scholarly journals Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) and Mint Leaves (Mentha Piperrita L) Alleviate Emesis Gravidarum

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Indah Putri Ramadhanti ◽  
Uli Hermalina Lubis

Background: Emesis gravidarum is a feeling of nausea that appears in pregnant women, especially in the morning. Pregnant women experience nausea, vomiting, 2% in the morning, 80% throughout the day and 18% progress to delivery. In Indonesia, there are 50-75% cases of nausea and vomiting experienced by pregnant women. The cause is an increase in the hormones estrogen, progesterone and the secretion of hCG. The content in ginger (Zingiber OffIcinale) and mint leaves (Mentha Piperrita L) can reduce the incidence of emesis gravidarum thereby preventing bad health conditions of pregnant women that interfere with fetal growth and development. Purpose: To know the effectiveness of giving ginger and mint leaves to reduce emesis gravidarum for pregnant women. Methods: The research method used is the Quasy Experiment method with the Two Group Pre and Post-Test Design approach. The population of first trimester pregnant women is 60 people. The number of samples in each group was 4 women using the 2 free sample formula and purposive sampling technique. The results of the normal distribution test with the Saphiro Wilk test, the data are normally distributed so that it uses the paired t-test and the independent t-test. Results: Based on the univariate test, it was found that the average before infusion of ginger was 9.25 and 5.25 after being given steeped ginger. On average, before being given the mint leaf steeped was 10.0 and after being given the mint leaf steeped was 7.00. Based on the paired t-test, it was found that the p-value of steeped ginger was 0.011 <0.05, while the p-value of steeped mint leaves was 0.024 <0.05. Based on the independent t-test, it was found that the effectiveness of giving steeped ginger and mint leaves was p-value 0.013 <0.05. Conclusion: Ginger and mint leaves statistically alleviate emesis gravidarum in the first trimester of pregnancy. Midwives could suggest the women to consume ginger and mint leaves as alternative or complementary treatment of emesis gravidarum.

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
Aida Fitria ◽  
Ade Ayu Prawita ◽  
Sari Yana

Introduction: Emesis gravidarum or nausea, vomiting, which often occurs in the first trimester of pregnancy, if left untreated, will cause problems for pregnant women and the fetus. Handling of emesis gravidarum can be done with pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments such as lemon aromatherapy. According to Riskesdas Jambi province in 2018, complications experienced by pregnant women amounted to 14.36% of them experienced nausea and vomiting. Objective: To determine the effect of lemon aromatherapy on emesis gravidarum in pregnant women in the first trimester at the Rosita Village Midwife Clinic, Pasar Monday, Jambi Province in 2020. Method:  The research was pre-experimental design approach in the form of one group pre-test and post-test. The study population was 20 people. The sample were taken by using a purposive sampling technique amounted to 15 respondents, the statistical test used was the depnden t test. Result:  The data obtained the pre-test mean of 10,20 and SD of 1.486, while the post-test of mean of 4,80 SD of 1.234. From the results of the statistical test, namely the paired t-test with a confidence level of 95%, it is known that the p-value=0.000. Conclusion: There is frequency reduction in first trimester emesis gravidarum by giving lemon aromatherapy Lemon Aromatherapy in Trimester I Pregnant Women.


2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-284
Author(s):  
Vitrianingsih Vitrianingsih ◽  
Sitti Khadijah

Studi memperkirakan emesis gravidarum terjadi pada 50-90% kehamilan. Mual muntah pada kehamilan memberikan dampak yang signifikan bagi tubuh dimana ibu menjadi lemah, pucat dan cairan tubuh berkurang sehingga darah menjadi kental (hemokonsentrasi). Keadaan ini dapat memperlambat peredaran darah dan berakibat pada kurangnya suplay oksigen serta makanan ke jaringan sehingga dapat membahayakan kesehatan ibu dan janin. Salah satu terapi yang aman dan dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi keluahan mual muntah pada ibu hamil adalah pemberian aromaterapi lemon. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas aroma terapi lemon untuk menangani emesis gravidarum. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan Quasi experiment  dengan  one group pre-post test design. Populasi penelitian adalah ibu hamil yang mengalami emesis gravidarum di Kecamatan Berbah, Sleman. Jumlah sampel 20 ibu hamil trimester pertama yang diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling. Pengukuran mual muntah dilakukan debelum dan setelah  pemberian aromaterapi lemon menggunakan Indeks Rhodes. Analisa data menggunakan uji Paired t-test. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rata-rata skor mual muntah sebelum pemberian aromaterapi lemon berdasarkan Indeks Rhodes pada Ibu Hamil dengan emesis gravidarum yaitu 22,1 dan terjadi penurunan skor setelah pemberian aromaterapi lemon menjadi 19,8. Ada pengaruh pemberian aromaterapi lemon dengan pengurangan mual muntah pada ibu hamil (p-value = 0.017). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan pemberian aromaterapi lemon efektif untuk mengurangi emesis gravidarum pada ibu hamil trimester pertama.  Kata kunci: aromaterapi lemon, emesis gravidarum THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEMON AROMATHERAPY FOR HANDLING EMESIS GRAVIDARUM   ABSTRACT Studies estimate that nausea and vomiting (emesis gravidarum) occur in 50 – 90% of pregnancies. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy have a significant impact on the body in which it makes a mother becomes weak, pale, and decreasing body fluid so that the blood becomes thick (hemoconcentration). This situation can slow down blood circulation and inflict the lack of oxygen and food supplies to the body tissues so that it can endanger the health of the mother and fetus. One of the therapies that is safe and can be conducted to reduce nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is by giving the lemon aromatherapy treatment. The research aims to determine the effectiveness of the aroma of lemon therapy to deal with emesis gravidarum. This study applied quasi-experimental research with one group pretest-posttest design. The population of this study was pregnant women who experienced emesis gravidarum. Furthermore, samples were 20 mothers from Berbah, Sleman taken by using a purposive sampling technique. Nausea and vomiting were assessed between before and after giving lemon aromatherapy using the Rhodes Index. The data were analyzed using the paired t-test. The mean score of nausea and vomiting before giving lemon aromatherapy on mother with emesis gravidarum based on the Rhodes Index was 22.1. However, it decreased after given lemon aromatherapy treatment to 19.8. Therefore, there was an effect on giving lemon aromatherapy treatment toward the decrease of nausea and vomiting for pregnant women (p-value = 0.017). Lemon aromatherapy is effective to reduce emesis gravidarum.  Keywords: lemon aromatherapy, emesis gravidarum


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-527
Author(s):  
Yusmaharani Yusmaharani ◽  
Nurmaliza Nurmaliza ◽  
Rini Hariani Ratih

Background : Pregnancy can cause changes in the overall condition of a woman's body such as physical, psychological and hormonal changes, hormonal changes that occur in pregnant women due to an imbalance in the work of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. This imbalance results in placental HCG or (Human Chorionic Gonadotropine). This can cause nausea and vomiting in pregnant women or is called emesis gravidarum. Pregnant women who experience nausea and vomiting can experience complications in about 60-80% in primigravida and around 40-60% in multigravida. Mint leaves are known to be a safe and effective medicine for treating nausea and vomiting in pregnant women. Attrition oil content in mint leaves is useful for smooth digestive system and overcome spasms that sometimes occur in the stomach. such as muscle spasms in the process of nausea and vomiting. Mint leaves can be drunk in tea, or eaten like candy.Purpose : To find out the effect of giving mint leav stew to reduce nausea and vomiting in trimester 1 pregnant women at the Jambu Mawar Primary Clinic.Methode : The study used a pre-experimental research design that was one group pretest-posttest. The sample in this study were pregnant women in the first trimester at the Jambu Mawar Primary Clinic Pekanbaru, taken by purposive sampling of 32 people. Bivariate analysis used paired t-test to see the effect of giving drinks. Mint leaves against nausea and vomiting of mothers in the first trimester. The questionnaire used for data collection contains general data, the frequency of nausea and vomiting before and after the intervention was given.Result : The results of the study found that the majority of respondents were in the age of 20 - 30 years, as many as 18 people (59.3%). Based on the parity variable, the majority of multigravida were 21 people (65.6%). Based on the work variable, the majority of housewives or not working as many as 25 people (78.1%). The effect of giving mint leaf boiled water on nausea and vomiting, before being given the intervention the average respondent experienced nausea and vomiting 7 times a day, after being given the mint leaf boiled water intervention the average frequency of nausea and vomiting decreased to 3.8 times a day with P value = 0.000. The results of this study can be concluded that both clinically and statistically, mint leaf boiled water has an effect on reducing the frequency of nausea and vomiting in first trimester pregnant women.Conclusion : There is an effect on the frequency of nausea and vomiting in pregnant women in the first trimester at the Primary Jambu Mawar clinic with a value of Pvalue = 0,000. Researcher's hope for respondents is that they can add insight to respondents about how to reduce nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy using mint leaf drinks.Suggestion It is recommended for health workers to use the results of this study as an alternative to overcome nausea and vomiting in pregnant women. Respondents, namely pregnant women, can apply a decoction of mint leaves to treat nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Keywords : Mint leaf Stew Water, Neasusea, Vomiting, 1st Trimaster or Pregnancy ABSTRAK Latar Belakang : Kehamilan dapat menyebabakan perubahan kondisi tubuh perempuan secara keseluruhan seperti  perubahan fisik, psikis dan hormonal, perubahan hormonal yang terjadi pada perempuan hamil karena ketidakseimbangan kerja hormon estrogen dan progestrogen. ketidakseimbangan ini menghasilkan HCG plasenta atau (Human Chorionic Gonadotropine). Hal ini dapat menyebabkan rasa mual dan muntah pada ibu hamil atau disebut dengan emesis gravidarum. Ibu hamil yang mengalami mual dan muntah dapat terjadi komplikasi sekitar 60-80% terjadi pada primigravida dan sekitar 40-60% pada multigravida. Daun mint  diketahui bisa menjadi obat yang aman dan efektif untuk mengobati mual dan muntah pada Ibu Hamil. Kandungan minyak atrisi pada daun mint berguna untuk kelancaran sistem pencernaan serta mengatasi kejang yang kadang terjadi pada perut. seperti kejang otot pada proses mual dan muntah. Daun mint bisa diminum di jadikan teh, atau pun dimakan seperti perment.Tujuan  : Untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian air rebusan daun mint untuk mengurangi mual muntah pada ibu hamil Trimester 1 di Klinik Pratama Jambu MawarMetode : Penelitian menggunakan design penelitian Pra-eksperimen yang bersifat one grup pretest-postest Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah ibu hamil trimester I di Klinik Pratama Jambu Mawar Pekanbaru di ambil secara purposive sampling  sebanyak 32 orang Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji paired t-test untuk melihat pengaruh pemberian air rebusan daun mint terhadap mual muntah ibu trimester I. Kueioner yang digunakan untuk pengumpulan data berisi tentang data umum, frekuensi mual dan muntah sebelum dan setelah diberikan intervensi.Hasil : Hasil penelitian di dapatkan bahwa mayoritas responden berada pada umur 20 – 30 tahun yaitu sebanyak 18 orang (59,3%). Berdasarkan variabel paritas mayoritas multigravida sebanyak 21 orang (65,6%). Berdasarkan variable pekerjaan Mayoritas ibu rumah tangga atau tidak bekerja sebanyak 25 orang (78,1%). Pengaruh pemberian air rebusan daun mint terhadap mual dan muntah, sebelum diberikan intervensi rata-rata responden mengalami mual dan muntah sebanyak 7 kali sehari, setelah diberikan intervensi air rebusan daun mint rata-rata frekuensi mual dan muntah menurun menjadi 3,8 kali dalam sehari dengan nilai Pvalue = 0,000. Hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa baik secara klinis maupun statistic, air rebusan daun mint memberikan pengaruh terhadap penurunan frekuensi mual dan muntah pada ibu hamil trimester I.Kesimpulan : Terdapat pengaruh pemberian air rebusan daun mint terhadap frekuensi mual dan muntah pada ibu hamil trimester 1 di klinik Pratama Jambu Mawar dengan nilai Pvalue =  0,000 dengan demikian daun mint mampu mengurangi frekuensi mual muntah pada ibu hamil Trimester I.Saran bagi tenaga kesehatan dapat menjadikan hasil penelitian ini sebagai alternatif untuk  mengatasi mual muntah pada ibu hamil. Bagi responden yaitu ibu hamil dapat mengaplikasikan rebusan daun mint untuk mengatasi mual muntah saat hamil. Kata Kunci : Air Rebusan Daun Mint, Mual Muntah, Hamil Trimester 1


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Nidya Comdeca Nurvitriana ◽  
Setiana Andarwulan

Background of research on mother's knowledge of toddlers in providing feeding schedules, especially snacks. Giving snacks that are not right on schedule will have an influence on the growth and development of infants. Through the Emotional Demontration method, eating schedule for snacking can be controlled. Emotional Demonstration is the provision of education not only through lectures but also through games so that the key messages conveyed can be remembered by mothers of toddlers in Posyandu V Mulyorejo Surabaya. The Emo Demo method is one solution to reduce the stunting rate. In 2017 the stunting rate in Indonesia reached 22.2%. Based on the results of the survey conducted through interviews with nutritionists, it was explained that there were 16 stunting toddlers in Posyandu V Surabaya. Quantitative Research Methodology, a quasi-experimental research design method with one group pretest posttest approach. The population in this study were all mothers of children under five in Posyandu V Mulyorejo Surabaya as many as 36 people, samples as many as 36 mothers of toddlers. With a total sampling technique. Analyze data with Paired T-test. The results showed the mean value of the pre test was 6.06, the mean value after the post test reached 8.16. While the significance value of p value = 0,000 with α = 0.05 through the Paired T-test. The conclusion is that there are differences in the knowledge of pre and post test among mothers of children under five in Posyandu V Mulyorejo Surabaya, p value = 0,000 with α = 0.05. Suggestions for health workers to continue to make improvements in practicing emotional demonstration to participants because it is very useful in increasing knowledge to prevent increased stunting rates.


2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritsma Zunira Aryani ◽  
Rohmi Handayani ◽  
Rohmi Handayani ◽  
Dewi Susilowati

Abstract Background: Prolonged anxiety at labor may result in abnormal labor and unfavorable effects on the fetus. To break the chain of anxiety can be done with prenatal gentle yoga, because in the prenatal gentle yoga there are pose that can make the pregnant woman relax.To know the characteristics of espondents, to know the average anxietyscore before and after prenatal gentle yoga and to know the impact of prenatal gentle yoga implementation on the anxiety before the delivery of primigravida third trimester pregnant women at Bidan Kita Clinic, Klaten.The research used quasy experiment with one group pretest-posttest approach. Method:The sampling technique used is total sampling, obtained the number of samples of 32 trimester pregnant women III who follow prenatal gentle yoga in the first time. Correlation analysis technique used Paired T Test. From 32 respondents, showed that the majority (97%) of espondents were 2035 years ld with higher education background (50%) and worked as private (37%), the average anxiety score before prenatal gentle yoga was 27.4375 and  the average anxiety score after prenatal gentle yoga decreased to 23.1563. The anxiety degradation score ahead of delivery to the respondents was 4.2812. Result: The result of data normality test, distribution of data in this research is normal distribution hence correlation test used Paired T test with value p value is 0.000 (p <0.05). There is a significant decrease in respondents' anxiety scores. Conclusion: There is a strong impact between the prenatal gentle yoga exercise on heanxiety winning of labor in pregnant primigravida in third trimester at Bidan Kita Clinic, Klaten.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Dewi Puspita Ningrum ◽  
Hery Ernawati ◽  
Laily Isro'in

AbstractDandruff is often regarded as a mild thing. However, for patients it resulted in disruption of comfort and confidence. The use of natural ingredients without the side effects of chemicals for the treatment of dry dandruff is by using traditional materials obtained from the natural surroundings, one of which is aloe vera (Aloe vera). Aloe vera (Aloe vera), which chemically has elements of a compound that can replace chemical drugs to cope with dry dandruff such as phosphorus, vitamins A, B, amino acids, saponins and flavonoids. The design of this study using one group pra-post test design, with a population of 23 respondents, a sample of 23 respondents, using total sampling technique. Collecting data using questionnaires. Data processing with data normality test pre-post <30%, then using a paired t-test with significance <0.05.The results of this study obtained from 23 respondents, 17 respondents (73.9%) experienced a decline in scores, 4 respondents (17.4%) score remained, and 2 respondents (8.7%) decrease increase of dry dandruff score. Statistical analysis showed significant results with a p-value = 0.000 < 0.05. The conclusion of this study is aloe vera gel (Aloe vera) has an effect to healing dry dandruff. Therefore it is expected that sufferers of dry dandruff are more selective to choose the type of scalp treatment.Keywords: Aloe Vera Gel, Dry Dandruff.AbstrakKetombe kering sering dianggap sebagai hal yang ringan. Namun, bagi penderita hal tersebut mengakibatkan gangguan kenyamanan dan tidak percaya diri. Penggunaan bahan alami tanpa menimbulkan efek samping untuk pengobatan ketombe kering adalah dengan menggunakan bahan tradisional, salah satunya adalah lidah buaya (Aloe vera). Lidah buaya (Aloe vera) yang secara kimia memiliki unsur-unsur senyawa yang dapat menggantikan fungsi obat kimia untuk mengatasi ketombe kering diantaranya fosfor, vitamin A,B, asam amino, saponin dan flavonoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian gel lidah buaya (Aloe vera) terhadap penyembuhan ketombe kering. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan one group pra-post test design, dengan jumlah populasi 23 responden, sampel 23 responden, dengan menggunakan teknik total sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner. Pengolahan data dengan uji normalitas data pre-post <30%, maka menggunakan uji paired t-test dengan kemaknaan <0,05. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan dari 23 responden, 17 responden (73,9%) mengalami penurunan skor, 4 responden (17,4%) skor tetap, dan 2 responden (8,7%) mengalami penurunan peningkatan skor ketombe kering. Analisis statistika menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan dengan nilai = p-value 0.000 < 0.05. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah gel lidah buaya (Aloe vera) mempunyai efek untuk penyembuhan ketombe kering. Maka dari itu diharapkan penderita ketombe kering lebih selektif untuk memilih jenis perawatan kulit kepala.Kata Kunci : Gel Lidah Buaya, Ketombe Kering.


2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Finta Isti Kundarti ◽  
Dwi Estuning Rahayu ◽  
Reni Utami

Nausea and vomiting is a common disorder experienced by 50% of pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy. Efforts to reduce the symptoms can be with food or drinks containing ginger. Ginger has antiemetic and anxiolytic activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of ginger to decrease nausea and vomiting in pregnant women 0-16 weeks gestation. The type of research design used is quasy Experimental design. The population in this study were all pregnant women 0-16 weeks gestation who experience nausea and vomiting as many as 24 people in the sub-district Puskesmas Wonorejo Ngadiluwih Kediri. The sample in this study 24 people with using cluster random sampling and systematic sampling. The instrument used was a questionnaire and rhodes INVR. Analysis of the results using Wilcoxon Match Pairs Test test results obtained p value 0.033 ;0.05 then H0 is rejected so that there are differences decrease nausea and vomiting in pregnant women 0-16 weeks gestation who were not given the ginger and ginger. In conclusion the effective administration of ginger powder to decrease nausea and vomiting in pregnant women aged 0-16 weeks. Suggested for health workers to use ginger as a treatment alternative for reducing nausea and vomiting inpregnant women.Keywords: Giving of ginger powder, decrease of nausea and vomiting, pregnant women


2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuti Meihartati

Anemia is caused by iron deficiency in the body, a body that lacks iron becomes dizzy, the body feels weak. From interviewing 10 first trimester pregnant women, 7 pregnant women said dizziness, weakness, conjunctiva anemis. Long bean juice is a therapy to increase hemoglobin levels. This study aims to determine the effect of long bean juice on increasing hemoglobin levels in pregnant women in the first trimester The study design was Quasi Experimental with Pre And Post Test Without Control. The study sample were 16 first trimester pregnant women with Purposive Sampling technique. The results of the study by using the Wilcoxon test obtained p value <0.005 (0.001) it means that there was an effect of long bean juice on first trimester anemia pregnant women with an increase in hemoglobin levels The conclusion of this study, there was effect of long bean juice on first trimester anemia pregnant women with an increase in hemoglobin levels. It was recommended that long bean juice be used as a SOP in midwifery care for pregnant women to increase hemoglobin levels.


2021 ◽  
pp. 149-154
Author(s):  
Atiek Murharyati ◽  
Wahyuningsih Safitri ◽  
Erinda Nur Pratiwi ◽  
Adhi Wardhana Amrullah ◽  
Heni Nur Kusumawati ◽  
...  

Penyakit yang dialami lansia seringkali memperberat tingkat depresi lansia. Penyakit kronis yang sering dijumpai di lansia adalah hipertensi. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh senam lansia terhadap tingkat depresi lansia penderita hipertensi. Metode penelitian dengan quasy experiment dengan design penelitian one group pre and post test without control. Teknik sampling menggunakan total sampling yaitu sejumlah 24 orang lansia. Analisa data menggunakan uji paired t test. Hasil uji analisis paired sample t-test pada data pre dan post senam lansia menunjukkan nilai p value 0,000 artinya terdapat pengaruh senam lansia terhadap tingkat depresi lansia penderita hipertensi. Kesimpulannya adalah lansia penderita hipertensi membutuhkan kegiatan aktifitas fisik seperti senam lansia sehingga dapat mencegah depresi yang bisa memperberat kondisi lansia. Diseases experienced by the elderly often complicate the depression level of the elderly. A chronic disease that is often found in the elderly is hypertension. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of elderly exercise on the level of depression in elderly patients with hypertension. The research method is a quasi-experimental research design with one group pre and post test without control. The sampling technique used a total sampling of 24 elderly people. Data analysis using paired t test. The results of the paired sample t-test analysis on the pre and post elderly exercise data showed a p value of 0.000, meaning that there was an influence of elderly exercise on the level of depression in elderly patients with hypertension. The conclusion is that elderly people with hypertension need physical activities such as elderly gymnastics so that they can prevent depression which can aggravate the condition of the elderly.


Author(s):  
Indra Rahmad ◽  
Desty Emilyani ◽  
Akhmad Fathoni

Diarrhea is a dangerous disease in children. It can lead to death and cause an outbreak of extraordinary events. The main cause of death in diarrhea is dehydration, namely as a result of the loss of fluid and electrolyte salt in stool diarrhea. If dehydration is not immediately helped 20-30% of them could die. In order to analyze the effectiveness of health counseling on diarrheal disease prevention behavior with leaflet method on families who have children aged 0 - 5 years at Raba sub-district, Bima City in 2018. This research used Paired T-test research with One Group Pre-Post Test Design approach to 200 people sample. Sample selection sampling technique used a non-probability sampling type with purposive sampling technique, namely the selection of the entire sample. It is in accordance with the characteristics set by the researcher in the inclusion criteria. The results of the two variables analysis above using the Paired T-test, the t-value = 7.053 and p = 0.000 were obtained. The t-value = 7.053 indicated that there was strong effectiveness between two variables seen from the interpretation table of the correlation coefficient. The p-value = 0,000 was smaller than the alpha value of 0.05. it means Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that there is a strong and significant effect between maternal behavior before and after health counseling.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document