Ways to build up a trait collection of corn by vegetation period classes and its components

Author(s):  
N.V. Kuzmyshyna ◽  
V.K. Riabchun ◽  
S.N. Vakulenko ◽  
N.V. Tertyshna ◽  
Yu.O. Bibel

Aim. To study new collection corn accessions by vegetation period classes and its components to build up a trait collection. Results and Discussions. The experiments were conducted in the eastern left-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine in the scientific crop rotation fields of the Plant Production Institute named after VYa Yuriev of NAAS in 2016-2019 Field surveys and laboratory analyses were carried out using methodological approaches to studying collection corn accessions. The article presents the results on building up a trait collection of corn, which includes 111 collection accessions of new domestic self-pollinated corn lines, diverse in their genetics, identified as carriers of a set of valuable economic and biological traits on the basis of previous studies. The pedigrees of the lines included seven synthetic populations from Australia and one synthetic population from the USA, three varieties from China, two varieties from Ukraine, two varieties from Syria, four lines from Ukraine, seven lines from the USA; three hybrids from Thailand, one hybrid from France, one hybrid from Serbia, and one hybrid from Egypt. Due to multi-year studies of corn collection accessions, sources of valuable economic traits with high levels of their expression were identified. The sources are of interest for breeding to create corn hybrids. Conclusions. We grouped the lines was selected lines that are suitable for breeding: 24 lines with early emergence of seedlings (11-12 days), 29 lines with early anthesis (49–53 days), 64 lines with a minimum gap in anthesis (1-4 days), 14 lines with rapid water yielding belonging to various ripeness groups. We singled out cold-tolerant lines derived from a foreign (Egypt) hybrid (UKhK 653, UKhK 654, UKhK 655), from foreign (the USA, Australia) synthetics (UKhK 530, UKhK 692, UKhK 698). We also distinguished lines with increased productivity (86-116 g of grain per plant) and 1000-kernel weight (over 328 g): mid-early flint lines UKhK 724 and UKhK 727 derived from original French forms; nine mid-ripening lines originating from original Ukrainian (UKhK 612), American (UKhK 617, UKhK 618, UKhK 619), French (UKhK 725) and Egyptian (UKhK 653, UKhK 654, UKhK 655) forms; and one line from Thailand (UKhK 718), in which the vegetation period structure index ranged 0.8 to 1.0. We found sources of drought resistance: UKhK 719, UKhK 723, UKhK 724, and UKHK 726. Sources of good water yielding from grain are mid-early lines UKhK 690, UKhK 721, UKhK 730; mid-ripening lines UKhK 623, UKhK 631, UKhK 665, UKhK 672, UKhK 706 UKhK 715, UKhK 726; and mid-late lines UKhK 648, UKhK 652, UKhK 672, UKhK 720.

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
P. I. Kostylev ◽  
E. V. Krasnova ◽  
A. V. Aksenov

Rice is the most important food crop on the Earth. The development of new productive rice varieties for the conditions of the south of Russia and specifcally the Rostov region is possible after careful study and use of collection material from other regions of the planet in the breeding work. Genetic varietal diversity of samples from various countries is the basis for breeding study aimed at improving rice productivity. The purpose of the study was to study 15 collection Chinese rice samples, analyze some quantitative traits, and select the best ones for further breeding. The samples were studied in the Proletarsky district of the Rostov region. The varieties “Yuzhanin” and “Boyarin” were taken as the standard varieties. In the study of Chinese rice samples according to their morphological and biological  traits  there has been  identifed a signifcant diversity. The vegetation period “sprouting-fowering” ranged from 85–130 days; the trait “plant height” varied from 63.3 cm to 101.7 cm; the trait “length of a panicle” ranged from 15.7 to 21.7 cm; the trait “1000-kernel weight” varied from 16.3 to 34.0 g; the trait “number of spikelets per panicle” ranged from 79 to 158 pieces; the trait “fertility” was from 86.8 to 98.3%. There has been identifed a positive correlation between “plant height” and length of a panicle, 1000-kernel weight, kernel number per panicle, and fertility. Kernel weight per panicle has also correlated with these traits. For future breeding work there have been selected 6 rice samples that could mature well in the south of the Rostov Region, namely “Lyaonin 1”, “Lyaonin 5”, “Lyaonin 8”, “Lyaonin 10”, “Lyaonin 12” and “Lyaonin 15”. There has been carried out a hybridization of samples with the early ripening variety “Kontakt”.


2020 ◽  
pp. 198-222
Author(s):  
Olena Mazur

The study of quantitative characteristics controlled by polymer genes is rather complicated due to their significant variability, depends on the environment conditions, and the general picture of their inheritance and variability is masked by the modifying action of heterosis in the first generation. New varieties should have a balanced development of all elements of productivity, resistance to abiotic and biotic factors, and not just the maximum value of the individual characteristic. Plant growing conditions are important in forming their resistance to various diseases. In nature, pathogens and plants are affected by the weather conditions that are constantly changing. The research objective was to determine the variability level and to identify the patterns of inheritance of valuable commercial-biological traits for the selection of productive and adaptive forms of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The research was conducted during 2014–2016 in the conditions of the research plot of the Department of Plant Production, Selection and Bioenergetic Cultures of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. The region of the research by its natural conditions refers to the central subzone of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe. The hydrothermal conditions of the 2014 and 2016 surveys were typical of the average yearly indices of the research area and the year 2015 was characterized by a significant deficiency of precipitation and high temperature air conditions. The research material were the varieties of common bean provided by the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine and hybrid combinations obtained as a result of intervarietal crossings. Sowing was carried out by the temperature regime of soil 10–12 °С at the depth of seeding and stable increase of average daily air temperature. The placement of the plots was consistent, the varieties were sown in a six-time repetition. The wide-row sowing with a width of rows of 45 cm was used. The total area of the plots was 1.35 m², and the account one is 1.0 m². Sowing was carried out with the seeding rate of 18 similar seeds per 1 linear meter, the standard was placed in 10 numbers. The general adaptability of the common bean varieties for the research years was determined by regression coefficient (bi) and the stability variance (Sі2). Assessment of the morphological features variation was carried out by the variationcoefficient (V, %). The ecological variation coefficient (Vе, %) was determined by the ratio of the average sign to its standard deviation. The determination of ultrastability (Nom) and agronomic stability coefficient (As) was made. Conclusions. As a result of the three year research, it was established that the highest resistance to bacteriosis had such varieties as UD0303601, UD0303526, UD0303543 and UD0303557. The varieties UD0303601, UD0303526 were resistant under adverse growing conditions; the highest resistance to bacterial wilding, including under adverse growing conditions, was provided by the varieties UD0300414, UD0301063 and UD0303543; according to the resistance to variegation the following varieties were selected: UD0303543, UD0303557, and UD0303610 (they were better under all growing conditions). Key words: bean varieties, elements of crop structure coefficient of variation, variability.


Purpose of this research was to detect influence of climatic change on pine radial increment in stand in the Left-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine as example 100-years-old stand at State Enterprise 'Kharkiv forest scientific research station’. Methods. Dendrochronological. Method of correlation function and multiple regressions (response function) were used to analyze the influence of climatic factors on tree radial increment. For this purpose computer program RESPO was used. Results. Tree ring series were built and were used for correlation analysis between climatic factors and pine radial increment for two periods: 1960-1988 and 1988-2016.Years of minimum (1933, 1942, 1956, 1972, 1976, 1976, 1987, 1992, 2002, 2006 та 2012) and maximum (1933, 1942, 1956, 1972, 1975, 1976, 1979, 1979, 1979, 1987, 1992, 2002 та 2012) of radial increment were detected. Depressions of pine radial increment were as a result of negative weather conditions: low and high winter and early-spring temperature, droughts during vegetation period. Maximums of radial increments were depended on favorable weather conditions for pine radial growth. Correlation and Response analysis for two periods showed that increase of temperature and precipitation, excluding winter precipitation, changed response of forest ecosystems to climatic change: if in first period (1960-1988) radial increment limited by April temperature and together July temperature positively influenced on radial growth, in second period (1988-2016) June temperature negatively infuenced on radial increment. Slight increase precipitation during vegetation period could not soften impact if high temperature during vegetatation period on tree radial increment. Conclusions. At comparison 1960-1988 and 1988-2016 it was detected that during first period positive influence of summer temperature on radial growth was distinctive and for second period one started to limit increment (negative influence) were detected. Slight increase of precipitation for vegetation period in second period significantly didn’t influence on pine radial growth. In second period increase of winter temperature and number of thaws negatively influenced on soil moisture, decreased of tree ring widths.


Author(s):  
L. Holosna

Goal. To determine the degree of resistance of collection samples of winter wheat to the pathogen of the common bunt Tilletia caries in the conditions of the Right forest-steppe of Ukraine. Research Methods. Field. The studies were conducted on the sites of the experimental farm «Glevakha» Vasilkovsky district of Kiev region in 2015—2017. The infectious background of the pathogen of solid bunt was created according to the method of Krivchenko V.I. Sustainability was assessed by counting the number of healthy and diseased ears. The results were differentiated in points on a 9-point scale. Results. Against an artificial infectious background of the pathogen of hard bunt, the stability of 115 winter wheat cultivars was evaluated. The collection was obtained from the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of the Institute of Plant Production and included varietal samples from 15 countries: Ukraine, Russia, Moldova, Romania, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Iran, Georgia, Hungary, Bulgaria and the USA. Among the varieties of winter wheat of domestic selection, highly resistant (score 9—8) to the causative agent of bunt was not found, resistance (score 7—6) was shown by the varieties Niva and Syaivo (Ukraine). Varieties of foreign selection that showed high resistance (score 9—8) — Galina, Nemchinovskaya 57 (Russia), F 02065G5-21, F 94578G3-1 / BUCUR // DELABRAD and Miranda (Romania), resistant (score 7—6) were — Course (Russia), Noroc (Romania) and MV-Toldi (Hungary). Conclusions. Varieties of winter wheat Niva, Syaivo, Hvulya, Veteran, L 59, Schedrost and Pobeda of Ukrainian selection, Galina, Nemchinovskaya 57, Course (Russia), F 02065G5-21, F 94578G3-1 / BUCUR // DELABRAD, Miranda, Noroc (Romania ), MV-Toldi (Hungary) in the years of research showed a high resistance to the causative agent of bunt T. caries on an artificial infectious background. All of them can be used in the selection of new productive, disease-resistant varieties.


2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
I. Borovskaya ◽  
V. Petrenkova

Aim. To determine a set of sunfl ower pathogens and their variability infl uenced by hydrothermal conditions of the crop growing season. Methods. Over the period of 2007–2016, due to phytosanitary monitoring of breeding crops of the scientifi c crop rotation of the Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuriev of NAAS, the prevalence degree, development intensity and variability of sunfl ower diseases in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine were estimated. The hydrothermal coeffi cient (HTC) is presented for the sunfl ower growing season and by developmental phases of the crop. Results. Phomopsis blight (Phomopsis/Diaporthe helianthi Munt.- Cvet. et al.), gray mold (Botrytis cinerea Pers.), dry rot (Rhizopus sp.), charcoal rot (Sclerotium bataticolaTaub), and downy mildew (Plasmopara helianthi Novot. f. helianthi) were the most common diseases on sunfl ower in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine in 2007–2016. The weather conditions of 2007–2016 considerably varied and were characterized by fl uctuations in the hydrothermal coeffi cient (HTC) from 0.57 in 2009 to 1.1 in 2014. Assessing the incidence of the fi ve most common and harmful sunfl ower diseases (dry rot, charcoal rot, gray mold, Phomopsis blight, downy mildew) by cluster analysis for the ten-year study period in relation to the weather conditions of a year, we found that both dry and charcoal rots were co-associated with aridity, while downy mildew and gray mold were frequently promoted by waterlogging during a certain period of sunfl ower development. Unlike the other diseases, Phomopsis blight, being an annual disease, appears to have no clear dependence on any specifi c conditions. Conclusions. Based on the phytosanitary monitoring results of crops in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, the sunfl ower phytopathogen complex composition was determined. The prevalence degrees for Phomopsis blight, gray mold, dry rot, charcoal rot, and downy mildew as well as the development intensities of Phomopsis and gray mold were established. The co-incidence of the fi ve most harmful sunfl ower diseases in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine (dry rot, charcoal rot, gray mold, Phomopsis blight, downy mildew) was evaluated during the ten-year study period, depending on the weather conditions of a year.


2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (6) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Guzel Gumerova ◽  
Georgiy Gulyuk ◽  
Dmitry Kucher ◽  
Anatoly Shuravilin ◽  
Elena Piven

Data of long-term researches (2015–2018) in southern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan, is justified theoretically and experimentally the mode of irrigation of potatoes on leached chernozems of unsatisfactory, satisfactory and good ameliorative condition of irrigated lands. For the growing periods of potatoes with different heat and moisture supply, the number of watering, the timing of their implementation, irrigation and irrigation norms are established. On lands with unsatisfactory meliorative state the number of irrigation depending on weather conditions of potato vegetation period varied from 0 to 3 (1.5 on average) with average irrigation norm – 990 m3/ha. With satisfactory meliorative state of lands the number of irrigation on average increased from 0 to 4 (2.3 on average) with irrigation norm – 1305 m3/ha. On lands with good meliorative state the number of irrigation was the highest – from 1 to 5 (3 on average) with average irrigation irrigation norm is 1653 m3/ha. It was noted that in the dry periods of potato vegetation the greatest number of watering was carried out (3–5 watering), and in the wet periods (2017) watering was not carried out except for the area with a good reclamation state, where only one irrigation was carried out by the norm of 550 m3/ha. Water consumption of potato was studied in dynamics as a whole during the growing season and the months of the growing season depending on weather conditions of vegetation period and land reclamation condition of irrigated lands, as well as in the control (without irrigation). The lowest total water consumption was in the area without irrigation and averaged 226.8 mm. In irrigated areas, its values increased to 319-353.4 mm. The average daily water consumption varied from 2.12 to 3.3 mm. The highest rates of potato water consumption were observed in June and July, and the lowest – in May and August. In the total water consumption of potatoes on the site without irrigation, the largest share was occupied by atmospheric precipitation and in addition to them the arrival of moisture from the soil. Irrigation water was used in irrigated areas along with precipitation, the share of which was 30.2–46.1 %.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
O. Demydenko ◽  
V. Velychko

The contemporary condition of soil cover in Ukraine is characterized. The attention is focused onto widespread degradation processes in soils. The causes that determine the development of these negative processes are considered. The contemporary informational support for the condition of soil cover in Ukraine is estimated. In general, the current available information is of narrow-departmental nature, obtained by different methods and non-correlated monitoring programs. As a rule, it is stored in under-structured databases, incompatible with other information systems; mainly recorded on paper media unusable with modern technologies, whereby such information resources are diffi cult to be compiled together. These disadvantages are strong constraints against consistent usage of materials for evaluation, forecast and management of changes in the soil cover. The Soil Observation program should thereby be combined with Agrochemical Passportization and ecology-ameliora- tive monitoring; in other words, the application of innovative soil-agrochemical methodology is considered. Each individual type of surveys shall complement the others, and taken altogether, they shall constitute a con- sistent Information System, capable of solving the problems of assessing the condition, forecasting, manage- ment, usage and protection of soil resources. The monitoring procedures should be conducted on the basis of a new soil concept in line with unifi ed programs and methods, so as to meet European approaches to the maxi- mum extent. Such a technical composition enables getting information on present-day processes in soils, and is the only combination that actually helps us to “ecologize” our knowledge of soils, which is the leading trend in the scope of global soil-science. Thus obtained results will serve as a State-owned tool which would subse- quently facilitate the use and protection of soil resources all over the country, to be involved in a united global soil-information scope. The attention is focused onto social signifi cance of the information on soils and their fertility in terms of land resources optimization, as well as the formation of sustainable land use in Ukraine. Aim. To demonstrate the long-term effect of different ways of tillage of typical low-humus chernozem on the change in humus content and composition and the direction of transformation processes of organic fertili- zers. To study the changes in the structure of energy reserves in group and fractional composition of humus in typical low-humus light-loamy chernozem of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, microbiological, computational, mathematical and statistical. Results. It was determined that in conditions of long-term subsurface tillage the most effi cient humus accumulation occurs in the 0–20 cm layer of chernozem with simultaneous increase in its content in the lower part of the processed layer without any accumulation differentiation. Surface tillage leads to expressed differentiation in humus accumulation in the 0–20 cm layer of soil (0.005 % per year). When 6 t/ha of humus are replaced by 7 t/ha of by-products the intensity of humus accumulation is decreasing regardless of the way of tillage, but humus accumulation was found to be the most effi cient for subsurface tillage. The application of subsurface tillage leads to the increase in the ratio of C HA : C FA , which is conditioned by the increase in the humifi cation of plant remains of by-products in the 0−20 cm layer of soil by 110–112 % – for subsurface tillage, and by 105 % – for surface tillage. Conclusions. It was established that systematic subsurface tillage of typical chernozem of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine leads to the structuring both of the total reserves of energy С org , and its quality content, aimed at the increase in the intensity of the processes of humifi cation and accumulation of organic carbon, and the decrease in miner- alization. The ratio of energy reserves С org of humic acids to fulvic acids in the 0−30 cm layer of chernozem is 1.85−1.87 regardless of the way of tillage, which testifi es to the repeatability of humus accumulation, but the total reserves of energy С org was higher for subsurface tillage (+ 31 Teracalorie/ha) compared to deep plough- ing. As for the surface tillage, the energy enrichment was at the level of deep ploughing.


2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bulygin ◽  
S. Vitvits'kyj ◽  
D. Timchenko ◽  
V. Didenko
Keyword(s):  

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (92) ◽  
pp. 100-108
Author(s):  
T.S. Vinnichuk ◽  
L.M. Parminskaya ◽  
N.M. Gavrilyuk

In the article the research the results of studies of the phytosanitary state of winter wheat sowing with three soil treatments - plowing (22-24 cm), shallow (10-12 cm) and zero (no - till) with various doses of fertilizers: N56 Р16 К16 , N110-130 Р90 К110 and N145-165 Р135 К150 , without fertilizers (control) for the two predecessors - soybean and rapeseed. The influence of these methods on the development and prevalence of powdery mildew, septoriosis of leaves, root rot of winter wheat, the most common pests in the area of research - cereal flies, wheat thrips and grain sawflies. The identified measures to limit the development and spread of harmful organisms above.


2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (91) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
V.H. Kurhak ◽  
M.I. Shtakal ◽  
V.M. Shtakal

There showed the productivity, chemical composition of feed and the timing of mowing of grass and variety mixes of permanent grasses on drained peat soils of Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The presence of early rip­ ened seeded grass provides a uniform supply use mowed mass from middle May until the end of September and the productivity of lands, which ranges from 10 to 14 t/ha of dry weight, metabolizable energy – 100.0 – 130.0 GJ and feed units 7-11 t/ha. Additional manuring of N90 on the background Р45К120 is effective at the start of second year of use. On the organization of hay conveyors of different ripening time herbages is possible to extend the optimal tim­ ing of mowing of green mass to 25-35 days. Best among the early-maturing grass crops are Dactylis glomerata va­ riety Kyivska rannia-1 with Alopecurus pratensis variety Sarnenskiy ranniy or its mixture with Bromus inermis and Festuca pratensis. With medium ripening – pure sowing eastern fescue of variety Lyudmila, Phalaris arundinacea variety Sarnenski-40, Bromus inermis variety Arsen and their compounds. High productivity of late-ripening herb­ age is provided by the inclusion in the composition of grass mixtures of Phleum pratense L. variety Vyshgorodska and Dactylis glomerata of variety Ukrainka, and Agrostis gigantea Roth variety Sarnenska piznia. It is also possible organization hay conveyors of different ripening varieties of Dactylis glomerata varieties Kyivska rannia, Muravka, Ukrainka.


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