16 h with a mean temperature of 31°C, a mean wind speed of 1.5 m/s, and a mean humidity of 50%. The daily trap catch was positively influenced by temperature and wind speed but negatively influenced by rainfall and air humidity. Weather variables influenced Stomoxys spp. monthly and daily ADTs.

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Seasonal Variation of the Aerosol Light Scattering Coefficient in Marine Air of the Northeast Atlantic

Advances in Meteorology ◽

10.1155/2011/170490 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Aditya Vaishya ◽

S. G. Jennings ◽

Colin O'Dowd

Keyword(s):

Light Scattering ◽

Wind Speed ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Sea Salt ◽

Scattering Coefficient ◽

High Positive Correlation ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Percentage Occurrence ◽

Positive Correlation Coefficient ◽

Marine Air

Aerosol light scattering measurements were carried out using a TSI 3563 Nephelometer at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station, on the west coast of Ireland from year 2001–2010. A strong seasonal trend in the aerosol light scattering coefficient at 550 nm (), for clean marine air masses, is observed with a high value, [average (geometric mean)] of 35.3 Mm−1(29.5 Mm−1), in January and a low value of 13.7 Mm−1(10.2 Mm−1), in July. This near threefold increase in the value during the winter season is because of the large contribution of wind-speed generated sea-salt particles in the marine boundary layer. A high positive correlation coefficient of 0.82 was found between the percentage occurrence of relatively large Ångström exponent (Å) values (>1.2) and the percentage occurrence of lower values (5–15 Mm−1) in the summer season. and wind-speed have a high positive correlation coefficient of 0.88 whereas Å and wind-speed have a negative correlation coefficient of −0.89. Å values during the summer months indicate the dominance of sub-m particles thus indicating the contribution of non-sea-salt sulphate and organics towards the as these species show an enhanced concentration during the summer months.

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KONDISI SUMUR DAN PEMODELAN ARAH ALIRAN AIRTANAH BEBAS PADA BENTUKLAHAN FLUVIOMARIN DI JAKARTA

Jurnal SPATIAL Wahana Komunikasi dan Informasi Geografi ◽

10.21009/spatial.162.01 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Cahyadi Setiawan ◽

Suratman Suratman ◽

Muh Aris Marfa,i

Keyword(s):

Groundwater Flow ◽

Groundwater Level ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Flow Direction ◽

Dry Season ◽

Population Characteristics ◽

Sample Survey ◽

The North ◽

Groundwater Wells ◽

Groundwater Flow Direction

ABSTRACT Growing population have an impact on the strategy of fulfillment the water need and degradation of groundwater quality in Jakarta, especially in fluviomarine landforms in Jakarta. The purpose of this study was to determine the condition of wells and create a model of groundwater flow direction on fluviomarine landforms based on the season. Methods in this research study include three main aspects, namely population, characteristics of the object under study, and analysis. The population in this study using 30 groundwater wells sample representative of the population. Relating to the characteristics of the object under study, this study using a survey method. The survey is a sample survey on wells population who still use unconfined groundwater. About data analysis, then in this study used quantitative and qualitative approaches to the modeling of the groundwater flow direction using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) in ArcGIS. The results showed that the unconfined groundwater wells in the study area consisted of dug wells and pantek wells. It is generally known that groundwater levels in the rainy season are higher than the dry season with a depth of groundwater level in the dry season to be deeper than the rainy season. Most of the groundwater level in organic settlements in the study area is below sea level, whereas in planned settlements is rarely found people who use groundwater. The depth of unconfined groundwater well less than 20 m with a thickness of water on the wells in the rainy season are thicker than the dry season. Groundwater flow direction along the north coast of central and western parts likely to lead to the mainland, while the southern part has a groundwater flow that is likely to lead to the North. Keywords: Fluviomarine Landforms In Jakarta; Unconfined Groundwater; Groundwater Flow Direction

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Pengaruh Suhu Permukaan Laut (SPL) terhadap Curah Hujan di Perairan Bali menggunakan Data Citra Satelit

Journal of Marine Research and Technology ◽

10.24843/jmrt.2021.v04.i02.p01 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Ni Kadek Martini ◽

I Wayan Nuarsa ◽

I Wayan Gede Astawa Karang

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Strong Correlation ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Time Lag ◽

Dry Season ◽

High Variability ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Weather Element ◽

Level 3

Rainfall is a weather element. Sea surface temperatures (SST) affects precipitation. SST and rainfall have a high variability which can be measured by satellite. At a regional scale, a research of the effect of SST on rainfall analyzed island rainfall, which means that there is still little research on rainfall in the waters. This study purposed to find out the variability and correlation between SST and rainfall in the Bali waters. It used satellite MODIS and TRMM for 10 years, started from 2010 to 2019. The data used was SST MODIS and rainfall TRMM level 3 with the geographic coordinates boundaries area 114.4281o East - 115.7145o East, and 7.8168o South 8.9868o South. The method of this study was correlation analyzed with time lag between of SST and rainfall. The variability of SST in the Bali waters were ranged from 25,2 oC to 31,6 oC. Furthermore, the variability of rainfall was ranged from 0 mm to 556,92 mm. The changes patterns of SST and precipitation in Bali water were related to the season in each month. The data showed that the SST was warmer in the rainy season compared to the SST in the dry season. Besides, the rainfall increases when entering the rainy season, and the decreases when entering the dry season. The correlation between SST and rainfall in this waters area ranged from weak to strong. Correlation formed in the rainy season is negative with a correlation coefficient between -0.34 to -0.74. However, in the dry season there was a positive correlation with a correlation coefficient ranging from 0.77 to 0.92.

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What are the main local drivers determining richness and fishery yields in tropical coastal fish assemblages?

Zoologia (Curitiba) ◽

10.3897/zoologia.35.e12898 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cynthia Diniz Souza ◽

Vandick S. Batista ◽

Nidia Noemi Fabré

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Fish Assemblages ◽

Principal Component ◽

Dry Season ◽

Community Diversity ◽

Tropical Species ◽

Coastal Fish ◽

Wide Range ◽

Diversity Profiles

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Potential hydro-meteorological impacts over Burundi from climate change

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9562 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

María del Rocío Rivas López ◽

Stefan Liersch ◽

Fred Fokko Hattermann

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Climate Models ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Dry Season ◽

Future Climate ◽

Internal Displacement ◽

Climate Projections ◽

The South ◽

The North

Burundi is one of the poorest countries in the world with about 65% of the population living below the poverty line and suffering from alarming food insecurity. Its population is highly dependent on rain-fed agriculture, which makes them extremely sensitive to climate variability and extremes for their subsistence. During the last decades, heavy rains, floods, and landslides suffered by Burundi&#8217;s population have led to severe famines, death, conflicts, and internal displacement among other fatalities, indicating the high vulnerability of this region to extreme events. Therefore, it is of vital importance to provide detailed information about the potential impacts of climate change in order to enhance adaptation options and preparedness in a country for which little information about climate projections and hydro-climatic impacts is available.In this work, we investigated the changes in future climate over Burundi projected by a set of 13 regional climate models, for two future periods, under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The projections from CORDEX models have been used as forcing climate for the eco-hydrological Soil and Water Integrated Model (SWIM) in order to assess future changes in mean and extreme river discharge and water availability across Burundi.Our results indicate that unabated climate change will lead to faster and more severe warming over Burundi than the global mean.&#160;Precipitation will increase in the north of Burundi despite a possible prolongation of the dry season, and will decrease in the south, with the exception of the months core of the rainy season that show the highest rise along the year and across the country. The increase in the frequency, magnitude, and intensity of extreme climate events (daily temperature, dry and wet events) will characterize the future climate in this region according to CORDEX models.These changes get translated into increases of discharge in North Burundi across the whole year in all future scenarios and periods (up to 196% in annual streamflow in small catchments and 40% in larger ones), and slight decreases in the south from February to October (up to 7%). The increase of daily and annual extreme river discharges, their probabilities of exceedance, and the decrease in their recurrence intervals implies a higher risk of floods in magnitude and frequency.These findings indicate the critical importance of adaptation of land and water management to changing hydro-climatic conditions in Burundi to improve food security and support its development.

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