scholarly journals Effects of sodium metavanadate on the electrical stimulation of sciatic nerve of toads (Bufo regularis)

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-27
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Action Potential ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sodium Metavanadate ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Brain

Introduction: Vanadium and its compounds have been documented to exert toxic effects on almost all systems in living organisms including cardiovascular, reproductive and nervous systems. In the nervous system however, toxicity assays have been on the brain and its structures with little information on its effects on peripheral nerves. This study was therefore conducted to examine the toxicity of vanadium in the peripheral nervous system. Methods: Vanadium as sodium metavanadate was used in the study. Fifteen toads (Bufo regularis) were randomly distributed into 3 groups (A-C); A served as control and was administered distilled water during the experiment, B were intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered with sodium metavanadate at 3 mg/kg while C were administered with sodium metavanadate at 5 mg/kg i.p. for 7 consecutive days. Nerve conduction was studied in isolated toad sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius muscle preparation following electrical stimulation. The recordings were obtained on a kymograph for each group. Results: The results showed significant (p<0.05) reduction in the peak amplitude of the action potential and an increase in the latency of the onset of the action potential at 5 mg/kg sodium metavanadate. Furthermore, an increased threshold stimulus voltage was also observed in group administered with 5 mg/kg sodium metavanadate. The values of these parameters in the 3 mg/kg sodium metavanadate group were not statistically different from the control group. Significance: The findings of this preliminary study suggest that vanadium at 5 mg/kg may result in decrease speed of impulse conduction which may be as a result of demyelination in the sciatic nerve.

Some Points in the Histology of Lymphogenous and Hæmatogenous Toxic Lesions of the Spinal Cord

1908 ◽  
Vol 54 (226) ◽  
pp. 560-561
Author(s):  
David Orr ◽  
R. G. Rows
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Morphological Type ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Anatomical Distribution ◽  
Tabes Dorsalis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

At a quarterly meeting of this Association held last year at Nottingham, we showed the results of our experiments with toxins upon the spinal cord and brain of rabbits. Our main conclusion was, that the central nervous system could be infected by toxins passing up along the lymph channels of the perineural sheath. The method we employed in our experiments consisted in placing a celloidin capsule filled with a broth culture of an organism under the sciatic nerve or under the skin of the cheek; and we invariably found a resulting degeneration in the spinal cord or brain, according to the situation of the capsule. These lesions we found to be identical in morphological type and anatomical distribution with those found in the cord of early tabes dorsalis and in the brain and cord of general paralysis of the insane. The conclusion suggested by our work was that these two diseases, if toxic, were most probably infections of lymphogenous origin.

scholarly journals Analysis of electrogenesis’ changes in mental retardation persons by using computer electroencephalography

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 249-265
Author(s):  
B. Lobasyuk ◽  
L. Bartsevich ◽  
A. Zamkovaya
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Theta Rhythm ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bioelectrical Activity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Beta Rhythms ◽  
The Brain

Justification. Mental retardation is a persistent decrease in human cognitive activity against the background of organic damage to the central nervous system. Neurophysiological diagnostics, in particular electroencephalography (EEG), most adequately reflects the morpho-functional state of the central nervous system, which is the basis of the mechanisms of mental activity, and the originality of the bioelectrical activity of the brain can be considered as the main indicator that determines a decrease in the level of intellectual development and, thereby, characterizes this state. This provision actualizes the search for highly informative indicators of the originality of the bioelectrical activity of the brain in children with intellectual disabilities. Purspose. With the use of periodometric analysis investigate EEG’s indicators and interhemispheric asymmetry of rhythms amplitudes in MR patients. Materials and methods. The EEG was recorded in a state of calm wakefulness with closed eyes with Neuron-Spectrum-2 electroencephalograph. Differences in indicators were tracked using the calculation of the coefficient of compliance (CC), EEG functional asymmetry coefficients in amplitude were determined, too. Results. It was revealed that in MR patients the amplitudes of the rhythms were greater than in healthy subjects. The greatest increase was determined in theta rhythm in the anterior temporal and posterior temporal leads in the left hemispheres. Duration indices in the delta, theta and alpha ranges of the EEG in mental retardation compared with the control group were increased, and the indices of the duration of beta rhythms - decreased. When analyzing FMPA in MR persons it turned out that in right-handers the negativeness of FMPA indices increased, and in left-handers there was an increase in the positivity of FMPA indices. Conclusions 1. With mental retardation, the amplitudes of the rhythms were greater than in healthy people. The greatest increase was determined in theta rhythm in the anterior temporal and posterior temporal leads in the left hemispheres. 2. The indices of duration in the delta, theta and alpha ranges of the EEG of MR subjects were increased, and the indices of the duration of beta rhythms – decreased. 3. When analyzing FMPA in MR persons, it turned out that in right-handers the negativeness of FMPA indices increased, and in left-handers there was an increase in the positivity of FMPA indices.

Iodoantipyrine and Rb86 Cl uptake by brain, cord, and sciatic nerve in the rat

1963 ◽  
Vol 204 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris J. Mandel ◽  
Francesco Arcidiacono ◽  
Leo A. Sapirstein
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Anatomical Entity ◽  
Nerve Blood Flow ◽  
The Brain

Rb86 and Iodo131 antipyrine were injected together by vein in rats. The brain, spinal cord, and nerve contents of each label were measured 30 or 60 sec later. Iodoantipyrine values were used to calculate blood flow to these portions of the nervous system. The ratio of Rb86 to iodoantipyrine uptake was used as an index of the efficacy of the hematoneural barrier. The barrier is most complete in the brain, less complete in the spinal cord, and absent in peripheral nerve. Blood flow values per gram are: brain .41 ml/g min; cord .28 ml/g min, and nerve .11 ml/g min. It is suggested that the blood-brain barrier is an anatomical entity rather than a functional one.

scholarly journals Sampling and Evaluating the Peripheral Nervous System

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark T. Butt
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Mechanisms Of Toxicity ◽  
Test Article ◽  
Ganglion Neurons ◽  
The Brain

Many preclinical investigations limit the evaluation of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to paraffin-embedded sections/hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections of the sciatic nerve. This limitation ignores several key mechanisms of toxicity and anatomic differences that may interfere with an accurate assessment of test article effects on the neurons/neurites peripheral to the brain and spinal cord. Ganglion neurons may be exposed to higher concentrations of the test article as compared to neurons in the brain or spinal cord due to differences in capillary permeability. Many peripheral neuropathies are length-dependent, meaning distal nerves may show morphological changes before they are evident in the mid-sciatic nerve. Paraffin-embedded nerves are not optimal to assess myelin changes, notably those leading to demyelination. Differentiating between axonal or myelin degeneration may not be possible from the examination of paraffin-embedded sections. A sampling strategy more consistent with known mechanisms of toxicity, atraumatic harvest of tissues, optimized fixation, and the use of resin and paraffin-embedded sections will greatly enhance the pathologist’s ability to observe and characterize effects in the PNS.

The effects of nanofatty acids on the nervous system

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1831-1835
Author(s):  
Wei Hao ◽  
Cuiui Wang ◽  
Jia Song ◽  
Ping Zhao ◽  
Gang Li
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Homogenate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Malondialdehyde Content ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Plasma Malondialdehyde ◽  
Total Superoxide Dismutase

To investigate the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (nanofatty acids) on the nervous system, 90 clean female mice aged 3?5 weeks old were randomly divided into two groups (n = 45). The experimental group was injected with nanofatty acids once every other day for a total of three times, while the control group was injected with the same volume of normal saline. The behavior, weight, plasma, malondialdehyde content in the brain homogenate, and total superoxide disodium alcohol were assessed after the treatments. Mice treated with nanofatty acid were easily provoked, hyperactive, and had significantly reduced body weight as compared to the control mice (P <0.05). These findings suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acid can reduce the levels of lipid peroxidation and the activity of total superoxide dismutase in mice. Our results suggest that nanofatty acid exposure has a protect effect on the nervous system.

Timing of Applying Electrical Stimulation Is an Important Factor Deciding the Success Rate and Maturity of Regenerating Rat Sciatic Nerves

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 730-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Chou Yeh ◽  
Yu-Ching Lin ◽  
Fuu-Jen Tsai ◽  
Chih-Yang Huang ◽  
Chun-Hsu Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Nerve Repair ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Short Delay ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Compound Muscle Action Potentials ◽  
Group B

Background. The timing of electrical stimulation (ES) after peripheral nerve transection may enhance axonal regeneration and functional recovery. Objective. The authors examined whether percutaneous ES at 1 mA and 2 Hz affects regeneration between the proximal and distal nerve stumps. Methods. Four groups of adult rats were subjected to sciatic nerve section followed by repair using silicone rubber conduits across a 10-mm gap. All groups received ES for 15 minutes every other day for 2 weeks. Stimulation was initiated on day 1 following the nerve repair for group A, day 8 for group B, and day 15 for group C. The control group D received no ES. Results. At 6 weeks after surgery in groups B and C, histological evaluations showed a significantly higher number of regenerated myelinated fibers in the sciatic nerve, and the electrophysiological results showed higher levels of reinnervation with relatively larger mean values of amplitudes, durations, and areas of compound muscle action potentials compared with A and D. Conclusion. A short delay in the onset of ES may improve the recovery of a severe peripheral nerve injury, which should be considered as a way of augmenting rehabilitative approaches.

scholarly journals Can Early Electrical Stimulation Accelerates the Neural Regeneration by Increasing the Expression of BDNF and GDNF in Distal Part of Injured Peripheral Nerve? An Animal Experimental Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (A) ◽  
pp. 1006-1010
Author(s):  
Agus Roy Rusly Hariantana Hamid ◽  
Sri Maliawan ◽  
DPG Purwa Samatra ◽  
I Nyoman Mantik Astawa ◽  
I Made Bakta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Neurotrophic Factors ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Distal Part ◽  
Neural Regeneration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distal Nerve

BACKGROUND: The role of neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factors and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors) and early electrical stimulation (EES) in the injured nerve has found promising in several studies. However, there is still limited knowledge about the effect of EES in the distal part of the nerve to sustain this level of expression of growth factors. AIM: We aim to evaluate the effects of EES in in neural regeneration by measuring the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in animal model. METHODS: The research was conducted starting from April to May 2021 using male Wistar rats. Using general anesthesia, the sciatic nerve was cut. The intervention group was treated with EES in the distal stump, right after nerve resection (20 Hz, 1–2 mA, 2–5 s), while the control group received no treatment after nerve resection. A reoperation on day 3 was performed in both groups to measure BDNF and GDNF expression level of the distal nerve tissue by ELISA as well as histopathological examination of sprouting axons of the injured proximal nerve. RESULTS: A total of 32 samples were included in the study. A statistically significant levels of GDNF is found higher in the EES group (n = 16) than the control group (n = 16) (35. 71 pg/100 mg, confidence interval (CI) 95% 23.93, 47.48, p < 0.05). The number of sprouting axons is found lower in the EES group (p < 0.05). The BDNF level is similar between the two groups, however not significant. After a subgroup analysis, it was found that the greater the level of GDNF, the fewer the axon sprouts in both groups (fewer axon group 58.35 [n = 22, CI 95% 45.14, 71.55] vs. more axon group 47.14 [n = 10, CI 95% 35.33, 58.95]), p < 0.05. CONCLUSION: The EES proves its benefit in accelerating the axonal regeneration by increasing the expression GDNF in the distal nerve stumps in the electrical excited degenerated sciatic nerve in the rat model.

The multipotent role of metallothionein in the nervous system

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
G. А. Ushakova ◽  
Y. P. Kovalchuk
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Postoperative Pain ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Exploratory Activity ◽  
Cysteine Residues ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Brain

We provide a commentary on current experimental and theoretical advances and frame our consideration in terms of the possible functions of MT I+II in the nervous system. Metallothioneins (MT) are a family of small cysteine rich proteins, which since their discovery in 1957 have been implicated in a range of roles including toxic metal detoxification, protection against oxidative stress, and as a metallochaperone involved in the homeostasis of both zinc and copper. The most well studied member of the family is the mammalian metallothionein, which consists of two domains: a β-domain with 9 cysteine residues and an α-domain with 11 cysteine residues. Despite over half a century of research, the exact functions of MT in the nervous system are still unknown. Our studies have shown that the distribution of MT-I+II in the brain after prolonged intoxication, inhalation of 0.1% CdCl2 for 1 hour twice a week over 19 weeks, is dependent on the part of the brain. The metallothionein level declines more than 4 times in the hippocampus 3 weeks after continuous intoxication of 0.1% CdCl2. The level of MT-I+II in the cerebral cortex decreased by 1.5 times compared with the control group and did not change significantly in the cerebellum and thalamus/hypothalamus. The results of an experimental model of postoperative pain indicated that injection with MT-II prevents the development of postoperative hyperalgesia in response to mild alteration of physiological activity. Activation of locomotory and exploratory activity, and decrease of anxiety in rats under MT-II treatment at 100 µg/rat manifests itself on the 4th day after surgery. Our experimental data indicate the multipotent function of MT I+II in the rat brain both as a metal detoxifier and as an inhibitor of postoperative pain. 

scholarly journals ALTERAÇÕES NA MICROBIOTA GASTROINTESTINAL DE CRIANÇAS COM TRANSTORNO DO ESPECTRO AUTISTA: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-180
Author(s):  
Fabiana do Nascimento Prazeres Martins ◽  
Leidyane Balieiro Guimarães Cunha ◽  
Eliza Maria da Costa Brito Lacerda
Keyword(s):  
Autistic Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Great Heterogeneity ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Brain

Researchs about the causes of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has led several scientists to relate many others systems to the patient's brain, linking changes in the gastrointestinal microbiota (GIM) to typical behaviors of people with ASD, suggesting that the brain-intestine axis is an important piece in this 'puzzle'. This work aimed to investigate the microbiota gastrointestinal in children with ASD. Such research was carried out on scientific work platforms, resulting in 293 works, which, after the selection, totaled 28 works analyzed. Almost all of them showed changes in the intestinal microbiota of children with ASD, the reduction of their diversity being the main alteration of these individuals in relation to the control group. The bacterial family Lachnospiraceae, the bacterial gender Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Feacalibacterium, and Bacteroides stood out in these studies; and the fungal genus Candida. Among the symptoms, constipation was quite frequent in children with ASD and some groups of microorganisms were positively or negatively associated with changes in sleep, speech development and behavioral aspects. We conclude that there are several alterations of GIM in children with autism when compared to children with typical neurodevelopment, being also affected by anatomical and metabolic issues as causes or consequences of ASD. There is a need for further studies, especially in the Brazilian population, and more specifically in the states, in view of the great heterogeneity of our people and their culture, the great dietary variations of the last decades, as well as the increase in gene flow among world populations.

scholarly journals Effects of Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia on the Intestinal Microbiome in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ci Han ◽  
Zhaodi Zhang ◽  
Nana Guo ◽  
Xueting Li ◽  
Mengyuan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inhalation Anesthesia ◽  
Microbiome Diversity ◽  
Changing Trend ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Specific Manifestation ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Group

In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to intestinal microbiome. Almost all operations will go through the anesthesia process, but it is not clear whether the intervention of anesthesia alone will affect the change in the intestinal microbiome. The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia on the intestinal microbiome. The animal in the experimental group was used to provide sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia for 4 hours. The control group was not intervened. The feces of the experimental group and the control group were collected on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 14th days after anesthesia. Sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia will cause changes in the intestinal microbiome of mice. It appears on the 1st day after anesthesia and is most obvious on the 7th day. The specific manifestation is that the abundance of microbiome and the diversity of the microbiome is reduced. At the same time, Untargeted metabonomics showed that compared with the control group, the experimental group had more increased metabolites related to the different microbiome, among which 5-methylthioadenosine was related to the central nervous system. Subsequently, the intestinal microbiome diversity of mice showed a trend of recovery on the 14th day. At the genus level, the fecal samples obtained on the 14th day after anesthesia exhibited significantly increased abundances of Bacteroides, Alloprevotella, and Akkermansia and significantly decreased abundances of Lactobacillus compared with the samples obtained on the 1st day after anesthesia. However, the abundance of differential bacteria did not recover with the changing trend of diversity. Therefore, we believe that sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia is associated with changes in the internal microbiome and metabolites, and this change may be completed through the brain-gut axis, while sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia may change the intestinal microbiome for as long as 14 days or longer.

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