scholarly journals Impact of Vehicular Emissions on Environment in and Around Chennai City-Assessment and Control Measures

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12S) ◽  
pp. 1034-1038
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Contamination Control ◽  
Air Contamination ◽  
Pm 2.5 ◽  
Balance Development ◽  
Indian Setting ◽  
And Control ◽  
Chennai City

Abstract: Air quality emergency in urban areas is for the most part because of vehicular emanations. Transportation frameworks are expanding all over the place and the enhancements in innovation are deficient to balance development. Expanding urbanization, Industrialization and mechanization in India is answerable for more elevated levels of contamination. Engine vehicle discharges as of now include a significant wellspring of air contamination in Indian urban areas. They are evaluated to be liable for 60 to 70 % of the air contamination in the greater part of the urban communities. Engine vehicle emanations influences the wellbeing of all pay gatherings yet it's effect on the poor is essentially high because of their working and living in open places.In a large portion of the Indian urban areas, the contamination loads are far above satisfactory levels and Delhi has gained the questionable qualification of being the second most dirtied city on the planet and Chennai city is gradually approaching the second position alongside Delhi, in Indian setting, according to the report. Henceforth a reality discovering overview was led to survey the contamination worry in different areas of the Chennai city covering Residential, Industrial and Commercial territory. A portion of the key pollutants(PM 2.5 and PM10) are in abundance of allowed levels and the issues have arrived at undermining dimensions.To decrease the vehicular emanations, it is important to structure and actualize idiot proof procedures and to execute contamination control gauges adequately to control discharges

Indices of Land Degradation and Control Measures in Selected Urban Communities of Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-66
Author(s):  
O. A. Lawal-Adebowle ◽  
A. K. Aromolaran
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
And Control ◽  
Observational Techniques

The study assessed the causal factors of land degradation in urban areas of Abeokuta and the employed control measures by residents of the communities. A qualitative approach, which encompasses observational techniques – participant/field observation, interactive discussion and photographic capturing, was used for collection of data on land degradation in the study area. Analysis of collected data showed land gradients, rainfall and run-offs, erosion, entrenched foot paths, sand scraping/mining, poor/absence of drainage system and land covers as causal factors of land degradation in the study area. The study though observed that control measures such as filling of drenches with sand bags, wood logs, bricks and stones were employed by residents in the study area, construction of good drainage system was presumed to be the most appropriate and sustainable control measure of water erosion in the study area.

scholarly journals Technical, Regulatory and Economic Measures to Abate Vehicular Emissions in Urban Areas in Indian Context

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12S) ◽  
pp. 1096-1100
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Air Contamination ◽  
Particulate Pollution ◽  
Natural Emissions ◽  
Indian Setting ◽  
Total Discharge ◽  
Sound Condition

Air quality emergency in urban communities is mostly because of vehicular emanations. Transportation frameworks are expanding all over the place and the enhancements in innovation are deficient to neutralize development. Transport sections contribute a large offer to natural emissions (around 70 percent). One of these CO pollutants is the considerable emission from the part of the vehicle that contributes 90 percent of the total discharge. Next to CO are hydrocarbons. It is certainly surprising to see that the transport segment's contribution to particulate pollution is as small as 3.5 percent; most of the SPM is created as a result of residual re-suspension from which PM10 is the most visible air poison. NOx is another significant indicator of air quality. Each of these circumstances shows that air contamination is becoming a major issue in the Indian setting and that there is a fundamental need to develop sound condition and increase the level of research around the world. This investigation is a survey of an evaluation model of produced poisons and powerful techniques to reduce air contamination due to street transportation.

scholarly journals Autochthonous chikungunya and dengue fever outbreak in Mainland France, 2010-2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
F Franke ◽  
S Giron ◽  
A Cochet ◽  
C Jeannin ◽  
I Leparc-Goffart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Entomological Surveillance ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Investigation Methods ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Control ◽  
Autochthonous Transmission

Abstract Background Aedes albopictus, vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses, is implanted in mainland France, exposing to the risk of autochthonous transmission. Since 2006, epidemiological and entomological surveillance activities aim to prevent or limit the occurrence of autochthonous cases. We aimed to describe episodes of transmission and control measures implemented in order to reflect on surveillance activities. Methods We reviewed all publications and documents produced on autochthonous transmission episodes in France and surveillance protocols. We reviewed surveillance activities, investigation methods and control measures implemented. Results Between 2010 and 2018, eight episodes of autochthonous dengue fever transmission and three of chikungunya were recorded in mainland France. All of them occurred in the South east of France, between July and October, when vector density was the highest. Transmission areas were limited to single domestic houses located in discontinuous urban areas. Only two episodes happened in two distinct areas. Chikungunya episodes led to 31 cases and dengue fever episodes to 23 cases. Most cases were identified by door-to-door investigations set-up in transmission areas. We isolated serotypes 1 and 2 for dengue and East Central South Africa lineage for chikungunya in autochthonous cases. Adulticide vector control measures were effective in controlling transmission. Seven episodes of transmission were due to failure in identifying primary imported cases. Four episodes occurred because of the absence or the lack of vector controls measures around primary imported cases. Conclusions Surveillance activities, and autochthonous cases investigations, were effective in limiting the extent of transmission, but were highly demanding for surveillance actors. Identified causes of transmission highlight the need of regular awareness campaigns targeting physicians and biologists. Key messages Effectiveness of the surveillance system of dengue, chikungunya and zika viruses, and autochthonous cases investigations. Needs of awareness and training courses targeting health professionals to the risk represented by these viruses.

scholarly journals Policy disparities in response to COVID-19 between Singapore and China

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohan Wang ◽  
Leiyu Shi ◽  
Yuyao Zhang ◽  
Haiqian Chen ◽  
Gang Sun
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Control

Abstract Objective The study analyzed the common points and discrepancies of COVID-19 control measures of the two countries in order to provide appropriate coping experiences for countries all over the world. Method This study examined the associations between the epidemic prevention and control policies adopted in the first 70 days after the outbreak and the number of confirmed cases in China and Singapore using the generalized linear model. Policy comparisons and disparities between the two countries were also discussed. Results The regression models show that factors influencing the cumulative number of confirmed cases in China: Locking down epicenter; activating Level One public health emergency response in all localities; the central government set up a leading group; classified management of “four categories of personnel”; launching makeshift hospitals; digital management for a matrix of urban communities; counterpart assistance. The following four factors were the key influencing factors of the cumulative confirmed cases in Singapore: The National Centre for Infectious Diseases screening center opens; border control measures; surveillance measures; Public Health Preparedness Clinics launched. Conclusions Through analyzing the key epidemic prevention and control policies of the two countries, we found that the following factors are critical to combat COVID-19: active case detection, early detection of patients, timely isolation, and treatment, and increasing of medical capabilities. Countries should choose appropriate response strategies with health equity in mind to ultimately control effectively the spread of COVID-19 worldwide.

scholarly journals Epidemiological study of scarlet fever in Shenyang, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huijie Chen ◽  
Ye Chen ◽  
Baijun Sun ◽  
Lihai Wen ◽  
Xiangdong An
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Scarlet Fever ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background Since 2011, there has been an increase in the incidence of scarlet fever across China. The main objective of this study was to depict the spatiotemporal epidemiological characteristics of the incidence of scarlet fever in Shenyang, China, in 2018 so as to provide the scientific basis for effective strategies of scarlet control and prevention. Methods Excel 2010 was used to demonstrate the temporal distribution at the month level and ArcGIS10.3 was used to demonstrate the spatial distribution at the district/county level. Moran’s autocorrelation coefficient was used to examine the spatial autocorrelation and the Getis-Ord statistic was used to determine the hot-spot areas of scarlet fever. Results A total of 2314 scarlet fever cases were reported in Shenyang in 2018 with an annual incidence of 31.24 per 100,000. The incidence among males was higher than that among females(p<0.001). A vast majority of the cases (96.89%) were among children aged 3 to 11 years. The highest incidence was 625.34/100,000 in children aged 5–9 years. In 2018 there were two seasonal peaks of scarlet fever in June (summer-peak) and December (winter-peak). The incidence of scarlet fever in urban areas was significantly higher than that in rural areas(p<0.001). The incidence of scarlet fever was randomly distributed in Shenyang. There are hotspot areas located in seven districts. Conclusions Urban areas are the hot spots of scarlet fever and joint prevention and control measures between districts should be applied. Children aged 3–11 are the main source of scarlet fever and therefore the introduction of prevention and control into kindergarten and primary schools may be key to the control of scarlet fever epidemics.

Nonmotorized Interference and Control Measures at Signalized Intersections in China

2003 ◽  
Vol 1846 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Wei ◽  
Feng Lu ◽  
Gang Hou ◽  
Abi Mogharabi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mixed Traffic ◽  
Vehicle Traffic ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
And Control

The adverse effects of bicycles and pedestrians on motor vehicle traffic in at-grade, signalized intersections under mixed-traffic conditions have been observed at several typical intersections in Beijing. Mixed bicycle and motor vehicle traffic is a major characteristic of urban transport in China and has led to serious congestion and capacity reduction in at-grade signalized intersections in urban areas. A method is presented to quantitatively measure nonmotorized effects, and values are recommended for adjusting the model to estimate the capacity of through vehicle lanes. Several temporal segregation solutions to mixed-traffic problems in at-grade signalized intersections are described that have proven cost-effective in several Chinese cities, and suggestions for their application are provided.

scholarly journals Enhancing Women’s Empowerment: Evidence from Tamilnadu

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
S Thangamayan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Gender Orientation ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Rural Economies ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Control

Rural women play a critical role in the rural economies of both developed and developing countries. This alludes to country women’s impression of their situation in the family just as in-network. From the Gender and Development viewpoint, the reason for women’s absence of admittance to land is situated in auxiliary imbalances concerning work jobs and frameworks of possession. Gender orientation and Development scholars accept that women ought not to be essentially outfitted with occupations yet ought to be legitimately engaged to possess and control their property. Incountry territories, women are included more in family unit exercises contrasting with metropolitan regions; thus, they are not in any event, getting chances for essential examinations including social exercises and spending for things they wan unreservedly. While the women living in metropolitan urban communities just as more modest urban areas can distinguish themselves with any women connected program or join a development associated with women and can want to partake in that for their advantage, the metropolitan rustic separation and disengage in India keeps similar advantages from arriving at the women people living in our towns. Another significant disadvantage and distinction between both the classifications of women are that the dominant part of women in provincial India as of now, in the age section of 35-65 years, have been avoided any type of formal education. Women in metropolitan territories have more equivalent sex inclinations and more prominent impact in every day homegrown and life course choices than women in rustic regions. Women living in metropolitan territories additionally are bound to report at the same time young lady or equivalent inclination and a more noteworthy state in choices about children.

scholarly journals Epidemiological study of scarlet fever in Shenyang , China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huijie Chen ◽  
Ye Chen ◽  
Baijun Sun ◽  
Lihai Wen ◽  
Xiangdong An
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Scarlet Fever ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background: Since 2011, there has been an increase in the incidence of scarlet fever across China. The main objective of this study was to depict the spatiotemporal epidemiological characteristics of the incidence of scarlet fever in Shenyang, China, in 2018 so as to provide the scientific basis for effective strategies of scarlet control and prevention. Methods: Excel 2010 was used to demonstrate the temporal distribution at the month level and ArcGIS10.3 was used to demonstrate the spatial distribution at the district/county level. Moran’s autocorrelation coefficient was used to examine the spatial autocorrelation and the Getis-Ord statistic was used to determine the hot-spot areas of scarlet fever. Results: A total of 2,314 scarlet fever cases were reported in Shenyang in 2018 with an annual incidence of 31.24 per 100,000. The incidence among males was higher than that among females（p＜0.001). A vast majority of the cases (96.89%) were among children aged 3 to 11 years. The highest incidence was 625.34/100,000 in children aged 5-9 years. In 2018 there were two seasonal peaks of scarlet fever in June (summer-peak) and December (winter-peak).The incidence of scarlet fever in urban areas was significantly higher than that in rural areas(p＜0.001).The incidence of scarlet fever was randomly distributed in Shenyang. There are hotspot areas located in seven districts. Conclusions: Urban areas are the hot spots of scarlet fever and joint prevention and control measures between districts should be applied. Children aged 3-11 are the main source of scarlet fever and therefore the introduction of prevention and control into kindergarten and primary schools may be key to the control of scarlet fever epidemics.

scholarly journals Spatial Green Belt Development Report in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Xi Peng
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
High Availability ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Green Belt ◽  
Development Costs ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
And Control ◽  
Urban Recreation

The green belt, located on the outskirts of a metropolis, has many characteristics such as good location, better landscape environment than urban areas, high availability in an original environment, low development costs and large and concentrated open spaces. With the huge population in China, this has led to a shortage of green space per capita and the shortage of recreational space. In view of such conditions, the recreational function of the green belt is very important, and can compensate for the shortcomings of tight urban recreation space. However, there has always been an important question about the scientific aspects and rationality of green belt use and control measures. In this paper, some outcomes of the Chinese green belt policy will be introduced. Then, three advantages and two disadvantages will be shown. Finally, reasons analyse and comparisons between China’s main cities and cities with a successful green belt will be given.

scholarly journals Contributions to reduce the flood problems in critical points of the micro drainage system in the city of Carazinho

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Carolina Pasquetti Koppe ◽  
Vinícius Scortegagna ◽  
Virgínia Meneguzzi ◽  
Anelise Sertoli Lopes Gil ◽  
Matheus De Conto Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Devices ◽  
And Control ◽  
The City

With the emergence of excessive flooding in the urban environment, the need for unconventional drainage control measures within the limitations of conventional solutions becomes evident. In the present study, infiltration trenches and reservoirs that collect and reserve rainwater were designed as control devices, attenuating the socio-environmental impacts caused by waterproofing of urban areas in the hydrological cycle and in the behavior of the hydrographic basins in question. The measurements were made for two flooding points found in the city of Carazinho – RS, located on Marquês do Pombal Street and São Bento Avenue, due to the obstruction of gutters and street inlets, paving and waterproofing of the ground due to urbanization, lack of maintenance and cleaning of the micro drainage system along with the inability of the system to collect all the volume of water from the runoff. The reductions in flow rate in these areas through the use of trenches were 16% and 15% for the first and second flooding point, respectively, while the use of the delay reservoirs together with the infiltration trenches resulted in a 29% reduction in the first flooding point and 27.5% in the second flooding point. Therefore, it is evident that the use of unconventional control measures is vital to the reduction of the peaks of the flow rate and control of the surface runoff.

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