scholarly journals فقہائے اربعہ ؒ کےاقوال کی روشنی میں نصابِ زکوٰۃ کے معاصرانہ تقاضے:ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-100
Author(s):  
Dr. Javed Khan ◽  
Dr. Muhammad Mushtaq Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Social Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Paper Currency ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gold Silver ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Needy

Zakat is one of the main pillars of Islam. On one hand, it purifies the income of the wealthy people, on the other hand, it helps the needy people hence the social value of Islam and brotherhood is promoted. The niṣāb of few things are very clear as mentioned in aḥādīth in quit unambiguous manner just like nisāb of gold, silver, and livestock, etc. However in a situation when a person’s wealth is a mixture of a different kind of Amwāl-e-zakat and none of them reach to the limit of nisāb, especially in the case of gold, silver, and modern-day paper currency,  in this case, whether gold, silver or paper shall be combined for the obligation of zakat or not? Imam Malik, Imam Abū Yūsuf and Imam Muhammad are of the view that the merger shall be based on its quantity/parts((ضم بالاجزاء. On the other hand, according to Imam Abū Ḥanifa, the merger shall be based on the price of gold and silver and the person should be considered nisāb holder if the price of the combined assets reaches the price of nisāb of silver. The above principle shall also be applied for Uzḥiyyah as well. Currently, due to the huge difference in the price of silver and gold, if we take the merger of different assets based on price, people who are not even secure from financial worries become nisāb holder and they have to pay zakat as well as Uzḥiyyah. In this paper, Zakat and its conditions are briefly defined, the issue of the combination of various niṣābs is elaborated, and the modern-day problems in light of the impact of the price of silver on the combination of niṣābs are discussed along with the recommendations.

scholarly journals Impact de l’allégeance en ses dimensions idéologique et mercenaire sur les réactions aux injustices professionnelles

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-53
Author(s):  
Coralie Soudan ◽  
Bernard Gangloff
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Social System ◽  
Gender Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
Passive Strategies ◽  
The Impact

Several studies have shown the existence of a norm of allegiance that we can define as the social valorizationof the individuals avoiding to question the social environment, and in particular to question the powers hierarchyin a social system. Thus, it is possible to distinguish the individuals showing allegiance, who are sociallyvalorized, and to oppose them to the rebels, devalorised. Recent studies showed that the norm of allegiance wasnot homogeneous and that it was possible to make a dichotomy according to “ideological” versus “mercenary”reasons conducting to the allegiance or not allegiance, this dichotomy leading to four categories (ideological allegiance,mercenary allegiance, ideological rebellion and mercenary rebellion).In the other hand, facing a person unjustly victim of professional injustice, we can react by adopting “passive”strategies (using for example the victim’s moral or behavioral responsibility: cf. Lerner), but we also canadopt “active” strategies leading to an objective re-establishment of the justice.Our purpose was to study the impact of the allegiance on the passive vs active reactions to professionalinjustices by examining in a differentiated way the ideological versus mercenary reasons of this allegiance ornot allegiance. Our results show that the global as well as the ideological or mercenary allegiance lead to morepassivity. We also observe a gender effect (men and women use different strategies) and a statute effect with adifferenciation between employees and job seekers.

scholarly journals FORMALISME KEHIDUPAN BERAGAMA (Studi Kasus Gereja Katolik Keuskupan Purwokerto)

LOGOS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Robertus Suraji
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
Joint Motion ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
The Impact

Indonesia is a nation that seems religious. Place of worship was flooded with a lot ofpeople. Events and holy days of religius became a national event. In the other hand,some times the religious comprehention was halted at the places of worship that wasit. In the national and society life easily we can find people to do things that arecontrary to religious values. Human rights violations and corruption becomes difficultto eradicate. Moral degradation occurs from the level of family, community, societyand state officials. Within communities also repeatedly occurred certain group usereligion as an instrument of legitimacy to the acts of violence driven by a belief in theirown truth as the only truth, and the loss of a sense of respect for those who areconsidered different. Hence people are not so concerned with the behavior that iscontrary to what religion had been teaches, even assume it was not related to faith. Onthe other hand there are people who are aware of the true situation but are powerless,or do not have enough courage to reject it. This is the situation called formalism ofReligious Life. The cause of religious formalism that may arise from the internalreligious teachings, not only from the social structure of society but also of a culturethat is built in this community. The impact of these religious formalism can happen ona personal level, both the social structure and the culture of the society. Therefore, tocounter religious formalism is not enough left to religious leaders, but also thereshould be a joint motion to change the structure and culture of Indonesian society.

Not at Home: Servants, Scholars, and the Uncanny

PMLA ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian McCuskey
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Henry James ◽  
Social Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Class Identity ◽  
The Uncanny ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
At Home

In “The Jolly Corner” (1908), Henry James locates the uncanny in the servants' quarters at the top of the house, where the genteel protagonist finally corners his ghostly double. James thus prompts us to reread Freud's “The Uncanny” (1919) with a pair of questions in mind. First, how does class identity bear on the uncanny; and, second, how in turn does the uncanny bear on class identity? Steering well clear of servants in his discussion, Freud apparently dodges the issue altogether; a closer look, however, reveals that he cannily represses the social value of the uncanny so as to hold it in reserve. James, on the other hand, documents how and why psychoanalysis converts bourgeois anxiety about servants into “the uncanny,” an abstraction that floats freely across the twentieth century from séance to academic circles, where it continues to function as a ghostlier demarcation of class. (BMcC)

The Impact of Endorsing the Belief in a Just World on Social Judgments

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoît Testé ◽  
Samantha Perrin
Keyword(s):  
Social Desirability ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Social Utility ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Just World ◽  
The Social ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Impact

The present research examines the social value attributed to endorsing the belief in a just world for self (BJW-S) and for others (BJW-O) in a Western society. We conducted four studies in which we asked participants to assess a target who endorsed BJW-S vs. BJW-O either strongly or weakly. Results showed that endorsement of BJW-S was socially valued and had a greater effect on social utility judgments than it did on social desirability judgments. In contrast, the main effect of endorsement of BJW-O was to reduce the target’s social desirability. The results also showed that the effect of BJW-S on social utility is mediated by the target’s perceived individualism, whereas the effect of BJW-S and BJW-O on social desirability is mediated by the target’s perceived collectivism.

Termin kandaulos/kandylos (κανδαυλοσ/ κανδυλοσ) na podstawie λεχεων συναγωγη Focjusza oraz "Commentari ad Homeri Iliadem" Eustacjusza z Tessaloniki

Vox Patrum ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 361-373
Author(s):  
Maciej Kokoszko ◽  
Katarzyna Gibel-Buszewska
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Present Article ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cooked Meat

The present article focuses on one of the Greek delicacies mentioned by Photius and Eustathius, i.e. a Lydian import called kandaulos/kandylos. The dish was developed before the mid. VI th c. BC and named after a Lydian king, Kandaules, who ruled in the VII th c. BC. The delicacy was (via the Ionians) borrowed by the Helens and established itself in Greece sometime in the V th c. It became popular in Hellenistic times. The information we possess allow us to reconstruct two varieties of kandaulos/ kandylos. The first was savoury and consisted of cooked meat, stock, Phrygian cheese, breadcrumbs and dill (or fennel). The other included milk, lard, cheese and honey. The dish is reported to have been costly, prestigious and indicating the social status of those who would eat it. Though there is much evidence suggesting its popularity in antiquity, we lack solid evidence proving that kaunaudlos/kandylos was eaten in Byzantine times. On the other hand, Byzantine authors preserved the most detailed literary data on the delicacy. If it had not been for the Byzantine interest, our competence in the field of Greek cuisine would be even faultier.

SCENARIOS FOR AN EXPANDING DEMAND OF TOURISM ON THE COASTS OF CUBA

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Gutiérrez-Bolívar ◽  
Oscar Gutiérrez-Bolívar ◽  
Pedro Fernández Carrasco ◽  
Pedro Fernández Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

The opening of relationships between United States and Cuba could be a drive for a huge increase in the affluence of tourism to Cuba and especially to the coast areas. Cuba has been for many years an important tourist destination for people from many countries, but almost forbidden for US citizens. The proximity of the USA, its amount of population as well as their great acquisition power will increase in a very substantial way the demand for accommodation and other uses in the proximity of the coasts. There will be a need to implement a package of measures that reduce the impact of such sudden increase in the coastal line. On the other hand that augment in tourism could be an opportunity to improve the standard of life of Cubans. The consideration of different possibilities of such development, the analysis of the damages that each one could cause as well as the measures that could avoid, ameliorate or compensate such effects are the goals that are going to be presented in this paper.

Laughter on the Fringes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Peterson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Literary Canon ◽  
Autobiographical Writing ◽  
Treasure Trove ◽  
Old Comedy ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Aggressive Humor ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

This book examines the impact that Athenian Old Comedy had on Greek writers of the Imperial era. It is generally acknowledged that Imperial-era Greeks responded to Athenian Old Comedy in one of two ways: either as a treasure trove of Atticisms, or as a genre defined by and repudiated for its aggressive humor. Worthy of further consideration, however, is how both approaches, and particularly the latter one that relegated Old Comedy to the fringes of the literary canon, led authors to engage with the ironic and self-reflexive humor of Aristophanes, Eupolis, and Cratinus. Authors ranging from serious moralizers (Plutarch and Aelius Aristides) to comic writers in their own right (Lucian, Alciphron), to other figures not often associated with Old Comedy (Libanius) adopted aspects of the genre to negotiate power struggles, facilitate literary and sophistic rivalries, and provide a model for autobiographical writing. To varying degrees, these writers wove recognizable features of the genre (e.g., the parabasis, its agonistic language, the stage biographies of the individual poets) into their writings. The image of Old Comedy that emerges from this time is that of a genre in transition. It was, on the one hand, with the exception of Aristophanes’s extant plays, on the verge of being almost completely lost; on the other hand, its reputation and several of its most characteristic elements were being renegotiated and reinvented.

scholarly journals Changes in Value Orientations in Serbia, 2003–2018 . Patriarchy, Authoritarianism and Nationalism

Südosteuropa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-431
Author(s):  
Irena Petrović ◽  
Marija Radoman
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Ethnic Nationalism ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
Private And Public

AbstractThe authors analyze the changes in value patterns—patriarchy, authoritarianism and nationalism—in Serbia in the context of the social changes that have marked the postsocialist transformation period. They focus on the extent and intensity of two sub-patterns within each of these three basic value patterns: private and public patriarchy, general and specific authoritarianism, organic (natural) and ethnic nationalism. The conclusions about changes in these value patterns are drawn on the basis of three empirical studies conducted in 2003, 2012, and 2018. They show the prevalence of private patriarchy, general authoritarianism, and organic (natural) nationalism over their counterparts. Private patriarchy has weakened, which is largely to be explained by the significant structural changes in Serbia. On the other hand, support of general authoritarianism and organic (natural) nationalism has been on the rise, which clearly mirrors the unfavorable economic and political situation in the country.

scholarly journals Application of Plant Extracts in Micropropagation and Cryopreservation of Bleeding Heart: An Ornamental-Medicinal Plant Species

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 542
Author(s):  
Dariusz Kulus ◽  
Natalia Miler
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
The Other ◽  
White Gold ◽  
Natural Extracts ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Impact

Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara (bleeding heart) is valued both in the horticultural and pharmaceutical markets. Despite its great popularity, information on the in vitro tissue culture technology in this species is limited. There is also little knowledge on the application of plant extracts in the tissue culture systems of plants other than orchids. The aim of this study is to compare the utility of traditional plant growth regulators (PGRs) and natural extracts—obtained from the coconut shreds, as well as oat, rice, and sesame seeds—in the micropropagation and cryopreservation of L. spectabilis ‘Gold Heart’ and ‘White Gold’. The biochemical analysis of extracts composition is also included. In the first experiment related to micropropagation via axillary buds activation, the single-node explants were cultured for a 10-week-long propagation cycle in the modified Murashige and Skoog medium fortified either with 1.11 µM benzyladenine (BA) and 1.23 µM indole-3-butritic acid (IBA) or with 10% (v/v) plant extracts. A PGRs- and extract-free control was also considered. In the cryopreservation experiment, the same 10% (v/v) extracts were added into the medium during a seven-day preculture in the encapsulation-vitrification cryopreservation protocol. It was found that the impact of natural additives was cultivar- and trait-specific. In the first experiment, the addition of coconut extract favoured the proliferation of shoots and propagation ratio in bleeding heart ‘Gold Heart’. Rice extract, on the other hand, promoted callus formation in ‘White Gold’ cultivar and was more effective in increasing the propagation ratio in this cultivar than the conventional plant growth regulators (4.1 and 2.6, respectively). Sesame extract suppressed the development of the explants in both cultivars analysed, probably due to the high content of polyphenols. As for the second experiment, the addition of plant extracts into the preculture medium did not increase the survival level of the cryopreserved shoot tips (sesame and oat extracts even decreased this parameter). On the other hand, coconut extract, abundant in simple sugars and endogenous cytokinins, stimulated a more intensive proliferation and growth of shoots after rewarming of samples. Analysing the synergistic effect of conventional plant growth regulators and natural extracts should be considered in future studies related to L. spectabilis.

Education and Learning at a Medieval English Cathedral: Exeter 1380–1548

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Orme
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Medieval England ◽  
Literary Education ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The People ◽  
The Impact

During the last hundred years our knowledge of the educational institutions of medieval England has steadily increased, both of schools and universities. We know a good deal about what they taught, how they were organised and where they were sited. The next stage is to identify their relationship with the society which they existed to serve. Whom did they train, to what standards and for what ends? These questions pose problems. They cannot be answered from the constitutional and curricular records which tell us about the structure of educational institutions. Instead, they require a knowledge of the people—the pupils and scholars—who went to the medieval schools and universities. We need to recover their names, to compile their biographies and thereby to establish their origins, careers and attainments. If this can be done on a large enough scale, the impact of education on society will become clearer. In the case of the universities, the materials for this task are available and well known. Thanks to the late Dr A. B. Emden, most of the surviving names of the alumni of Oxford and Cambridge have been collected and published, together with a great many biographical records about them. For the schools, on the other hand, where most boys had their literary education if they had one at all, such data are not available. Except for Winchester and Eton, we do not possess lists of the pupils of schools until the middle of the sixteenth century, and there is no way to remedy the deficiency.

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