Parameters of acute and chronic toxicity of the insecticidal preparation VEIS-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
L. К. Zemtsova ◽  
◽  
M. N. Mirzaev ◽  
A. I. Sapozhnikova ◽  
T. I. Melnitskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Active Principle ◽  
Specific Lysis ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Rabbit Eye

The main safety indicators of the new preparation VEIS-2, containing natural or chemically modified avermectins as an active ingredient, when exposed to the skin of mammals, intended to protect the downy feather raw material from keratophagous insects, have been studied. It has been established that the VEIS-2 compositions containing abamectin or avermectin B1a hemisuccinate as an active principle have a mild irritating effect on the conjunctival mucosa of the rabbit eye. With single and multiple applications on the skin, the above compositions do not cause such functional and structural changes in the skin as edema, erythema, cracks, desquamation. The presence of skin-resorptive and allergenic action in the compositions of the VEIS-2 preparation with abamectin or hemisuccinate avermectin B1a using the "test tube method" in rats, as well as using the reaction of specific lysis of leukocytes (RSLL), has not been established. It was shown that the VEIS-2 composition based on avermectin complex has a more pronounced local irritant effect on laboratory animals in terms of toxicity and allergenicity.

scholarly journals Toxicological substantiation for didecyldimethylammonium chloride occupational exposure standard

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
P.G. Zhminko ◽  
V.M. Voronina ◽  
S.S. Svitlyi ◽  
L.O. Rudaya
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Workplace Air ◽  
Scientific Substantiation

Dydetsyldymetylammonium chloride (DDAC) is used as a raw material in the chemical industry for the production of some insecticidal, fungicidal and aldehydic preparations and disinfectants in which it is an active ingredient. Aim of the Research. To establish a scientific substantiation for DDAC indicative safe exposure level (ISEL) in the workplace air by analyzing and summarizing the bibliographic data about the degree of DDAC danger. Methods. To establish a scientific substantiation for DDAC occupational exposure standard the following properties were analyzed: its physical and chemical characteristics; LD50 (lethal dose) for oral and dermal exposure; LC50 (lethal concentration) for inhalation exposure; irritant and sensitizing properties; NOAELs (no-observed adverse effect level) for DDAC were determined in sub-acute and subchronic experiments under different conditions of exposure as well as its long-term effects. The calculation of DDAC ISEL in the workplace air was performed using equations which make allowance for the toxicity properties of the preparation when it is administered to laboratory animals through different routes. Results. DDAC is an imported product used as an active ingredient in the production of certain pesticides and disinfectants. DDAC falls into the category of non-volatile substances: its vapor pressure is <1x10-2 Pa at 20° C, at 50оC – 2,3x10-4 Pa (US ISC) When introduced into the gastrointestinal tract, the substance is classified as moderately dangerous – Category 3 (in accordance with Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals / GHS / United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2017) and has a mild skin-resorptive effect (Category 4, GHS). Its adverse local impact on the skin has been identified. The substance LC50 after inhalation exposure is 70 mg/m3 (Category 2, GHS). DDAC produces marked irritant action on the skin and conjunctiva of rabbits (Category1B, GHS). Erythema, crust and swelling were recorded on skin. Burns, corrosion, acute keratoconjunctivitis were observed when the substance got onto conjunctiva. No sensitizing effect of the preparation was found (not classified, GHS). The cumulative properties of the substance are incomplete. NOAELs were determined in sub-acute and sub-chronic experiments after oral, dermal and inhalation exposure. The most affected organs and systems are skin, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, liver. Mutagenic, carcinogenic, embryotoxic, teratogenic and toxic effects on the reproductive function are not limiting harmful criteria. Calculation of the value of DDAC ISEL in the workplace air was conducted by the equations of regressive dependence, which take into consideration the parameters of acute toxicity. Making allowance for the degree of its hazard and the risk of developing the pathology of general genesis under the effect of the substance, the recommended ISEL value in the workplace air is 0.2 mg/m3, aggregate state “a” with the mark “protection of eyes and skin is necessary”. Key Words: dydetsyldymetylammonium chloride, DDAC, ISEL in the workplace air, insecticides, disinfectants.

scholarly journals Removal of Cadmium(II) from Water using Modified Citrus limettioides Peels: Thermodynamic and Isotherm Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
P. Janaki ◽  
R. Sudha ◽  
T.S. Sribharathi ◽  
P. Anitha ◽  
K. Poornima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Batch Adsorption ◽  
Adsorption Method ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Adsorption Performance ◽  
Monolayer Adsorption ◽  
Isotherm Equations

The adsorption performance of sulphuric acid treated low cost adsorbent synthesized by using Citrus limettioides peel as an effective raw material for the removal of cadmium(II) from water. The batch adsorption method was carried out to optimize some parameters like contact time, pH and adsorbent dose. The nonlinear isotherm equations were used to calculate the different isotherm constant of five isotherm models namely Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Redlich-Peterson and Sips. The Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity of chemically modified Citrus limettioides peel was found to be 287.60 mg g-1. The negative values of ΔGº and ΔHº showed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic.

scholarly journals Analysis and Prospects of Using Recombinant Vaccinia Virus MVA Strain as a Vector in the Development of the Vaccines against Human and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Diseases

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
L. F. Stovba ◽  
V. T. Krotkov ◽  
D. I. Paveli’ev ◽  
S. A. Mel’nikov ◽  
V. N. Lebedev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Cell Immune Response ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Protective Efficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immunodominant Antigens

The review presents the results of preclinical use of vector vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) disease. Application of antiretroviral therapy exclusively is insufficient for elimination of HIV from patient’s body. This dictates the need for an effective vaccine which will reduce the number of new cases of the disease and reduce the risk of virus transmission. Current practice of medicinal product development showed the effectiveness of heterologous prime-boost regimens for the induction of expressed immune response in laboratory animals. Various vector constructs were used as priming vaccines: DNA vaccines, Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine, chimpanzee adenovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus, alphavirus repli-clone. Booster vaccine was represented by recombinant MVA strain. In all vector vaccines, different genes of immunodominant antigens of HIV and SIV agents were inserted. On rhesus macaques, murine, rabbit models, it was demonstrated that deployed vaccination schemes were safe and induced immune response. Because membrane HIV protein is highly variable, strongly glycoziled and subjected to structural changes during receptor binding, it cannot be viewed as a target for induction of virus neutralized antibodies. Therefore, we mainly studied the cell immune response that was presented by poly-functional CD8+ T-cells. However, some recent researches are aimed at such modification of envelope HIV immunogene that would provide for virus neutralizing antibody induction. The study of protective efficiency of the induced immunity in rhesus macaques, immunized with recombinant vectors expressing SIV’ s immunodominant antigens, in case of subsequent inoculation with virulent SIV strain has revealed that all monkeys developed illness. Assuming that the constructions with SIV’ s immunodominant antigens under protective efficiency testing on rhesus macaques imitate AIDS in humans, it seems that vaccines, developed up-to-date, will not be effective for collective immunity formation against AIDS. Therefore, the search for novel combinations of expressed immunodominant antigens for the inclusion into the composition of priming and booster vaccines remains a priority area at present time.

scholarly journals THE STATE AND PROGRESS OF OILSEEDS MARKET AND FOODS OF THEIR PROCESSING TRENDS ARE IN UKRAINE

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1(66)) ◽  
pp. 44-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.O ANTONYUK ◽  
V.M. LISYUK
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Export Price ◽  
Processing Condition ◽  
World Market ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Home Production ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Production Capacities ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Topicality. Actuality of problem of oilseeds market and foods of their processing development increases inconnection with the necessity of maintenance of existent volumes and leading positions of Ukraine in the world market, and also increases of efficiency of functioning component the integrated market. Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is an estimation of existent oilseeds market and foods of their processing condition, development of practical recommendations, both on the height of production and sales volumes and to efficiency in the conditions of action of the free trading with European Union. Research results. A oilseed market and foods of their processing analysis is conducted from the point of view of volume and structure as oilseeds raw material so vegetable oil. Measures are offered on the improvement of structure at the market of vegetable oils, meaning the heightof stake of soy-bean and rape oil. These measures areaimed at limitation of export of oilseeds raw material, especially soy and rape, and also all types of cake. Therow of measures of the custom adjusting is offered with the purpose of increase of home production and export of products with a greater valueadded. Conclusions. Strategic directions of oilseeds market and foods of their processing development include measures on limitation of export of raw material and on the increase of export of products with a greater valueadded. Keywords: world export, crop rotation, profitability, middle export price, export profit yield, production capacities, unrefined oil, structural changes

scholarly journals Removal of orthophosphates in water by modified carbonate material of biological origin

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Tadeu Gomes Vianna ◽  
Marcia Marques
Keyword(s):  
Exotic Species ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Removal Capacity ◽  
P Removal

The excessive release of phosphorus (P) by discharge of domestic and industrial effluents is directly associated with the eutrophication of water bodies. Therefore, an efficient removal of P from effluents is required. The method most commonly used for P removal from wastewater is chemical precipitation. However, this technique is relatively expensive and demands a proper disposal for the sludge. Therefore, the development of new materials with low cost but high P removal efficiency has been investigated. The introduction of exotic species in aquatic environments is considered a serious environmental problem in different parts of the world. Considering that, many of these species have high concentrations of carbonates in their exoskeleton composition, which is potentially useful in water treatment, particularly for P removal the use of such material as adsorbent has been tested. The present study aimed to investigate the capacity of the exoskeleton of exotic species in powder form to remove orthophosphates from water comparing the raw material (RCS), with physically modified (CSA) and chemically modified (CSC) material. To study the orthophosphates removal efficiency, a factorial design with central composite rotational design (CCRD) was applied. In order to optimize the P removal, the influence of the independent variables adsorbent/adsorbate ratio, pH and temperature was investigated with the kinetic control associate at each configuration obtained by CCRD. The P removal capacity of RCS varied from 125.0 mgP kg-1 to 1002.5 mgP kg-1; the removal capacity of CSA varied from 237.5 mgP kg-1 to 1540.0 mgP kg-1. The removal capacity of CSC varied from 5212.5 mgP kg-1 to 12672.5 mgP kg-1. Based on the preliminary results, the exoskeleton powder showed to be a potentially sustainable alternative as adsorbent material (mostly the chemically modified form CSC) useful in several applications, such as the treatment of urban and industrial wastewaters to prevent eutrophication of water bodies and population control of exotic species due to the commercial exploitation. 

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Detecting Bisphenol A

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 3364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somayeh Tajik ◽  
Hadi Beitollahi ◽  
Fariba Garkani Nejad ◽  
Kaiqiang Zhang ◽  
Quyet Van Le ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Modified Electrodes ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Reliable Determination ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Human Reproductive

In recent years, several studies have focused on environmental pollutants. Bisphenol A (BPA) is one prominent industrial raw material, and its extensive utilization and release into the environment constitute an environmental hazard. BPA is considered as to be an endocrine disruptor which mimics hormones, and has a direct relationship to the development and growth of animal and human reproductive systems. Moreover, intensive exposure to the compound is related to prostate and breast cancer, infertility, obesity, and diabetes. Hence, accurate and reliable determination techniques are crucial for preventing human exposure to BPA. Experts in the field have published general electrochemical procedures for detecting BPA. The present timely review critically evaluates diverse chemically modified electrodes using various substances that have been reported in numerous studies in the recent decade for use in electrochemical sensors and biosensors to detect BPA. Additionally, the essential contributions of these substances for the design of electrochemical sensors are presented. It has been predicted that chemically modified electrode-based sensing systems will be possible options for the monitoring of detrimental pollutants.

Viscosity and voluminosity of caseins chemically modified by reductive alkylation with reducing sugars

1988 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Colas ◽  
Christine Gobin ◽  
Denis Lorient
Keyword(s):  
Steric Hindrance ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Negative Charge ◽  
Covalent Binding ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
Chemical Modifications ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
High Concentrations

SummaryThe effect of the covalent binding of reducing sugars such as galactose, glucose, fructose, lactose and maltose on the flow properties of casein solutions and on the voluminosity of casein molecules was investigated, voluminosity being calculated from viscosity measurements. Rheological parameters appeared to be efficient indices of structural changes occurring in proteins as a result of chemical modifications. Results showed an increase in voluminosity of casein after the binding of sugars, possibly explained by an increase in the net negative charge or by an increase in the steric hindrance of the molecule. At high concentrations (above 0·03 g/ml), viscosity of the solutions depended on the nature of the attached sugar and on the level of the modification. Thus galactose- and glucose-modified caseins were more viscous than the control. With disaccharides, the level of modification appeared to be more important than the amount of sugar bound.

scholarly journals Summary of Clinical Laboratory Studies Performed During Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Medicinal Products (Part I: Haematological Studies)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Sorokina ◽  
S. V. Alekseeva ◽  
N. V. Eremina ◽  
A. D. Durnev
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Preclinical Safety

Preclinical safety evaluation is an important stage in the development of medicinal products. Clinical laboratory studies, including haematological, biochemical and pathomorphological studies, are an essential part of chronic toxicity studies. A careful choice of methodological approaches to examination of toxicological characteristics of drug candidates makes it possible to assess the degree of risk associated with their subsequent clinical use, identify potential target organs, determine the extent of damage, as well as the possibility and dynamics of restoring damaged systems. Key prerequisites for obtaining adequate results of the studies are correct methodological implementation of all the stages of sample preparation and careful consideration of all factors during interpretation of the obtained data. Thus, the choice of methodological approaches to blood tests is often determined by the species, age and sex of laboratory animals, as well as by specific characteristics of the tested drug. The aim of the study was to summarise data on haematological studies performed in the Drug Toxicology Laboratory of the Federal State Budgetary Institute «Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology» when conducting chronic toxicity studies.

scholarly journals Micronucleus Formation Induced by Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides in Human Peripheral White Blood Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Károly Nagy ◽  
Roba Argaw Tessema ◽  
István Szász ◽  
Tamara Smeirat ◽  
Alaa Al Rajo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Micronucleus Assay ◽  
Metabolic Activation ◽  
Active Principle ◽  
Cell Viability Assay ◽  
Viability Assay ◽  
Peripheral White Blood Cells ◽  
Synergistic Toxicity

Glyphosate is the most commonly used herbicide around the world, which led to its accumulation in the environment and consequent ubiquitous human exposure. Glyphosate is marketed in numerous glyphosate-based herbicide formulations (GBHs) that include co-formulants to enhance herbicidal effect of the active ingredient, but are declared as inert substances. However, these other ingredients can have biologic activity on their own and may interact with the glyphosate in synergistic toxicity. In this study, we focused to compare the cytogenetic effect of the active ingredient glyphosate and three marketed GBHs (Roundup Mega, Fozat 480, and Glyfos) by investigating cytotoxicity with fluorescent co-labeling and WST-1 cell viability assay as well as genotoxicity with cytokinesis block micronucleus assay in isolated human mononuclear white blood cells. Glyphosate had no notable cytotoxic activity over the tested concentration range (0–10,000 μM), whereas all the selected GBHs induced significant cell death from 1,000 μM regardless of metabolic activation (S9). Micronucleus (MN) formation induced by glyphosate and its formulations at sub-cytotoxic concentrations (0–100 μM) exhibited a diverse pattern. Glyphosate caused statistically significant increase of MN frequency at the highest concentration (100 μM) after 20-h exposure. Contrarily, Roundup Mega exerted a significant genotoxic effect at 100 μM both after 4- and 20-h exposures; moreover, Glyfos and Fozat 480 also resulted in a statistically significant increase of MN frequency from the concentration of 10 μM after 4-h and 20-h treatment, respectively. The presence of S9 had no effect on MN formation induced by either glyphosate or GBHs. The differences observed in the cytotoxic and genotoxic pattern between the active principle and formulations confirm the previous concept that the presence of co-formulants in the formulations or the interaction of them with the active ingredient is responsible for the increased toxicity of herbicide products, and draw attention to the fact that GBHs are still currently in use, the toxicity of which rivals that of POEA-containing formulations (e.g., Glyfos) already banned in Europe. Hence, it is advisable to subject them to further comprehensive toxicological screening to assess the true health risks of exposed individuals, and to reconsider their free availability to any users.

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