scholarly journals Trade and Money Relations in Timurid Period

Author(s):  
Zulfiya Tulanova

We know that the time of Amir Temur and Temurids is the "golden age" in the XIV-XV centuries as a period of revival in the history of Central Asia. At present, the formation of the national economic idea for the economic stability of the country is an actual issue. This article analyzes the conditions created for the development of external and internal trade relations as part of the economic reform in the times of Amir Temur and Timurid, at the same time, highlights the significance of radical changes in socio-economic life of the country as a result of monetary reforms. Our knowledge based on the study of economic reforms in the epoch of Temur and Temurids is a fundamental basis for the further development of our national economic thinking, and its practical use makes a significant contribution to the economic growth of our country.

Author(s):  
В.В. Хутарев-Гарнишевский

Публикуемый источник является отрывком из дневника депутата Московской городской Думы Н.П. Вишнякова (1844-1927). Автор лично не принимал участия в боевых действиях, но находился в самом эпицентре боевых действий между «красными» и «белыми», так как проживал с семьей в центре города. Именно эти события часто называют началом полноценной Гражданской войны. Его дневник отражает психологическое состояние мирного горожанина, оказавшегося заложником гражданского противостояния на улицах Москвы.Особый интерес представляют описания особенностей быта москвичей, циркулирующие среди них слухи, домыслы, их надежды и страхи, а также поведенческие стратегии различных социальных слоев. Особую ценность представляет то, что автор делал свои записи два-три раза в день, подробно фиксируя происходящее. Подобного рода источники крайне немногочисленны.Мемуарное и эпистолярное наследие Н.П. Вишнякова давно признано уникальным источником по истории общественно-политической, культурной и экономической жизни Москвы, но никогда не было опубликовано полностью. Лишь дважды публиковались небольшие отрывки.Данная публикация является частью работы по подготовке полного издания эпистолярного наследия Н.П. Вишнякова, который был вовлечен почти во все политические и экономические процессы Москвы времен правления императора Николая II. Он был депутатом (гласным) Московской Думы с 1873 по 1917 гг. с пятилетним перерывом в 1892--1897 гг., мировым судьей, известным ученым-геологом и краеведом.Для публикации были раскрыты многочисленные сокращения топонимов, а также расшифрованы индивидуальные, характерные для автора сокращения.Особую трудность представляет почерк Н.П. Вишнякова, подчас очень сложный для понимания и в отдельных случаях не поддающийся расшифровке.Эпистолярное наследия Н.П. Вишнякова весьма обширно, а сам дневник охватывает события с 1872 по 1918 гг. Published is an excerpt from a diary of N.P. Vishnyakov (1844–1927), a Moscow Duma deputy. Nikolay Petrovich has never personally participated in the events, but was in the epicenter of the October battles between the Red and the White movements, as he and his family lived in the centre of Moscow. Those events in particular are often referred to as the beginning of the real Civil War. His diary shows us the mental state of a peaceful citizen caught as a hostage during the civil confrontation on Moscow streets. Depicted are certain peculiarities of everyday life, rumors and doubts, hopes and fears of Moscovites, as well as behavioral strategies of different social groups.Most valuable is that the author made 2–3 diary entries a day, registering the events in details. Such sources are very few in number.N.P. Vishnyakov's memoirs and epistolary heritage have never before were fully published and were marked as a unique source on the history of political, cultural and economic life in Moscow between 1873--1918.This is a part of an upcoming publication of the complete texts of N.P. Vishnyakov's epistolary heritage. Nukolay Petrovich was fully engaged into almost every political and economical process in Moscow during the times of Nicholas II. He was a deputy of the Moscow Duma from 1873 to 1917, with a short break in 1892--1897, a magistrate judge, a well-known geology scientist and ethnographer.For this publication shorten forms of toponymies and some personalized abbreviations have been deciphered. It is sometimes very difficult to follow and understand N.P. Veshnyakov’s handwriting.


1953 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Thayer

One need not be very conversant with modern money, credit, and banking to find in them a kinship with the land banks of the Colonial era. In a manner suggestive of our Federal Reserve System, the Colonial land banks exerted a wide influence over the economic life of the times. Indeed, the functions of the land-bank system embraced every phase of the Colonial economy. Its history to a large degree comprises the history of currency, money values, inflation, credit, public finance, and economic development in eighteenth-century America.


1976 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 173-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart Lyon

This discussion of Anglo-Saxon coinage attempts to look beyond the detail of numismatic classification in order to consider the relationship between the underlying variations and the economic life of the times. Those parts of it which deal with the classification of the coinage and analyse the observed metrology are intended to be a critical summary of the numismatic research carried out in the past thirty years. Other parts, in which I seek to relate the metrology to such documentary evidence as is known to me – and thus trespass across the vague dividing line between numismatics, of which I have some knowledge, and economic history, of which I have little – are aimed at stimulating awareness and discussion of the problems involved. Finally, a section is devoted to numismatic methods because it is important that their use and limitations be generally understood.


Author(s):  
Marijn Molema ◽  

During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, science and technology opened up new avenues for dairy farmers. Improved techniques for measuring the percentage of fat content in milk and new mechanical production processes had a considerable influence on the dairy production system. However, knowledge was essential to make the most of these opportunities. Historians have offered diverse explanations for the implementation of a knowledge infrastructure within pre-existing dairy networks. Some studies have emphasized the role of individual actors, while others focused on the influence of cooperative structures. This article contributes to the latter and adds a geographical dimension to the organizational history of dairy knowledge. Based on research in archives and newspapers, it investigates two knowledge institutions in the Dutch province of Friesland: a dairy consultancy and a dairy school, both founded in 1889. The conclusion is that the implementation of knowledge institutions was encouraged by the interplay between regional initiatives and national economic policies.


2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-188
Author(s):  
D. V. Mikulskiy

The publication offers academic translations of fifteen stories from the major chronicles of the 9th–10th cent. AD written in Arabic and arranged after the ruling dynasties. These two centuries witnessed the genesis and further development of this very popular genre of historical narrative. The so-called “dynastic” chronicles display the events of the history of the Muslim Community by dividing it following the times of the rule of the Muslim sovereigns, the Caliphs. Such chronicles were authored by the Muslim as well as by the Christian authors. Concerning the composition of historical works, their texts can be described as “amalgamated” and comprise along with other information a certain type of stories, which are written in a “genre” of “belles-lettres”. They usually comprise dialogues and rather vivid descriptions of historical characters and their deeds. The chronicles, which these stories are extracted from are written by ad-Dinawari (d. 891), al-Ya‘kubi (d. 897), Eutichius (d. c. 940) and al-Muqaddasi (d. end X c.)2 . The translations are arranged in the chronological order and supplied with roman numerals. The publication is followed by a detailed commentary.The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.


2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 1007-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip I. Ackerman-Lieberman

Scholars agree that medieval Jewish legal writers responded to “the needs of the times” in making their legal rulings, carefully choosing the legal sources and precedents upon which they relied, rereading or even rejecting those sources in light of their quotidian reality. Particularly in the Geonic Period, as Talmudic norms encountered a geographically expansive community experiencing radical social transformations in the engagement with Islam, as well as rapid economic development concomitant with the rise of the ʿAbbāsids, which urbanized and transformed the economic life of the Jewish community, classical sources of Jewish law faced new pressures. Geonic leaders responded to these pressures by making recourse to the traditional institutions of taqqana (Hebrew, “legislative enactment”) and minhag (Hebrew, “custom”). Therefore, it is widely accepted that the vicissitudes of daily life influenced both the responsa of the Geonim and their contributions to the expanding codificatory literature. On the other hand, the potential influence of Jewish legal norms upon daily life remains an unsettled area in the study of the history of the premodern Jewish community. A paucity of documentary or archaeological evidence complicates this problem, and edited literary texts of various genres remain themselves among the most important witnesses to Jewish life in the period.


PRANATA HUKUM ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-64
Author(s):  
Fathur Rachman

ABSTRAK Money laundering is a hot or dirty money laundering practice (dirty money). This dirty money comes from illegitimate and illegal practices such as corruption, bribery, smuggling, as well as banking crimes and other unhealthy practices. To clean it, the money is placed in a bank or certain place for a while before being transferred to another place (layering), for example through the purchase of shares in the capital market, foreign exchange transfers or the purchase of an asset. After that, the offender will receive money that has been cleared from the washing field in the form of income derived from the purchase of shares, foreign exchange or assets (integration). The practice of money laudering that continues to occur along with the times and modernization provides the concept of thinking to examine the legal issue of the regulation being implemented, and how the modus operandi of the occurrence of a case. The stages and mode of occurrence of money laundering crime include: Placement, which is the first stage by placing (depositing) the illicit money into the financial system (financial system). Layering at this stage the washers try to break the money from the crime from the source, by transferring the money from one bank to another, up to several times. Integration, iniuang washed stages are brought back into circulation in the form of net income even as tax objects by using money that has become lawful for business activities. The perpetrator of money laundering as an organized crime, is carried out by a person who controls or has special knowledge in the world of financial service providers. Even they must master science in the field of computers. Money laundering in addition is very detrimental to society, also very detrimental to the State because it can influence or undermining national economic stability or State finances by increasing various crimes


Author(s):  
Borisas Melnikas

This theoretical article is intended to the needs and problems of the creation and further development of the so-called elitist studies in the field of management and economics. Main attention is focused on the essence and key principles and priorities of the creation, further development and modernization of elitist studies in general, as well as of the elitist studies in the field of management and economics. It is shown that the creation, further development and modernization of the elitist studies and their systems is an essential precondition for the purposeful development of the intellectual potential in all areas of social and economic life, in all spheres of social, economic and technological development, including in the field of management and economic activities. The role and importance of the elitist studies in the field of management and economics in the context of contemporary challenges of globalization, knowledge based society and knowledge economy creation, intensification of scientific and technological progress, as well as in accordance with the contemporary needs to radically improve managerial activities and to develop and modernize the intellectual potential of specialists in management and economics, is highlighted. Factors and priorities of the creation and further development of the elitist studies in the field of management and economics are described in details.


2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 474-479
Author(s):  
Vitaly I. Odin

Clinical rhetoric is a science concerned with consistent patterns of speech behavior in different situations of interaction with colleagues, patients, and specialists in various disciplines with a view to extending their practical applications for the enhancement of efficiency of meaningful contacts. The history of this science as a means of rational communication with patients and medical profession dates back to the times of Hippocrates. Its importance greatly increased under the present-day conditions of high-technology and therapeutically aggressive medicine. Clinical rhetoric is based on the principles of general rhetoric. A clinician must be prepared for he fruitful and constructive relations with a variety of partners including patients, healthy subjects, administrators, lawyers, businessmen, and colleagues. Four main peculiarities of clinical rhetoric are distinguished: any debate is possible only in the form of discussion, both the form and content of the opponent’s arguments should be treated with respect, the speaker must himself draw attention to the weak points of his theses, all discussions must have the form of a “captain council” in which the shipboy is the first and the captain the last to speak. Traditional forms of clinical discussion include counselling, doctor’s rounds, consilia, and demonstrations. Collective forms of stimulating creative thinking, such as brainstorming and foresight have especially good prospects. These approaches appear to be of special value for the solution of heuristic problems. Teaching clinical rhetoric should be initiated since term IV when students begin to understand the role of a doctor as a key figure in the organization of the diagnostic and therapeutic process. Further development of Hippocrates’ traditions of collective communication may significantly promote the intellectual return from clinical and scientific discussions in medicine.


Author(s):  
Sultanova Dilshoda Namazovna ◽  
Suvonqulov Saydulla Makkamovich ◽  
Dusanov Zafar Zohirovich

Given article is denoted of theoretical benchmark analysis - of geographical, climatic, ecologic, landscapes criteria’s of the nature of Aral oasis - as potential base for development of the tourism. It is studied, as particularly at Soviet period scientist seminal studied the Aral oasis at all points. It is given artistic analysis to Aral series of the artist in accompaniment with photo reproductions in 1959 year from works of painter. To enormous regret, the present-day youth nearly has not a full belief about fate Aral epidemic deaths. The examples is described about created card and scheme for forecasting of terrain of the town-port Muynak, created on miscellaneous method and already of needs in editions and addition last information. Row of the offers is given. In conclusion on the further development and improvement former Aral epidemic deaths, on inimitable of flora and fauna. The broad artistic analysis of the process is given in reconstruction of Aral museums in accompaniment with photo reproduction using work painter from 1960-2020. As a result of modern analyses with original museum of Aral Sea under opened by sky, as specific facility for development of the tourism is studied in our republic and have a questions, which expects their own decisions. The author is present for the first time in picturesque way in your attention, painting to interpretation, coming from it scientifically- creative experience. Given exploratory work, possible considers, as significant contribution to science in theories landscape architecture, archaeologies and history of art.


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