scholarly journals EVALUATION OF INTENSITY OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY TO MEASLES AND RUBELLA IN PREGNANT WOMEN IN MOSCOW

2017 ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Nozdracheva ◽  
T. A. Semenenko ◽  
S. G. Mardanly ◽  
S. V. Rotanov
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Maximum Proportion ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
Specific Igg

Aim. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of humoral immunity regarding causative agents of controllable infections in pregnant women in Moscow. Materials and methods. Sera of 559 pregnant and 201 non-pregnant women were studied for the presence of antibodies against measles and rubella virus by ELISA. Results. A significant proportion of individuals seronegative to measles was detected among pregnant (21.5%) and non-pregnant (29.1%) women aged 18 - 45, that exceeds the level acceptable by regulatory requirements by 3.1 and 4.2 times, respectively. The parameter increased with age and among seropositive individuals a high concentration of IgG against measles was noted. This gives evidence, that older individuals are not covered by measles vaccination enough, and a significant part of them has post-infection immunity that is higher and more robust compared with post-vaccination. Regarding rubella infection, a more favorable situation was established: proportion of seronegative individuals among the examined was 8.9 and 10.5%, respectively. The proportion of seronegative individuals decreased with age, and by age 36 - 45 reached the minimal 4,7%. A maximum amount of rubella seronegative individuals was detected in the 26-30 age group - 12.5%, as well as maximum proportion of individuals who have high concentration of specific IgG. An increase of the amount of seronegative results was observed with the increase of gestation period for both infections. Correlation between intensity of immunity against measles and rubella in the examined women was not present. Conclusion. Means for development of extra vaccination of the adult population and execution of laboratory examination of pregnant and women planning pregnancy are proposed regarding not only rubella, but also measles.

scholarly journals High susceptibility to varicella among urban and rural pregnant women in South India: a brief report

2021 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leeberk Raja Inbaraj ◽  
Sindhulina Chandrasingh ◽  
Nalini Arun Kumar ◽  
Jothi Suchitra ◽  
Abi Manesh
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
South India ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Lethal Outcome ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
History Of ◽  
Secondary Hospital

Abstract Varicella infection during pregnancy has serious and/or difficult implications and in some cases lethal outcome. Though epidemiological studies in developing countries reveal that a significant proportion of patients may remain susceptible during pregnancy, such an estimate of susceptible women is not known in India. We designed this study to study the prevalence and factors associated with susceptibility to varicella among rural and urban pregnant women in South India. We prospectively recruited 430 pregnant women and analysed their serum varicella IgG antibodies as surrogates for protection. We estimated seroprevalence, the validity of self-reported history of chickenpox and factors associated with varicella susceptibility. We found 23 (95% CI 19.1–27.3) of women were susceptible. Nearly a quarter (22.2%) of the susceptible women had a history of exposure to chickenpox anytime in the past or during the current pregnancy. Self-reported history of varicella had a positive predictive value of 82.4%. Negative history of chickenpox (adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) 1.85, 95% CI 1.15–3.0) and receiving antenatal care from a rural secondary hospital (adjusted PR 4.08, 95% CI 2.1–7.65) were significantly associated with susceptibility. We conclude that high varicella susceptibility rates during pregnancy were noted and self-reported history of varicella may not be a reliable surrogate for protection.

Effect of routine iron–folic acid supplementation among rural pregnant women living in low- and high-groundwater-iron areas in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 2844-2855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faruk Ahmed ◽  
Moududur Rahman Khan ◽  
Ireen Akhtar Chowdhury ◽  
Rubhana Raqib ◽  
Anjan Kumar Roy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Folic Acid Supplementation ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
Iron Folic Acid ◽  
Hb Concentration ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

AbstractObjective:The present study investigated the risks and benefits of routine Fe–folic acid (IFA) supplementation in pregnant women living in low- and high-groundwater-Fe areas in Bangladesh.Design:A case-controlled prospective longitudinal study design was used to compare the effect of daily Fe (60 mg) and folic acid (400 μg) supplementation for 3·5 months.Setting:A rural community in Bangladesh.Participants:Pregnant women living in low-groundwater-Fe areas (n 260) and high-groundwater-Fe areas (n 262).Results:Mean Hb and serum ferritin concentrations at baseline were significantly higher in pregnant women in the high-groundwater-Fe areas. After supplementation, the mean change in Hb concentration in the women in the low-groundwater-Fe areas (0·10 mg/dl) was higher than that in the pregnant women in the high-groundwater-Fe areas (–0·08 mg/dl; P = 0·052). No significant changes in the prevalence of anaemia or Fe deficiency (ID) in either group were observed after IFA supplementation; however, the prevalence of Fe-deficiency anaemia (IDA) decreased significantly in the women in the low-groundwater-Fe areas. The risk of anaemia, ID and IDA after supplementation did not differ significantly between the groups. None of the participants had Fe overload. However, a significant proportion of the women in the high- and low-groundwater-Fe areas remained anaemic and Fe-deficient after supplementation.Conclusion:IFA supplementation significantly increased the Hb concentration in pregnant women living in the low-groundwater-Fe areas. Routine supplementation with 60 mg Fe and 400 μg folic acid does not pose any significant risk of haemoconcentration or Fe overload. Further research to identify other nutritional and non-nutritional contributors to anaemia is warranted to prevent and treat anaemia.

TLR4 regulates rabies virus-induced humoral immunity through recruitment of cDC2 to lymph organs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Chen ◽  
Chengguang Zhang ◽  
Haoqi Li ◽  
Zongmei Wang ◽  
Yueming Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Rabies, caused by rabies virus (RABV), is fatal to both humans and animals around the world. Effective clinical therapy for rabies has not been achieved, and vaccination is the most effective means of preventing and controlling rabies. Although different vaccines, such as live attenuated and inactivated vaccines, can induce different immune responses, different expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) also causes diverse immune responses. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pivotal PRR that induces cytokine production and bridges innate and adaptive immunity. Importantly, TLR4 recognizes various virus-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and virus-induced damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), usually leading to the activation of immune cells. However, the role of TLR4 in the humoral immune response induced by RABV has not been revealed yet. Based on TLR4-deficient ( TLR4 -/- ) and wild-type (WT) mouse models, we report that TLR4-dependent recruitment of the conventional type-2 dendritic cells (CD8α - CD11b + cDC2) into secondary lymph organs (SLOs) is critical for antigen presentation. cDC2-initiated differentiation of Tfh cells promotes the proliferation of germinal centre (GC) B cells, the formation of GCs, and the production of plasma cells (PCs), all of which contribute to the production of RABV-specific IgG and virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAs). Collectively, our work demonstrates that TLR4 is necessary for the recruitment of cDC2 and for the induction of RABV-induced humoral immunity, which is regulated by the cDC2-Tfh-GC B axis. IMPORTANCE Vaccination is the most efficient method to prevent rabies. TLR4, a well-known immune sensor, plays a critical role in initiating innate immune response. Here, we found that TLR4 deficiency ( TLR4 -/- ) mice suppressed the induction of humoral immune response after immunization with rabies virus (RABV), including reduced production of VNAs and RABV-specific IgG, compared with that occurred in wild-type (WT) mice. As a consequence, TLR4 -/- mice exhibited higher mortality than WT mice after challenge with virulent RABV. Importantly, further investigation found that TLR4 signaling promoted the recruitment of cDC2 (CD8α + CD11b - ), a subset of cDCs known to induce CD4 + T cell immunity through their MHC-II presentation machinery. Our results imply that TLR4 is indispensable for an efficient humoral response to rabies vaccine, which provides new insight into the development of novel rabies vaccines.

The New National Headache Management System is an easy solution to provide more efficient and evidence-based headache services

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Gordon ◽  
◽  
Daniel Lashley ◽  
Stuart Weatherby ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patient Care ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Headache Disorder ◽  
Preventive Therapy ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Educational Approach ◽  
Allied Health Professionals ◽  
Clinical Resource

Headaches make up 30% of all Neurology outpatient consultations.1 There is distinct variability in the management of headaches by Neurologists, leading to unnecessary disparities in the standard of care and likelihood of response between patients. A significant proportion of patients with headache diagnoses do not receive the evidence-based treatments recommended in national or international guidelines,2 and substantial numbers of patients are not receiving preventive therapies.3  Ziegeler et al. found that a third of patients reporting to a tertiary headache centre had not received preventive therapy in line with guidelines, and half had never been prescribed a preventive treatment.2 Considering that 46% of the global adult population are estimated to have a headache disorder,4 this lack of a consistent, evidence-based approach is somewhat incongruent with the patient socio-economic impact. It is probable that lack of adherence to current headache guidelines is a multi-faceted issue. This variation in treatment (and therefore patient outcome), although unexplored,2 is not likely to be a simple educational issue. To add to this, an educational approach, in the form of seminars and workshops, does not have entirely positive evidence to support its use in implementing changes to patient care.5  It seems more probable that there are also structural issues within the health service that in some way preclude patients with headache disorders from gaining appropriate care.  For example, using only doctors to care for patients with such a common condition may cause bottle-necking in access, and may not be an appropriate use of clinical resource.  The current context of a global pandemic has shown us the importance of using the skillsets of all NHS staff working together for patient care.  For headache care this could involve greater use of nursing colleagues or allied health professionals such as Pharmacists. To facilitate such an aim, an easily used and standardised approach is essential. We believe that the guidelines from the British Association for the Study of Headache (BASH),6 could facilitate such an approach.

scholarly journals The Future Excess Fraction of Cancer Attributable to High Body Mass Index in Australia

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 194s-194s ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Carey ◽  
R. Norman ◽  
D. Whiteman ◽  
A. Reid ◽  
R. Neale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
High Body Mass Index ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
High Body ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Burden

Background: High body mass index (BMI > 25 kg/m2) has been found to be associated with an increased risk of many cancers, including cancers of the colon and rectum, liver, and pancreas. Aim: This study aimed to estimate the future burden of cancer resulting from current levels of overweight and obesity in Australia. Methods: The future excess fraction method was used to estimate the future burden of cancer among the proportion of the Australian adult population who were overweight or obese in 2016. Calculations were conducted for 13 cancer types, including cancers of the colon, rectum, kidney, and liver. Results: The cohort of 18.7 million adult Australians in 2016 will develop ∼7.6 million cancers over their lifetime. Of these, ∼402,500 cancers (5.3%) will be attributable to current levels of overweight and obese. The majority of these will be postmenopausal breast cancers (n = 72,300), kidney cancers (n = 59,200), and colon cancers (n = 55,100). More than a quarter of future endometrial cancers (30.3%) and esophageal adenocarcinomas (35.8%) will be attributable to high body mass index. Conclusion: A significant proportion of future cancers will result from current levels of high body mass index. Our estimates are not directly comparable to past estimates of the burden from overweight and obesity because they describe different quantities - future cancers in currently exposed vs current cancers due to past exposures. The results of this study provide us with relevant up-to-date information about how many cancers in Australia could be prevented.

scholarly journals PfEMP1-specific IgG reactivity among Beninese pregnant women with sickle cell trait

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Lopez-Perez ◽  
Firmine Viwami ◽  
Zakaria Seidu ◽  
Anja T R Jensen ◽  
Justin Doritchamou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Infected Erythrocyte ◽  
Sickle Cell Trait ◽  
Placental Malaria ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Native Proteins ◽  
Malaria Exposure ◽  
Specific Igg

Abstract Background Sickle cell trait (HbAS) protects against severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria, but not against placental malaria (PM). In this study, PfEMP1-specific antibodies were measured in HbAA and HbAS Beninese pregnant women as a proxy of exposure to specific PfEMP1 variants. Methods Plasma samples collected at delivery from 338 HbAA and 63 HbAS women were used to measure IgG levels to six recombinant PfEMP1 proteins and three corresponding native proteins expressed on the infected erythrocyte (IE) surface. IgG-mediated inhibition of VAR2CSA + IEs adhesion to CSA was also tested. Results Levels of PfEMP1-specific IgG were similar in the two groups, except for native IT4VAR09 on IEs, where IgG levels were significantly higher in HbAS women. Adjusted odds ratios for women with positive IgG to HB3VAR06 and PFD1235w suggest a lower risk of infection with these virulent variants among HbAS individuals. The percentage of IEs binding to CSA did not differ between HbAA and HbAS women, but correlated positively with levels of anti-VAR2CSA and parity. Women with PM had lower levels of anti-VAR2CSA-specific IgG and lower IgG-mediated inhibition of IE adhesion to CSA. Conclusions The findings support similar malaria exposure in HbAA and HbAS women and a lack of HbAS-dependent protection against placental infection among pregnant women.

scholarly journals Seroepidemiological Study of Measles Virus among Young Adults: Response to Revaccination

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1493-1502
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Vaccine Failure ◽  
Serological Surveillance ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Control Campaign

The 2011 Iraqi Measles Control Campaign had as its aim to improve immunization coverage among young adults' 17-24years and, in the longer term, prevention of measles epidemics. The aim of the study is estimation measles vaccination and revaccination efficacy by evaluate the seroprevalence of antibody and response to reimmunization in young adults. A previously vaccinated 189 young adult medical students were tested for measles specific IgG &IgM pre and post catch-up revaccination by using commercially available ELISA. To assess the seroprevalence of antibody response pre measles reimmunization in previously vaccinated young adults; 45 were found to be seronegative. To differentiate between primary and secondary vaccine failure, anti- measles IgM and IgG titers were assessed again 2-4 weeks after revaccination in 189 seronegative participants [45 seronegative, 144 seropositive individuals: 29 seronegative participants responded to revaccination anamnestically(P < 0.001)and developed immunity; 7 also showed IgM response (probably primary vaccine failure); 144 seropositive participants remained seroprotected without significant increase in antibody titer (P=0.577). Primary vaccine failure was fond to be 3.7%; while secondary vaccine failure was 11.6%.After revaccination, 85.1% were seroprotected. This study demonstrates the waning measles immunity in young adults in Iraqi medical students, which poses the potential risk of transmission of measles. Periodic Serological surveillance and revaccination of susceptible young adults are recommended.

scholarly journals The sociodemographic determinants of non-communicable diseases among the adult population of Dubai: self-reported data from Dubai household health survey, 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wafa K. Alnakhi ◽  
Heba Mamdouh ◽  
Hamid Y. Hussain ◽  
Gamal M. Ibrahim ◽  
Amar Sabri Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
The Self ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases

Abstract Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of death worldwide. In the UAE, NCDs account for nearly 77% of all deaths. There is limited empirical research on this topic in the UAE. We aim to examine this association among the adult population in the Emirate of Dubai.Method: This study used data from the Dubai Household Health Survey (DHHS), 2019. In this survey, 2,247 families were interviewed and only adults aged 18+ were included for the analysis. The self-reported chronic disease was defined as reporting any chronic morbidities occurred during the past year that required ongoing medical attention and medical care. Sociodemographic characteristics covariates were age group, marital status, nationality, gender, education and working status. The quasi-binomial distribution was used to identify factors associated with chronic disease.Results: The prevalence of chronic diseases among the adult population of Dubai was 15.01%. Individuals aged 60+, local Arabs (Emirati), divorced and widowed individuals, and individuals who were not currently working reported a chronic disease more than the other groups. In the regression analysis, age (years) was the strongest predictor (OR 3.6, 95% CI: 2.8, 4.7). Males were more likely to report a chronic disease (OR 1.61, 95% CI: 1.277, 2.035). Unmarried individuals were less likely to report a chronic disease (OR 0.11, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.70). However, older individuals who were unmarried were more likely to report a chronic disease compared to the reference group (OR 2.8, 95% CI: 1.2, 6.1). Emiratis were more likely to report a chronic disease (OR 2.08, 95% CI: 1.62, 2.67).Conclusion: The self-reported rate of chronic disease was shown to be higher in older individuals, males, Emiratis, and older individuals who were unmarried. This is one of the few studies related to chronic diseases in Dubai. It is important to translate the current study findings into policies to help reduce the incidence of chronic diseases in Dubai and to minimize the negative impact of these illnesses, particularly among those with the sociodemographic risk factors identified here. In addition, healthcare services and resources should be reallocated to the population groups with greater health needs.

Antibody Testing of Infants Born to Asymptomatic COVID-19 Positive Mothers

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Tonya Robinson ◽  
Nicole Pozzi ◽  
Saeed Jortani
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Chart Review ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
University Of Louisville ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Negative Conclusion ◽  
Future Management

Awareness of SARS-COV-2 IgG may contribute to the management of asymptomatic RT PCR COVID-19 positive pregnant women, their newborns, and future vaccination practices. Objective: Characterize COVID testing results of asymptomatic COVID-19 positive pregnant women and their infants. Our assumption/hypothesis maintained that all infants born to asymptomatic COVID-19 positive mothers would have detectable SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Clinical demographics/COVID-19 testing of maternal/infant dyads were reviewed/collected for reporting purposes. Setting: Center for Women and Infants (CWI), University of Louisville Hospital, Louisville, KY Participants: Asymptomatic COVID-19 positive pregnant women/infant dyads admitted to the CWI between June 2020 to February 2021. Results: 36 COVID-19 positive asymptomatic mother/37 infant dyads (one set of twins) reviewed. 38% of the mother/infant dyads were positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG, while 27% of mother/infant dyads were negative for IgG. A COVID-19 positive mother of twins was IgG negative, but both twins were positive. Two mothers in this study group had developed significant COVID-19 disease at 28w4d gestation and 34w0d gestation. Both required intensive care but recovered, and their pregnancies were maintained until 37w4d and 39w3d gestation, respectively. By the time of delivery, both mothers had negative COVID-19 RT PCR testing, but both infants were positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. COVID-19 RT PCR testing on both of these infants at 24 and 48 hours of age was negative. Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 IgG is passively transferred to the infant during pregnancy of asymptomatic positive COVID-19 mothers however appears variable and/or possibly based on the ability of IgG detection with current testing. Further investigation of the immune system’s response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus during pregnancy can direct future management/treatment during pregnancy, especially in the wake of vaccination for the virus during pregnancy and emerging variants.

Developing a model of resilience in older adulthood: a qualitative meta-synthesis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Claire A. Wilson ◽  
Deanna Walker ◽  
Donald H. Saklofske
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Older Adulthood ◽  
Older Adult Population ◽  
Qualitative Literature

Abstract The study of resilience in an older adult population is expanding rapidly. However, most theoretical models of resilience have been developed with children or young to middle-aged adults. The objective of the present study was to review systematically the qualitative literature examining resilience in older adults, and to develop a comprehensive model of resilience in older adulthood. A qualitative meta-synthesis was conducted to review the qualitative literature examining resilience from older adults’ perspectives. An exhaustive search of the literature revealed 1,752 articles. From these articles, 34 studies meeting inclusion criteria were selected for analysis. Across the 34 studies analysed, eight themes were revealed as important for achieving resilience later in life: perseverance and determination, self-efficacy and independence, purpose and meaning, positive perspective, social support, faith and prayer, previous experience and being proactive. These themes can be organised into a four-factor model: (a) Intrapersonal Protective Factors; (b) Interpersonal Protective Factors; (c) Spiritual Protective Factors; and (d) Experiential Protective Factors. This study presents a new model of resilience in older adulthood that is grounded in qualitative literature and is relevant and appropriate for an older adult population. This research may be useful for clinicians, support workers and researchers working with older individuals through improving our understanding of what contributes to resilience later in life.

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