scholarly journals POLYCOMPONENT VACCINE IMMUNOVAC-VP-4 AND IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC CONCEPT OF ITS USE FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES CAUSED BY OPPORTUNISTIC MICROORGANISMS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. B. Egorova ◽  
E. A. Kurbatova ◽  
N. K. Akhmatova ◽  
I. M. Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Clinical Effect ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Interspecific Cross ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Acute Respiratory Diseases

Aim. Analysis of experimental data and results of long-term clinical studies of immunotherapeutic and prophylactic effectiveness of a polycomponent vaccine, Immunovac-VP-4. Materials and methods. Immunogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, which antigens possessed broad intra — and interspecific cross-protective activity were selected to obtain the vaccine. Immunological parameters were determined using flow cytometry with the use of diagnostic monoclonal antibodies to cytokines, Toll-like receptors, surface molecules of dendritic cells and lymphocytes. The clinical effect of Immunovac-VP-4 was evaluated in chronic inflammatory and allergic diseases, as well as in the prevention of acute respiratory diseases (ARI) in children’s organized groups. Results. Immunovac-VP-4, protected the mice from infection caused by etiologically significant strains of bacteria and viruses, increased TLR-2, 4, 9-expressing cells; maturing the dendritic cells; the synthesis of cytokines IL1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IFNγ,; proliferation and increased cytotoxicity of NK cells. Significant clinical effect (69.2 — 100)% of Immunovac-VP-4 on the background of the basic therapy was obtained in patients with chronic inflammatory and allergic diseases. The therapeutic effect was accompanied by a positive dynamics of immunological parameters, in particular, an increase in IFNγ and a decrease in IL-4. Immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis using Immunovac-VP-4 led to a decrease in the number of episodes of acute respiratory infections and their bacterial complications, including children in organized groups. Conclusion. Immunological feasibility of using Immunovac-VP-4 in complex treatment and prevention of bacterial and viral infections, caused by opportunistic microorganisms, as well as in allergic diseases was proved. 

scholarly journals Nanobiocide Based-Silver Nanomaterials Upon Coronaviruses: Approaches for Preventing Viral Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamyar Khoshnevisan ◽  
Hassan Maleki ◽  
Hadi Baharifar
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Silver Nanomaterials ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Nano Graphene

Abstract The effectiveness of silver nanomaterials (AgNMs), as antiviral agents, has been confirmed in humans against many different types of viruses. Nanobiocides-based AgNMs can be effectively applied to eliminate coronaviruses (CoVs), as the cause of various diseases in animals and humans, particularly the fatal human respiratory infections. Mostly, these NMs act effectively against CoVs, thanks to the NMs’ fundamental anti-viral structures like reactive oxygen species (ROS), and photo-dynamic and photo-thermal abilities. Particularly, the antiviral activity of AgNMs is clarified under three inhibitory mechanisms including viral entry limitation, attachment inhibition, and viral replication limitation. It is believed that nanobiocide with other possible materials such as TiO2, silica and, carbon NMs exclusively nano-graphene materials can emerge as a more effective disinfectant for long-term stability with low toxicity than common disinfectants. Nanobiocides also can be applied for the prevention and treatment of viral infections specifically against COVID-19. Graphic Abstract

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF CHILDHOOD RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: THE EFFECT OF QUARANTINE АND BEYOND

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-161
Author(s):  
Snezhina Lazova ◽  
Tsvetelina Velikova
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Seasonal Characteristics ◽  
Flu Vaccine ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
And Control

Monitoring epidemic processes and the dynamics of the spread of infectious diseases is essential for predicting their distribution and effective planning in healthcare. The importance of studying seasonal trends in the spread of respiratory viral infections and the specific effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions in nationwide scales and the use of available vaccines stand out even more in the context of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Even if the dynamics of pediatric respiratory viral infections show some variation at the national and local levels, depending on health regulation, respiratory viral pathogens follow a typical pattern of incidence. Therefore, we hypothesize that anticipated reduction of the incidence of common respiratory viral infections would undoubtedly exert positive effects, such as ease of burdening healthcare that combates the COVID-19 pandemic. However, we suspect a shift in familiar seasonal characteristics of common respiratory viral infections. We also speculate that strict long-term limitations of the natural spread of respiratory viral infections can lead to the development of hard-to-predict epidemiological outliers. Additionally, the tricky balance between humanity’s natural impulse to return to normalcy and control the new and still dynamically evolving infection could lead to new threats from old and well-known pathogens. Finally, we hypothesize that the absence of regular influenza virus circulation may lead to a high mismatch rate and a significant reduction in flu vaccine efficacy.

scholarly journals Actual aspects of use of ergoferon in outpatient polyclinic practice

2018 ◽  
pp. 90-95
Author(s):  
O. V. Fesenko
Keyword(s):  
Active Drug ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Distinctive Property ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) and influenza are referred to the most common diseases among children and adults. Despite a wide choice of medications for this pathology, we still need ones that combine a multipurpose antiviral activity, have proven effectiveness and safety and enable application in patients from risk groups, including allergic diseases. The pharmacological activity of a release-active drug Ergoferon is determined by the complex action of its components on antiviral immune response and virus-induced inflammation in the respiratory tract. Each component at the same time has its own target modulating action, which is a distinctive property of release-active antibodies forms. The article presents an overview of Russian and foreign publications, summarizing the results of preclinical and clinical studies effectiveness and safety of the Ergoferon use for treatment and prevention of acute respiratory infections and influenza in patients of different age groups.

scholarly journals Human rhinoviruses, allergy, and asthma: a clinical approach

Medicina ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Ėmužytė ◽  
Regina Firantienė ◽  
Rasa Petraitytė ◽  
Kęstutis Sasnauskas
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Allergic Sensitization ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Allergen Exposure ◽  
Human Rhinovirus ◽  
Atopic Asthma ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Asthma Exacerbations ◽  
Allergy And Asthma

The prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing in Lithuania as in the world. The prevalence of allergic sensitization is often higher than 50% of the population. The “hygiene hypothesis” proposed that reduced immune-stimulation by infections may have resulted in the more widespread clinical expression of atopic disease. However, it alone does not provide an adequate explanation for the observed increase of allergic diseases. Human rhinovirus infections are the major infections with a worldwide distribution. Viral infections of the respiratory tract are the most common triggers of acute asthma exacerbations. These exacerbations are poorly responsive to current asthma therapies and new approaches to therapy are needed. The aim of this review is to present the current knowledge and clinical implications of human rhinovirus infection in allergy and asthma development and needs for further research. Recent evidence has shown that the immune responses to human rhinoviruses differ between asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects. Novel insights into the mechanisms of virus-induced asthma exacerbations support the possibility that viral infections may be involved in the epithelial cells damage, inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness as well as in profibrotic response and induction of airway remodeling. The data of original investigations support the concept that the immune stimulation by rhinovirus infections contributes to the development of asthma, when an atopic host is infected with human rhinoviruses. Early rhinoviral wheezing is the predictor of subsequent asthma development in high-risk children. Synergistic effect of allergic sensitization, allergen exposure, and viral infection was suggested in the increased risk of hospitalization for asthma in both children and adults. Timing of allergen exposure may be important in a synergistic outcome. The increased susceptibility to rhinovirus infections was identified in atopic asthma. This review also presents the current options on the treatment and prevention of virus-induced asthma. Further studies are needed in order to differentiate between the response to viruses of healthy and atopic or nonatopic asthmatic children and adults. New research data may lead to novel strategies in treatment and prevention of asthma exacerbations as well as prevention of asthma induction

scholarly journals The role of acute respiratory infections in the pathogenesis of distal limb infections in cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 282 ◽  
pp. 03015
Author(s):  
A.D. Alekseev ◽  
O.G. Petrova ◽  
M.I. Barashkin ◽  
I.M. Milstein ◽  
N.M. Kolobkova
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Pathogenetic Factor ◽  
Respiratory Pathology ◽  
Acute Respiratory Diseases ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Infectious Etiology

Acute respiratory diseases of infectious etiology of cattle occupy the second place in the nosological picture after diseases of the digestive system and cause huge economic damage, which in the Russian Federation is estimated at several billion rubles annually. Very often, respiratory pathology in highly productive cows is associated with infections of the distal extremities, primarily with necrobacteriosis, streptococcosis and staphylococcosis, which cause significant economic damage by reducing the productivity of animals. An important pathogenetic factor affecting the development of diseases of the distal extremities in cattle (cattle) are infections of the respiratory tract. According to our long-term observations, all farms in which outbreaks of necrobacteriosis were recorded were unfavorable for respiratory infections of cattle, such as infectious rhinotracheitis (IRT), viral diarrhea (VD), parainfluenza type 3 (PG-3), respiratory syncytial infection (RSI), pasteurellosis, chlamydia, salmonellosis and others.

scholarly journals Significance of complex laboratory diagnostics of ARVI for veterinary practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 196 (5) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
A. PORYVAEVA ◽  
O Petrova ◽  
Elena Pechura ◽  
Natalia Bezborodova ◽  
Ya. LYSOVA
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Udmurt Republic ◽  
Acute Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Technologies

Abstract. This article summarizes the results of laboratory studies of acute respiratory viral infections of cattle in agricultural enterprises of the Ural Federal district and the Udmurt Republic. The purpose of the research was to show the spread of respiratory viral infections in cattle in various regions and the significance of laboratory diagnostics in this pathology. According to research data 815 samples for the period 2018–2020 a variety of combinations of mixed respiratory viruses in animals was detected using biomaterials from different age patients and patients with respiratory diseases of cattle from agricultural enterprises of the Ural Federal district, the Volga Federal District and the Udmurt Republic using polymerase chain reaction, indirect hemagglutination reaction, hemagglutination inhibition reaction, Elisa , and enzyme immunoassay. Scientific novelty. The etiological structure of mixed acute respiratory viral infections in cattle in agricultural enterprises in four regions of the Ural Federal District, the Volga Federal District and the Udmurt Republic in 2018–2020 was studied using modern diagnostic technologies. Results. In the Ural Federal District, the Volga Federal district and the Udmurt Republic, 80 % of cases of acute respiratory diseases were caused by bovine viral infections, mainly representatives of 2 families of viruses whose genome is represented by an RNA molecule (paramixoviruses, togaviruses) and a family of viruses whose genome is represented by a DNA molecule (herpesviruses,). The leading place among acute respiratory infections was occupied by infectious rhinotracheitis of cattle.

scholarly journals Probiotics: relevant during the coronavirus (COVID-19) infection pandemic?

2022 ◽  
pp. 165-172
Author(s):  
M. A. Shevyakov
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Damage ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Acute Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The review presents modern views on the role of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of complications of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 infection. This infection can be complicated, for example, by the development of diarrhea after the use of antibacterial drugs in case of secondary bacterial infection, extrapulmonary viral infections, viremia, and the so-called «cytokine storm». The emphasis has been placed on such potentially beneficial effects of probiotics as а prevention of antibioticassociated diarrhea, prevention of intestinal damage induced directly by viral replication, prevention of leaky gut syndrome and immunomodulation in case of coronavirus COVID-19 infection. It has been shown that the use of probiotics alongside antibiotic therapy significantly reduces the risk of developing antibiotic-associated diarrhea, including such a severe variant as pseudomembranous colitis. The use of a probiotic during a viral respiratory disease reduces the risk of a severe disease course due to the positive modulation of inflammation and direct antiviral effects. Selected data showed the positive effect of probiotics on the tight junction stability of the intestine, which potentially protects against viremia and the penetration of immunogenic molecules into the internal environment of the body. In order to address the challenges adequately, a probiotic should meet certain requirements in terms of product quality, safety, evidence of efficacy, composition and understanding of the strains. The article presents data on the successful use of a multi-strain immuno-probiotic as an example demonstrating the therapeutic potential of modern multi-strain probiotics as a nonspecific immunomodulatory agent for the prevention of acute respiratory diseases.

scholarly journals Effective of antiviral therapy of HIV infection and intercurrent diseases in children

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
Vladimir N Timchenko ◽  
Elena B Yastrebova ◽  
Oksana V Bulina
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Undetectable Viral Load ◽  
Pneumocystis Pneumonia ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Acute Respiratory Diseases

The study included 366 HIV-infected children (under-23) and 350 children with perinatal contact with HIV infection (R-75), consisting on the dispensary account in the Department of motherhood and childhood of the Saint Petersburg city AIDS center. The vast majority of children with perinatal HIV receive HAART (95.0%) with high efficacy (undetectable viral load, normalization of CD4 lymphocytes, the absence of clinical manifestations). In the structure of opportunistic viral infections (herpes, respiratory infections) 40.0%, bacterial (bronchitis, tonsillitis, pyoderma, pulmonary tuberculosis) - 28.6%, fungal infections (candidiasis mucous membranes of the oral cavity) and Pneumocystis pneumonia - 31.4%. Complex therapy (etiotropic, pathogenetic, symptomatic) acute respiratory viral infections in children with B-23 and R-75, allows us to achieve in the early stages (6 days treatment) of the regression of the main symptoms of acute respiratory diseases.

scholarly journals The use of intranasal interferon for prevention and treatment of acute respiratory infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
S.О. Kramarov ◽  
V.V. Yevtushenko
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Biological Effect ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections

Interferons are cytokines that are produced by immunocompetent cells in response to the invasion of an infectious factor. The most important biological effect of interferons used in clinical practice is their ability to nonspecifically inhibit viral replication. This article summarizes the functions of interferons in the implementation of the functions of innate and acquired immunity. The possibilities of using intranasal interferons for the treatment and prevention of the most common viral diseases in children, in particular acute respiratory viral infections, SARS and SARS-CoV-2, are considered.

scholarly journals The Immunological Role of the Placenta in SARS-CoV-2 Infection—Viral Transmission, Immune Regulation, and Lactoferrin Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5799
Author(s):  
Iwona Bukowska-Ośko ◽  
Marta Popiel ◽  
Paweł Kowalczyk
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
New Type ◽  
Viral Receptors

A pandemic of acute respiratory infections, due to a new type of coronavirus, can cause Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has created the need for a better understanding of the clinical, epidemiological, and pathological features of COVID-19, especially in high-risk groups, such as pregnant women. Viral infections in pregnant women may have a much more severe course, and result in an increase in the rate of complications, including spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and premature birth—which may cause long-term consequences in the offspring. In this review, we focus on the mother-fetal-placenta interface and its role in the potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2, including expression of viral receptors and proteases, placental pathology, and the presence of the virus in neonatal tissues and fluids. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the anti-viral activity of lactoferrin during viral infection in pregnant women, analyzes its role in the pathogenicity of pandemic virus particles, and describes the potential evidence for placental blocking/limiting of the transmission of the virus.

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