scholarly journals Taxonomy Proposal for Research on Reversible Logic

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 2608-2613
Keyword(s):  
Reversible Logic ◽  
Similarity Function ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Child Node ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Similar Nature ◽  
Enormous Amount ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Author Keywords ◽  
Parent Node

Reversible Logic has become a topic of interest among global researchers for its heat arresting attribute, the very reason for which CMOS devices are witnessing performance thresholds. Within a decade of substantial growth, reversible logic is quoted as one of the valued emerging technologies. The growth of research in this domain has exhibited enormous volumes of research publications. Searching the perfect published article of interest among the plethora of publications demand an enormous amount of literature study and hence is highly time-consuming. After accessing a substantial amount of articles, only a very few tend to address our needs. Hence, we propose a taxonomy for research on reversible logic in this paper which concentrates articles of relevant/similar nature into nodes so that researchers can get a first-hand reference for their choice of interest. Knowledge of pre-requisites for gaining insights into a particular domain also mandates a thorough amount of literature survey. Our taxonomy takes care of those issues by concentrating the nodes into a tree-like structure thereby providing the pre-requisite (parent node) for the node of interest (child node). For generating the taxonomy, we have used the Cosine Similarity function for measuring the distance between two author keywords. The taxonomy proposal in this paper will serve upcoming researchers in getting references for their choice of the domain rather than a comprehensive survey of the higher magnitude of published data. Researchers pursuing research in a certain domain too will benefit from the taxonomy.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF ANESTHESIA AND OF SEDATIVES ON THE SERUM THERAPY OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTULISM

1924 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques J. Bronfenbrenner ◽  
Harry Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Oxygen Mixture ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Rapid Progress ◽  
Similar Nature ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Oxygen ◽  
Usual Rate ◽  
Serum Therapy ◽  
Experimental Botulism

When guinea pigs are fed large amounts of botulinus toxin, they develop symptoms of intoxication within 6 hours and die usually within 12 hours after the feeding of toxin. If very large amounts of toxin are introduced intraperitoneally, the animals may show symptoms of intoxication at the end of the 1st hour and die usually within 2 hours following the administration of toxin. If these animals are placed under anesthesia following the administration of toxin, the intoxication proceeds much more slowly. Anesthesia, by ether, is effective in this manner whether the toxin is given per os or intraperitoneally. The life of guinea pigs kept under ether after the administration of lethal amounts of toxin is prolonged by a period approximately equal to that during which the administration of the anesthetic is continued. When anesthesia is discontinued, the intoxication proceeds at its usual rate. It appears, therefore, that administration of ether delays the rate of intoxication but does not alter the toxin or the nature of the mechanism of intoxication. Anesthesia thus delays the progress of intoxication not only when administered immediately after the intake of toxin, but when administered much later after the intoxication has already progressed far enough to cause definite objective symptoms of poisoning. At this late stage of intoxication, the unsupported serum therapy of botulism in guinea pigs usually remains without effect. If, however, the animals are anesthetized at this time and kept under the influence of ether for some time, antitoxin therapy becomes effective. Indeed the antitoxin treatment can be delayed further for several hours, provided the animal is kept under anesthesia during the interval. Results of a similar nature were obtained with luminal sodium, nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture, and morphine used in place of ether. In view of the fact that the published data indicate that botulinus antitoxin has thus far failed to give beneficial results in the treatment of botulism in human beings because, as it would seem, of the rapid progress of intoxication, any method of delaying the progress of intoxication to supplement the antitoxin therapy deserves consideration.

Design and Development of Network Reliability based Secure Multicast Routing Protocol for MANET

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 6563-6569
Author(s):  
SUMA N ◽  
GOPINATH S
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Multicast Routing ◽  
Network Reliability ◽  
Multicast Tree ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Child Node ◽  
Multicast Routing Protocol ◽  
Parent Node

In Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET), link quality and stability of links as well as nodes play a major role. In ad hoc network, links are often changing which could affect the node mobility and integrity of data packets. In this research work, Network Reliability based Secure Multicast Routing Protocol (NRSMRP) is proposed to achieve network reliability by means of creation of reliable multicast tree. This multicast tree is constructed based on link quality and reliability trust metric. In first phase, node categorization and reliability metric calculation are implemented with the help of link quality. In second phase, reliable multicast tree is formed based on parent node and child node. Parent node must have god capacity and signal strength to communicate with child node. In last phase, authentication based multicast routes are established based on the calculation of direct reputation of mobile nodes. From the results, proposed protocol achieves better performance than existing schemes.

Self-Healing Research of ZigBee Network Based on Coordinator Node Isolated

2013 ◽  
Vol 347-350 ◽  
pp. 2089-2094
Author(s):  
Ming Jiang Huang ◽  
Tao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Mesh Network ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Single Chip ◽  
Child Node ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Parent Node ◽  
The Coordinator

A single-chip solution is proposed to realize the node design based on 2.4 GHz ZigBee wireless sensor network. Mesh network topology is achieved by the use of ZigBee Pro protocol stack on the hardware platform. When the packets are successfully sent to the coordinator node, a relevant event will be generated by the local node. Hence, the parent node lost event can be obtained by comparing the number of the packets sent by the child node and the number of the packets sent successfully shown by the respond event. A wireless sensor network is designed to work independently from the coordinator node and can be re-connected according to the needed set to resume the network. When the coordinator node is taken away from the site or power down by happenstance and power up again after a long time, the parent lost event in the child nodes can make it rejoin the new coordinator node again when needed. The network self-healing function can be achieved by this mechanism that makes the network more stable.

scholarly journals Gravel size matters: Early Middle Palaeolithic artefacts made from local Rhine and Meuse deposits in the central Netherlands

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.F.A.M. van den Biggelaar ◽  
R.T. van Balen ◽  
S.J. Kluiving ◽  
A. Verpoorte ◽  
G.M. Alink
Keyword(s):  
Rock Material ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Middle Palaeolithic ◽  
Fluvial System ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Polar Desert ◽  
Incised Valley ◽  
The North ◽  
Gravel Size ◽  
Bearing Layer

AbstractThe artefact size of the Early Middle Palaeolithic (EMP) assemblages in ice-pushed Rhine–Meuse deposits in the central Netherlands decreases northwestward. This trend correlates to the downstream fining direction of the Rhine–Meuse fluvial system, the source of the rock material, showing that locally available material was used. Furthermore, also in line with the fluvial trend, the gravel and cobble trends indicate that EMP artefacts could be present in the buried part of the ice-pushed ridges in the northern part of the central Netherlands (southwest Flevoland). Based on the gravel and cobble data, combined with the literature study, we argue that the artefacts date to marine isotope stages (MIS) 7–6. The review of published data shows that during the time of deposition of the artefact-bearing layer (early MIS 6), the Rhine–Meuse study area was part of a braidplain located in a slightly incised valley. To the north a polar desert was present.

One Core Task of Interpretability in Machine Learning — Expansion of Structural Equation Modeling

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (01) ◽  
pp. 2051001
Author(s):  
Nina Fei ◽  
Youlong Yang ◽  
Xuying Bai
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Linear Measurement ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Child Node ◽  
Causal Order ◽  
Parent Node

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a system of two kinds of equations: a linear latent structural model (SM) and a linear measurement model (MM). The latent structure model is a causal model from the latent parent node to the latent child node. Meanwhile, MM’s link is from latent variable parent node to observed variable child node. However, researchers should determine the initial causal order between variables based on experience when applying SEM. The main reason is that SEM does not fully construct causal models between observed variables (OVs) from big data. When the artificial causal order is contrary to the fact, the causal inference from SEM is doubtful, and the implicit causal information between the OVs cannot be extracted and utilized. This study first objectively identifies the causal order of variables using the DirectLiNGAM method widely accepted in recent years. Then traditional SEM is converted to expanded SEM (ESEM) consisting of SM, MM and observation model (OM). Finally, through model testing and debugging, ESEM with good fit with data is obtained.

scholarly journals Sinkhole Attack Detection and Avoidance Mechanism for RPL in Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 94-101
Author(s):  
Ansar Jamil ◽  
Mohammed Qassim Ali ◽  
Muhammed E. Abd Alkhalec
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Attack Detection ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Security Mechanism ◽  
Child Node ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Parent Node

The security issue is one of the main problems in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoTs). RPL (Routing protocol for low power and lossy networks) is a standard routing protocol for WSN, is not to be missed from being attacks. The performance of RPL is reduced significantly after being attacked. Sinkhole attack is one of the most common attacks to WSN and RPL, threatening the network capability by discarding packets and disrupting routing paths. Therefore, this paper proposes a new Secured-RPL routing protocol to detect and avoid sinkhole attacks in the network, which is called Cross Layers Secured RPL (CLS-RPL). This routing protocol is enhanced of the existing RPL routing protocol. CLS-RPL is a cross-layer routing protocol that uses information from the data link layer in its security mechanism. CLS-RPL uses a new technique and concept in detecting a sinkhole attack that is based on eave-listening (overhearing) that allows a child node to eave-listening its parent transmission. If the child node does not hear any transmission from its parent node after sending several packets, this means its parent node is a sinkhole attacker. Otherwise, if the node hears transmission from its parent node, this means that its parent node is legitimate and continues to send more packets. CLS-RPL implements a simple security mechanism that provides a high packet delivery ratio. The finding shows that CLS-RPL provides 52% improvement in terms of packet delivery ratio when compared to RPL protocol.

Taxonomy on Ambient Computing

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diganta Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Similarity Function ◽  
Cloud Infrastructure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Intelligent Home ◽  
Author Keywords ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Ambient Computing

The rise of Internet-of-Things, Cloud infrastructure, and intelligent home solutions has resulted in the growth of Ambient Computing over the past decade. This article is an attempt to cluster the multi-dimensional research in ambient computing into relevant nodes. The author proposes a taxonomy in ambient computing, creating a logical arrangement of such nodes. An algorithm based on the cosine similarity function for calculating the distance between two ‘author keywords' has been used to spawn the inter-nodal relationships. The vocabulary for the research has been generated from IEEE Xplore taking into consideration the relevant journal publications. The taxonomy will guide researchers to the relevant published literature about a certain area of interest instead of exhaustive search into a plethora of published research in ambient computing. The taxonomy exhibits exponential growth of research in ambient computing over the last three years.

Live Confocal Analysis of Fertilization and Early Development

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1012-1013
Author(s):  
Uyen Tram ◽  
William Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Fluorescent Probes ◽  
Primary Defect ◽  
Fluorescent Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Event ◽  
Enormous Amount ◽  
Fluorescent Studies

Embryonic development is a dynamic event and is best studied in live animals in real time. Much of our knowledge of the early events of embryogenesis, however, comes from immunofluourescent analysis of fixed embryos. While these studies provide an enormous amount of information about the organization of different structures during development, they can give only a static glimpse of a very dynamic event. More recently real-time fluorescent studies of living embryos have become much more routine and have given new insights to how different structures and organelles (chromosomes, centrosomes, cytoskeleton, etc.) are coordinately regulated. This is in large part due to the development of commercially available fluorescent probes, GFP technology, and newly developed sensitive fluorescent microscopes. For example, live confocal fluorescent analysis proved essential in determining the primary defect in mutations that disrupt early nuclear divisions in Drosophila melanogaster. For organisms in which GPF transgenics is not available, fluorescent probes that label DNA, microtubules, and actin are available for microinjection.

Influence of nascent polypeptide positive charges on translation dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 477 (15) ◽  
pp. 2921-2934
Author(s):  
Rodrigo D. Requião ◽  
Géssica C. Barros ◽  
Tatiana Domitrovic ◽  
Fernando L. Palhano
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Decay ◽  
Translation Termination ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Translation Efficiency ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Translation Arrest ◽  
Exit Tunnel ◽  
Positively Charged

Protein segments with a high concentration of positively charged amino acid residues are often used in reporter constructs designed to activate ribosomal mRNA/protein decay pathways, such as those involving nonstop mRNA decay (NSD), no-go mRNA decay (NGD) and the ribosome quality control (RQC) complex. It has been proposed that the electrostatic interaction of the positively charged nascent peptide with the negatively charged ribosomal exit tunnel leads to translation arrest. When stalled long enough, the translation process is terminated with the degradation of the transcript and an incomplete protein. Although early experiments made a strong argument for this mechanism, other features associated with positively charged reporters, such as codon bias and mRNA and protein structure, have emerged as potent inducers of ribosome stalling. We carefully reviewed the published data on the protein and mRNA expression of artificial constructs with diverse compositions as assessed in different organisms. We concluded that, although polybasic sequences generally lead to lower translation efficiency, it appears that an aggravating factor, such as a nonoptimal codon composition, is necessary to cause translation termination events.

Metallic prions

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R Brown
Keyword(s):  
Prion Protein ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Copper Binding ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathies ◽  
The Brain

Prion diseases, also referred to as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, are characterized by the deposition of an abnormal isoform of the prion protein in the brain. However, this aggregated, fibrillar, amyloid protein, termed PrPSc, is an altered conformer of a normal brain glycoprotein, PrPc. Understanding the nature of the normal cellular isoform of the prion protein is considered essential to understanding the conversion process that generates PrPSc. To this end much work has focused on elucidation of the normal function and activity of PrPc. Substantial evidence supports the notion that PrPc is a copper-binding protein. In conversion to the abnormal isoform, this Cu-binding activity is lost. Instead, there are some suggestions that the protein might bind other metals such as Mn or Zn. PrPc functions currently under investigation include the possibility that the protein is involved in signal transduction, cell adhesion, Cu transport and resistance to oxidative stress. Of these possibilities, only a role in Cu transport and its action as an antioxidant take into consideration PrPc's Cu-binding capacity. There are also more published data supporting these two functions. There is strong evidence that during the course of prion disease, there is a loss of function of the prion protein. This manifests as a change in metal balance in the brain and other organs and substantial oxidative damage throughout the brain. Thus prions and metals have become tightly linked in the quest to understand the nature of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.

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