Rola donosu w życiu Polaków zesłanych na Syberię po upadku powstania styczniowego

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-269
Keyword(s):  
Initial Period ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Fundamental Difference ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Siberian Population ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
To Receive

After the fall of the January Uprising there were about 20,000. Poles in Siberia. The Russian administration and the Siberian communities were not prepared to receive such a large group of Poles. In many places, especially in the initial period of exile, there were various types of misunderstandings between the Poles and the Russian administration and the Siberian community. We learn about them from denunciations. The informers came from both exiles and the local Siberian population. There was a fundamental difference between these denunciations. Poles, writing denunciations on their compatriots, counted on a reduction in punishment or even on release. Everyone was disappointed. The Siberian population, in turn, in their denunciations to the administration of various levels, claimed that Poles were preparing a general-Siberian uprising in order to detach this part from Russia that the local administration was too lenient with Poles, especially with people of noble origin. Finally, it was reported that Poles were preparing arsonist attacks on Siberian cities. The authorities were also warned that if Poles lived in large communities there was a danger of polonization of Siberian communities. For a historian, denunciations are important in the process of recreating the life of Siberian exiles, especially in the aspect of mutual relations between the Poles and the local population.

CHEMICAL AND CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS DURING TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH PHENYLKETONURIA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 929-940
Author(s):  
Helen K. Berry ◽  
Betty S. Sutherland ◽  
George M. Guest ◽  
Barbara Umbarger
Keyword(s):  
Initial Period ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
The Past ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Poor Nutritional Status ◽  
Nutritional Disturbances ◽  
Natural Foods ◽  
Casein Hydrolysates ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Biochemical Abnormalities

Three children with phenylketonuria between the ages of 2½ and 4½ years have been treated with three different diets low in content of phenylalanine during the past 18 months. In Diets I and III restriction of phenylalanine was accomplished by use of casein hydrolysates from which phenylalanine had been removed and other amino acids added. In Diet II intake of phenylalanine was limited by restriction of total intake of protein in the diet. Diets II and III were commercial preparations. All diets were fed in semisolid form combined with natural foods. After an initial period of hospitalization for regulation of intake of phenylalanine, treatment was carried out at home. Except during the early months of treatment intake of phenylalanine was not severely restricted. Nutritional disturbances were encountered as a result of apparent amino acid deficiencies in Diet I. Inadequate caloric intake and low intake of protein also contributed to poor nutritional status at one stage in the treatment. Biochemical abnormalities characteristic of phenylketonuria were improved when phenylalanine was restricted in the diets of the three children. All three showed improvement in motor ability, increased awareness, lengthened attention span, decreased tenseness and irritability. No change in mental status on objective testing was demonstrated. The improvement in behavior motor control, and ease of handling was such that the parents were unwilling for the children to receive diets with normal content of phenylalanine. This reaction of the parents should be taken into consideration whenever administration of a diet low in content of phenylalanine is considered.

Byzantium

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Herrin
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Imperial Court ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
The City

This chapter examines the mutual relations of palace and city in Byzantium. More specifically, it considers the link between the imperial court within the Great Palace of Constantinople and the local population who called themselves “Byzantines.” Constantine's foundation of a new capital on the site of ancient Byzantion gave rise to a series of epithets for the metropolis: the Queen City, or ruling city, basileuontas polis, as it became known, or simply “the city.” In Constantinople “the palace” refers to the “Great Palace,” even though there were many other palaces in the city and suburban region. The chapter describes the occasions when the emperor had contact with three important groups of people who could enter the palace doors: circus factions, soldiers, and merchants. It also discusses two circumstances in which the emperor left the palace: journeys established by imperial protocol for fixed ceremonies, and unplanned visits to the city.

scholarly journals First- and second-order sociality determine survival and reproduction in cooperative cichlids

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1819) ◽  
pp. 20151971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Jungwirth ◽  
Michael Taborsky
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Indirect Fitness ◽  
Fitness Benefits ◽  
Different Levels

Cooperative breeders serve as a model to study the evolution of cooperation, where costs and benefits of helping are typically scrutinized at the level of group membership. However, cooperation is often observed in multi-level social organizations involving interactions among individuals at various levels. Here, we argue that a full understanding of the adaptive value of cooperation and the evolution of complex social organization requires identifying the effect of different levels of social organization on direct and indirect fitness components. Our long-term field data show that in the cooperatively breeding, colonial cichlid fish Neolamprologus pulcher , both large group size and high colony density significantly raised group persistence. Neither group size nor density affected survival at the individual level, but they had interactive effects on reproductive output; large group size raised productivity when local population density was low, whereas in contrast, small groups were more productive at high densities. Fitness estimates of individually marked fish revealed indirect fitness benefits associated with staying in large groups. Inclusive fitness, however, was not significantly affected by group size, because the direct fitness component was not increased in larger groups. Together, our findings highlight that the reproductive output of groups may be affected in opposite directions by different levels of sociality, and that complex forms of sociality and costly cooperation may evolve in the absence of large indirect fitness benefits and the influence of kin selection.

scholarly journals The Environment of Creators and Consumers of Economic Knowledge of the Free Economic Society in the Ukrainian Historical Lands (the Last Third of the 19th — the Beginning of the 20th Centuries).

2021 ◽  
pp. 142-163
Author(s):  
Valentyna Shandra
Keyword(s):  
Initial Period ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Economic Knowledge ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Demographic Description

The Free Economic Society, created under Catherine II, was fully in line with the enlightenment intentions of the Empress and her desire to encourage landowners to arrange their estates based on knowledge. One of the factors of its establishment was the need to accelerate the colonization of the Ukrainian southern territories, where land was received by officials and officers without economic skills. The society was to promote the foreign experience and the experience of those landowners who had achieved certain successes in growing high yields, organizing work, using machines and tillage, and building outbuildings. At the same time, it sought to study local specifics by describing and accumulating information about the demographic situation and economic potential of all territories of the Russian Empire. How did the landowners of the Ukrainian lands react to the attempts of the VET to involve them in their own activities and did its recommendations for the introduction of new agricultural technologies, which were discussed in the company’s publications, become authoritative? The author’s observations of the initial period of his activity allowed us to draw the following conclusions. In order to attract enlightened businessmen to participate in the society, the supreme power mobilized the local administration, which in turn mobilized the nobility. However, landowners were in no hurry to share their own achievements, and the company’s printed works did not become widespread and respectively did not take advantage of VET recommendations. There were insignificant successes in the natural-economic and demographic description of the provinces. The most complete were the descriptions of the Sloboda-Ukrainian province, the rest either did not take part in this project at all, or were brief.

scholarly journals Formation of the Crimean underground at the End of 1941 – the First half of 1942

2020 ◽  
Vol 6(72) (2) ◽  
pp. 203-213
Author(s):  
S. N. Tkachenko
Keyword(s):  
Initial Period ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The State ◽  
State Security ◽  
Special Place ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Resistance Movement

The underground struggle of the Soviet patriots during the years of the occupation of Crimea (1941– 1944), despite a certain range of studies, is nevertheless extremely poorly studied by historians. A special place in this is the clarification of the process of formation and deployment of the underground in the initial period, complex relationships with the local population and various structures of partisans and state security bodies. This article discusses the main activities for the preparation of the underground struggle, the reasons for omissions and achievements, and, as a result, the deployment of underground activities only by mid-1942. Particularly noted is the connection between the underground and partisan intelligence, the activities of the undercover apparatus of the state security of Crimea. In general, despite the shortcomings indicated in the article, thanks to the focused activities of the organizers in the partisan forest, the Crimean underground in the first half of 1942 became an important component of the resistance movement on the peninsula.

scholarly journals N.I. Kareev’s participation in the Processes of Institutionalizing Sociology in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 144-152
Author(s):  
Mikhail B. Glotov
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Studies ◽  
University Students ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Historical Society ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Science And Education ◽  
Sociological Society ◽  
To Receive

The article provides a brief overview of the scientific, organizational and pedagogical activities of the outstanding Russian historian and sociologist N.I. Kareev (1850–1931). The main focus is his participation in the processes of the initial period of institutionalizing sociology in Russia: the publication of scientific papers and textbooks on sociology. He was the first person in Russia to give a systematic course in sociology to university students, was co-opted to the Council of the Psychoneurological Institute, in which the first department of sociology was established in Russia. During Soviet times N.I. Kareev taught sociology in Petrograd at Women’s Courses. In 1918, by decision of the People’s Commissariat of Education, he was included in the list of 30 Russian professors who taught sociology at universities of Petrograd and sociological courses for sociology teachers working at secondary schools. N.I. Kareev took an active part in the formation and functioning of the sociological section at the Historical Society of St. Petersburg University and the М.М. Kovalevsky Sociological Society. In 1919, N.I. Kareev actively participated in the formation of the departments of sociology, sociological and social studies at the Faculty of Social Sciences of Petrograd University. But later, his activity began to receive less and less approval from the new organizers of science and education in Russia.

Mini-ASTROD: Mission Concept

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (07) ◽  
pp. 1035-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
WEI-TOU NI ◽  
JIN ZHU ◽  
XIANG-PING WU ◽  
GUEY-BO CHU ◽  
BIN YANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Initial Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optical Scheme ◽  
Deep Space Network ◽  
Precise Ephemeris ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
Doppler Tracking ◽  
Relativistic Parameter ◽  
To Receive

Advances in laser physics and its applications triggered the proposition and development of Laser Astrodynamics. Mini-ASTROD is a down-scaled version of ASTROD (Astro-dynamical Space Test of Relativity using Optical Devices). This mission concept has one spacecraft carrying a payload of a telescope, six lasers, and a clock together with ground stations (ODSN: Optical Deep Space Network) to test the optical scheme and yet give important scientific results. These scientific results include a better measurement of the relativistic parameters (γ to 1 ppm, β to a few ppm and others with improvement), a better sensitivity (several times better) in using the optical Doppler tracking method for detecting gravitational waves, a potential of measuring the solar angular momentum via the Lense-Thirring effect and measurement of many solar system parameters more precisely. These enable us to build a more precise ephemeris and astrodynamics. The weight of this spacecraft is estimated to be about 300–350 kg with a payload of about 100–120 kg. The spacecraft goes into an inner solar orbit with several options. One option is with period 304 days as for the inner spacecraft of the standard two-spacecraft ASTROD mission concept and it takes about 900 days to reach the other side of the Sum relative to the Earth. Another option is to launch with initial period about 290 days and to pass by Venus twice to receive gravity-assistance for achieving shorter periods. For a launch on November 15, 2008, after two encounters with Venus, the orbital period can be shortened to 165 days. After about 400 days from launch, the spacecraft will arrive at the other side of the Sun and the relativistic parameter γ can be determined to 1 ppm. We discuss the payload configuration and outlook for technological developments to reach the mission goals, and summarize the conclusions and recommendations of the first and second organizational meeting for the Mini-ASTROD study.

scholarly journals 266 Administering an appeasing substance to beef calves at weaning to optimize welfare and productivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 194-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Schubach ◽  
Reinaldo F Cooke ◽  
Alice Brandão ◽  
Bruna Rett ◽  
Vitor Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Skin Area ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Glycol Monoethyl Ether ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract This experiment evaluated the impacts of bovine appeasing substance (BAS) administration on performance, behavioral, and physiological responses of beef calves upon weaning. Eighty Angus-influenced calves (40 heifers, 40 steers) were weaned at 233 ± 2 d of age (d 0), ranked by age and body weight (BW), and assigned to receive BAS (Nutricorp, Araras, SP, Brazil; n = 40) or placebo (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; CON; n = 40). Treatments (5 mL) were topically applied to the nuchal skin area of each animal. Within treatment, calves were allocated to 1 of 8 drylot pens (4 pens/treatment) and received a free-choice total mixed ration (TMR) from d 0 to 42, intake of which was assessed daily. On d 0, calves were fitted with a pedometer behind their right shoulder, and pedometer results were recorded weekly during the experiment (d 0 to 42) concurrently with full BW collection and temperament evaluation. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42, and hair samples were collected from the tail switch on d 0, 14, 28, and 42. Average daily gain from d 0 to 42 did not differ between treatments (P = 0.52), but was greater (P = 0.05) in BAS vs. CON calves from d 0 to 28. Intake of TMR was greater during the first week for BAS vs. CON calves (P = 0.05), and similar (P ≥ 0.44) from wk 2 to 6 (treatment × week; P = 0.08). Exit velocity was greater (P = 0.03) for CON vs. BAS calves on d 14 and tended (P = 0.08) to be greater for CON vs. BAS calves on d 7 (treatment × day; P = 0.04). Physical activity was greater for CON vs. BAS calves on d 1 (P < 0.01), but greater (P = 0.01) in BAS vs. CON on d 2 (treatment × day; P = 0.01). Mean plasma concentrations of haptoglobin were greater (P = 0.03) in CON vs. BAS calves during the experiment. Hair cortisol concentrations were greater (P = 0.0 5) in CON vs. BAS calves on d 14 (treatment × day interaction; P = 0.03). Results from this experiment indicate BAS calves habituated to their environment more rapidly through increased physical activity, which facilitated a lessened stress response associated with weaning, and accelerated adaptation to a novel environment. This was manifested through improved TMR intake and BW gain during the initial period of the experiment. Collectively, results suggest use of BAS as a strategy to improve calf welfare and productivity upon weaning.

scholarly journals COVID-19 vaccination intention and vaccine characteristics influencing vaccination acceptance: a global survey of 17 countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Ping Wong ◽  
Haridah Alias ◽  
Mahmoud Danaee ◽  
Jamil Ahmed ◽  
Abhishek Lachyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Individual Country ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
Vaccination Acceptance ◽  
Mrna Technology ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Background The availability of various types of COVID-19 vaccines and diverse characteristics of the vaccines present a dilemma in vaccination choices, which may result in individuals refusing a particular COVID-19 vaccine offered, hence presenting a threat to immunisation coverage and reaching herd immunity. The study aimed to assess global COVID-19 vaccination intention, vaccine characteristics influencing vaccination acceptance and desirable vaccine characteristics influencing the choice of vaccines. Methods An anonymous cross-sectional survey was conducted between 4 January and 5 March 2021 in 17 countries worldwide. Proportions and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and vaccine characteristics influencing vaccination acceptance were generated and compared across countries and regions. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Results Of the 19,714 responses received, 90.4% (95% CI 81.8–95.3) reported likely or extremely likely to receive COVID-19 vaccine. A high proportion of likely or extremely likely to receive the COVID-19 vaccine was reported in Australia (96.4%), China (95.3%) and Norway (95.3%), while a high proportion reported being unlikely or extremely unlikely to receive the vaccine in Japan (34.6%), the U.S. (29.4%) and Iran (27.9%). Males, those with a lower educational level and those of older age expressed a higher level of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Less than two-thirds (59.7%; 95% CI 58.4–61.0) reported only being willing to accept a vaccine with an effectiveness of more than 90%, and 74.5% (95% CI 73.4–75.5) said they would accept a COVID-19 vaccine with minor adverse reactions. A total of 21.0% (95% CI 20.0–22.0) reported not accepting an mRNA vaccine and 51.8% (95% CI 50.3–53.1) reported that they would only accept a COVID-19 vaccine from a specific country‐of‐origin. Countries from the Southeast Asia region reported the highest proportion of not accepting mRNA technology. The highest proportion from Europe and the Americas would only accept a vaccine produced by certain countries. The foremost important vaccine characteristic influencing vaccine choice is adverse reactions (40.6%; 95% CI 39.3–41.9) of a vaccine and effectiveness threshold (35.1%; 95% CI 33.9–36.4). Conclusions The inter-regional and individual country disparities in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy highlight the importance of designing an efficient plan for the delivery of interventions dynamically tailored to the local population. Graphic Abstract

scholarly journals BURIAL ARTEFACTS AND FUNERAL RITUAL OF ANCIENT SLAVS IN THE TYSA-DANUBE BASIN

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 123-134
Author(s):  
Pavlo PENYAK
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
The Body ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Danube Basin ◽  
Funeral Ritual ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Large Group ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
In Memoriam ◽  
Burial Grounds

The paper is devoted to the burial artefacts and funeral ritual of ancient Slavs in the basin of the Tysa and Danube. This was a whole set of actions related to the tribute to ancestors and care of them in the afterlife. It included a traditional ritual from the biological death of a decedent till its burial in a tomb as well as ritual acts performed afterwards in memoriam of the decedent. As follows from archeological sources, by the middle of the first millennium A.D. Slavs had formed a traditional burial ritual with the body being burned. This ritual underwent considerable changes due to the Slav expansion to the Balkans and Central Europe. Due to the cultural basis of the newly inhabited territories and the burial ritual of the local population, the traditional Slavic ritual was losing old details and acquiring new ones, resulting in a transition from cremation to inhumation. Traditional body-burning burial rite can be barrowless (ground-based) or barrow-type. Barrowless burials with body burning in the Tysa-Danube basin are studied rather narrowly, with only a minimal amount of them being known. Their characteristic feature was that after the cremation the relics in the form of calcinated bones were left in shallow pits or in clay urns without any external sings. Depending on the place of the cremation relics being left, the barrowless cremation burials are divided into urn-type and urnless (pit-type). The first were characterised by the post-cremation relics being placed in clay urns or in their bottom parts. Urnless burials were ended up by placement of the post-cremation relics in small pits with the depth of 0,25 to 0,6 m. Another large group of burial artefacts is represented by barrow-type burial mounds with body burning. They were different in size, occupying on the average the area from 1 to 5 ha where from 20 to 90 barrows could be located. Depending on the place and way of the post-cremation relics being placed under the mound, the following variations are distinguished: urn-type, pit-type, long horizon-type, and wooden coffin-type. The majority of the known burial artefacts in the Tysa-Danube basin belong to the inhumation type. Depending on the character of the burial structure, the inhumation rite burial grounds are divided into barrow-type and ground-type (hole-type). Burials of the first type were characterised by placing the decedent’s body in an outstretched position on the back under a ground mound. The second large group of necropoles are ground-type, ending up in the decedent’s body being placed in holes that had been dug in the ground. In most cases they are of rectangular shape with sizes ranging from 1,7 to 2,1 m (length) and 0,6 to 1,1 m (width). Кеy words: ancient Slavs, burial artefacts, funeral ritual, Tysa-Danube basin.

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