scholarly journals Optimization of Sowing Dates and Seeding Rates with Adaptive Control of The Technology of Cultivation of Winter Barley Varieties Mavlono

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Zulayho Yarkulova* ◽  
Abbos Kadirov
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Control ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Moisture Supply ◽  
Sowing Season ◽  
Cereal Plants

One of the determining periods in the life of winter cereal plants is sowing (autumn). Only under the condition of good moisture supply and at optimal air temperature, timely and high-quality seedlings can be obtained, tillering shoots and processes of verbalization and hardening of plants to be formed. Based on the importance of the foregoing, this work presents the results of studies in bright gray-earth soils of the Kashkadarya region of the reaction of winter barley of the Mavlono variety for different periods of sowing and seed sowing rate. It was found that plant survival ranged from 86.0 to 89.9%. No significant differences in wintering of plants between crops of different sowing dates were revealed. Seeding rates did not significantly affect the height of plants, spike length and the number of grains in it, which confirms the high plasticity of winter wheat of the Mavlono variety. Our studies have shown that for winter barley of the Mavlono variety in the conditions of the Kashkadarya region, the sowing season is favorable – from 15 October to 1 November, with an optimum sowing rate of 4 million pcs / ha.

scholarly journals Optimization of Sowing Dates and Seeding Rates with Adaptive Control of The Technology of Cultivation of Winter Barley Varieties Mavlono

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Zulayho Yarkulova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Control ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Moisture Supply ◽  
Sowing Season ◽  
Cereal Plants

One of the determining periods in the life of winter cereal plants is sowing (autumn). Only under the condition of good moisture supply and at optimal air temperature, timely and high-quality seedlings can be obtained, tillering shoots and processes of verbalization and hardening of plants to be formed. Based on the importance of the foregoing, this work presents the results of studies in bright gray-earth soils of the Kashkadarya region of the reaction of winter barley of the Mavlono variety for different periods of sowing and seed sowing rate. It was found that plant survival ranged from 86.0 to 89.9%. No significant differences in wintering of plants between crops of different sowing dates were revealed. Seeding rates did not significantly affect the height of plants, spike length and the number of grains in it, which confirms the high plasticity of winter wheat of the Mavlono variety. Our studies have shown that for winter barley of the Mavlono variety in the conditions of the Kashkadarya region, the sowing season is favorable – from 15 October to 1 November, with an optimum sowing rate of 4 million pcs / ha.

scholarly journals Aroma Profile, Microbial and Chemical Quality of Ensiled Green Forages Mixtures of Winter Cereals and Italian Ryegrass

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 512
Author(s):  
Alemayehu Worku ◽  
Tamás Tóth ◽  
Szilvia Orosz ◽  
Hedvig Fébel ◽  
László Kacsala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Chemical Quality ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Aroma Profile ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Mold And Yeast

The objective of this study was to evaluate the aroma profile, microbial and chemical quality of winter cereals (triticale, oats, barley and wheat) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) plus winter cereal mixture silages detected with an electronic nose. Four commercial mixtures (mixture A (40% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 30% of two cultivars of winter oats + 20% of winter barley + 10% of winter wheat), mixture B (50% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 40% of winter barley + 10% of winter wheat), mixture C (55% of three types of Italian ryegrass + 45% of two cultivars of winter oat), mixture D (40% of three types of Italian ryegrass + 30% of two cultivars of winter oat + 15% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 10% of winter barley + 5% of winter wheat)) were harvested, wilted and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos (n = 80) without additives. Both the principal component analysis (PCA) score plot for aroma profile and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classification revealed that mixture D had different aroma profile than other mixture silages. The difference was caused by the presence of high ethanol and LA in mixture D. Ethyl esters such as ethyl 3-methyl pentanoate, 2-methylpropanal, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and ethyl-3-methylthiopropanoate were found at different retention indices in mixture D silage. The low LA and higher mold and yeast count in mixture C silage caused off odour due to the presence of 3-methylbutanoic acid, a simple alcohol with unpleasant camphor-like odor. At the end of 90 days fermentation winter cereal mixture silages (mixture A and B) had similar aroma pattern, and mixture C was also similar to winter cereal silages. However, mixture D had different aromatic pattern than other ensiled mixtures. Mixture C had higher (p < 0.05) mold and yeast (Log10 CFU (colony forming unit)/g) counts compared to mixture B. Mixture B and C had higher acetic acid (AA) content than mixture A and D. The lactic acid (LA) content was higher for mixture B than mixture C. In general, the electronic nose (EN) results revealed that the Italian ryegrass and winter cereal mixtures (mixture D) had better aroma profile as compared to winter cereal mixtures (mixture A and B). However, the cereal mixtures (mixture A and B) had better aroma quality than mixture C silage. Otherwise, the EN technology is suitable in finding off odor compounds of ensiled forages.

scholarly journals Ambient Air Temperature Assisted Crystallization for Inorganic CsPbI2Br Perovskite Solar Cells

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3398
Author(s):  
Yi Long ◽  
Kun Liu ◽  
Yongli Zhang ◽  
Wenzhe Li
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Dark Phase ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
Air Atmosphere

Inorganic cesium lead halide perovskites, as alternative light absorbers for organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells, have attracted more and more attention due to their superb thermal stability for photovoltaic applications. However, the humid air instability of CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells (PSCs) hinders their further development. The optoelectronic properties of CsPbI2Br films are closely related to the quality of films, so preparing high-quality perovskite films is crucial for fabricating high-performance PSCs. For the first time, we demonstrate that the regulation of ambient temperature of the dry air in the glovebox is able to control the growth of CsPbI2Br crystals and further optimize the morphology of CsPbI2Br film. Through controlling the ambient air temperature assisted crystallization, high-quality CsPbI2Br films are obtained, with advantages such as larger crystalline grains, negligible crystal boundaries, absence of pinholes, lower defect density, and faster carrier mobility. Accordingly, the PSCs based on as-prepared CsPbI2Br film achieve a power conversion efficiency of 15.5% (the maximum stabilized power output of 15.02%). Moreover, the optimized CsPbI2Br films show excellent robustness against moisture and oxygen and maintain the photovoltaic dark phase after 3 h aging in an air atmosphere at room temperature and 35% relative humidity (R.H.). In comparison, the pristine films are completely converted to the yellow phase in 1.5 h.

scholarly journals Storm type effects on super Clausius–Clapeyron scaling of intense rainstorm properties with air temperature

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1753-1766 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Molnar ◽  
S. Fatichi ◽  
L. Gaál ◽  
J. Szolgay ◽  
P. Burlando
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Interval Data ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Convective Storms ◽  
Regional Effects ◽  
Moisture Supply ◽  
Alpine Environments

Abstract. Extreme precipitation is thought to increase with warming at rates similar to or greater than the water vapour holding capacity of the air at ~ 7% °C−1, the so-called Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) rate. We present an empirical study of the variability in the rates of increase in precipitation intensity with air temperature using 30 years of 10 min and 1 h data from 59 stations in Switzerland. The analysis is conducted on storm events rather than fixed interval data, and divided into storm type subsets based on the presence of lightning which is expected to indicate convection. The average rates of increase in extremes (95th percentile) of mean event intensity computed from 10 min data are 6.5% °C−1 (no-lightning events), 8.9% °C−1 (lightning events) and 10.7% °C−1 (all events combined). For peak 10 min intensities during an event the rates are 6.9% °C−1 (no-lightning events), 9.3% °C−1 (lightning events) and 13.0% °C−1 (all events combined). Mixing of the two storm types exaggerates the relations to air temperature. Doubled CC rates reported by other studies are an exception in our data set, even in convective rain. The large spatial variability in scaling rates across Switzerland suggests that both local (orographic) and regional effects limit moisture supply and availability in Alpine environments, especially in mountain valleys. The estimated number of convective events has increased across Switzerland in the last 30 years, with 30% of the stations showing statistically significant changes. The changes in intense convective storms with higher temperatures may be relevant for hydrological risk connected with those events in the future.

scholarly journals Assessing the response of maize phenology under elevated temperature scenarios

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nereu Augusto Streck ◽  
Stefanía Dalmolin da Silva ◽  
Josana Andreia Langner
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Emergence Time ◽  
Genotype X Environment ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Synthetic Time Series ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Subtropical Environment

The objective of this study was to simulate the development of maize in elevated temperature scenarios at Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. The developmental cycle of maize was simulated with the Wang and Engel (WE) model with genotype-dependent coefficients for the cultivar BRS Missões. The developmental cycle was divided into vegetative phase (from emergence to silking), and reproductive phase (from silking to physiological maturity). Twelve sowing dates throughout the year were considered, resulting in emergences on the day 15 of each month all year round. Climate scenarios used were synthetic time series of 100 years of current climate and with increase in mean air temperature of +1, +2, +3, +4, and +5, with symmetric and asymmetric increases in daily minimum and maximum temperatures. As temperature increased, the number of years in which crop was killed by frost decreased, indicating that if global warming will confirm, the growing season for maize grown in subtropical environment will be longer by the end of this century. Maize vegetative and reproductive development was delayed or hastened depending upon the emergence time of the year, and if the increase in air temperature is symmetric or asymmetric, indicating complex Genotype x Environment interactions and high vulnerability of maize development to climate change.

Effect of sowing date and seed rate on the grain yield and protein content of winter barley

1992 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Conry ◽  
A. Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Lower Protein

SUMMARYAn experiment, carried out over a 5-year period (1984–88) on medium–heavy textured soil at Athy (Ireland), tested the effect of five sowing dates (early September–early December) and four seed rates (c. 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg/ha) on the grain yield and protein content of winter barley (cv. Panda).September-sown plots gave the greatest yields in all years. Plots sown in mid-October and later gave significantly reduced yields. Yield reductions over the 5-year period averaged 15, 24 and 34% for the mid-October, November and December sowing dates, respectively. Significant differences in yield between the smaller and larger seed rates were obtained, with the latter giving the greatest yields at all sowing dates from late September to December. Increasing the seed rate, however, did not compensate for the yield reduction due to delayed sowing. In the early September-sown plots, the higher seed rates gave reduced yields in four of the five years (1984–87) with the opposite result in 1988. In 1988 the early September-sown plots gave greater yields than the late September-sown plots.Regression analysis showed a strong relationship between yield and log(ears/m2) in four of the five years (1984–87) but the relationship was poor in 1988 primarily due to the inexplicably low ear population of the early-sown plots. The inclusion of 1000-grain weight in the model gave a better fit and accounted for a high proportion (62–80%) of the yield variation.The late September sowing date and the higher seed rates gave slightly lower protein levels in four of the five years. There was an inverse relationship between grain yield and protein for the same four years (1984–87).

Solar and Thermal Radiation Errors on Upper-Air Radiosonde Temperature Measurements

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 2382-2393 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Philipona ◽  
A. Kräuchi ◽  
G. Romanens ◽  
G. Levrat ◽  
P. Ruppert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Thermal Radiation ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Radiative Heating ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
High Quality

Abstract Atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles are important for weather prediction, but climate change has increased the interest in upper-air observations asking for very high-quality reference measurements. This paper discusses an experimental approach to determine the radiation-induced error on radiosonde air temperature measurements. On the one hand, solar shortwave and thermal longwave radiation profiles were accurately measured during radiosonde ascents from the surface to 35-km altitude. On the other hand, air temperature was measured with several thermocouples on the same flight, simultaneously under sun-shaded and unshaded conditions. The radiation experiments reveal that thermal radiation errors on the very thin thermocouple of the Meteolabor SRS-C34 radiosonde are similar during night- and daytime. They produce a radiative cooling in the lower troposphere and the upper stratosphere, but a radiative heating in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Air temperature experiments with several thermocouples, however, show that solar radiation produces a radiative heating of about +0.2°C near the surface, which linearly increases to about +1°C at 32 km (~10 hPa). The new solar radiation error profile was then applied to SRS-C34 measurements made during the Eighth WMO Intercomparison of High Quality Radiosonde Systems, held in Yangjiang, China, in July 2010. The effects of thermal and solar radiation errors are finally shown in contrast to the 10 other internationally used radiosonde systems, which were flown during this international campaign.

scholarly journals СОЗДАНИЕ И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ГЕЛИОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ УСТАНОВКИ С ПОЛИКАРБОНАТНЫМ ПОКРЫТИЕМ

World Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ketevan Archvadze ◽  
Ilia Chachava ◽  
Russudan Tsiskarishvili ◽  
Nanuli Khotenashvili ◽  
Zurab Tabukashvili
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Fan Effect ◽  
Windy Weather ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
Convective Movement

The proposed solar dryer (S / D) has a polycarbonate coating, which is actually a combined dryer. By drying an agricultural products in the proposed apparatus, it is possible to get ecologically pure and high quality food. The "greenhouse effect" in S / D ensures the temperature under the glass is 15-25°C, higher than the ambient temperature. In windy weather, the product to be dried cannot be left in the open air due to strong winds, in this device drying in windy weather occurs no less intensively than in hot weather, although the air temperature in S / D is not high. During wind it is recommended to locate the S / D with the inlet towards the wind. The high drying speed occurs due to the increased convective movement. The wind creates a fan effect both at the inlet S / D and at the outlet - at the end of the pipe. In the proposed installation, it is possible to dry various agricultural products, both in direct sunlight and without them.

scholarly journals Northern Field Production of Leaf and Romaine Lettuce using a High Tunnel

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi B. Rader ◽  
Meriam G. Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
High Quality ◽  
High Tunnel ◽  
Head Weight ◽  
Field Production

A high tunnel environment was evaluated for production of leaf (`Two Star') and romaine (`Parris Island Cos') lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in a northern location (lat. 64°49'N). Ten plantings were made 1 week apart from May to August. Averaged over the season, the air temperature was 1.5 °C and the soil 0.8 °C higher in the high tunnel than the field. `Two Star' planted on 3 Aug. and harvested on 16 Sept. produced higher yield (P < 0.001) in the tunnel. Head weight was 195 ± 12 g in the tunnel and 99 ± 8 g in the field. For the 13 July-planted `Two Star' lettuce, the field produced significantly (P < 0.001) more at 202 ± 21 g/head than the 135 ± 29 g/head in the tunnel. The three consecutive field plantings of 1, 8, and 15 June resulted in higher `Parris Island Cos' yields than corresponding plantings in the high tunnel. Head weights for harvests on 11, 18, and 25 July were 457 ± 60, 476 ± 65, and 478 ± 25 g under field conditions and 354 ± 46, 331 ± 52, and 312 ± 14 g in the high tunnel. `Two Star' was observed less prone to bolting than `Parris Island Cos'. Although a high tunnel did not generally support increased productivity in this study, the added protection resulted in high quality lettuce with limited necessary preparation and marketing loss in comparison to the field-grown lettuce.

A mobile sensor-based Approach for Analyzing and Mitigating Urban Heat Hazards

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanzhe Yin ◽  
Andrew Grundstein ◽  
Deepak Mishra ◽  
Navid Hashemi ◽  
Lakshmish Lakshmish
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Mobile Sensors ◽  
Mobile Sensor ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Heat Hazard

&lt;p&gt;High-quality temperature data at a finer spatial-temporal scale is critical for analyzing the risk of heat hazards in urban environments. The variability of urban landscapes makes cities a challenging landscape for quantifying heat exposure. Most of the existing heat hazard studies have inherent limitations on two fronts: the spatial-temporal granularities are too coarse and the ability to track the actual ambient air temperature instead of land surface temperature. Overcoming these limitations requires radically different research approaches, both the paradigms for collecting the temperature data and developing models for high-resolution heat mapping. We present a comprehensive approach for studying urban heat hazards by harnessing a high-quality hyperlocal temperature dataset from a network of mobile sensors and using it to refine the satellite-based temperature products. We mounted vehicle-borne mobile sensors on thirty city buses to collect high-frequency (5 sec) temperature data from June 2018 to Nov 2019. The vehicle-borne data clearly show significant temperature differences across the city, with the largest differences of up to 10&amp;#8451; and morning-afternoon diurnal changes at a magnitude around 20&amp;#8451;. Then we developed a machine learning approach to derive a hyperlocal ambient air temperature (AAT) product by combining the mobile-sensor temperature data, satellite LST data, and other influential biophysical parameters to map the variability of heat hazard over areas not covered by the buses. The machine learning model output highlighted the high spatio-temporal granularity in AAT within an urban heat island. The seasonal AAT maps derived from the model show a well-defined hyperlocal variability of heat hazards which are not evident from other research approaches. The findings from this study will be beneficial for understanding the heat exposure vulnerabilities for individual communities. It may also create a pathway for policymakers to devise targeted hazard mitigation efforts such as increasing green space and developing better heat-safety policies for workers.&lt;/p&gt;

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