scholarly journals Opportunities and constraints in hydroponic crop production systems: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-408
Author(s):  
Sunil Kumar ◽  
Manjeet Singh ◽  
K.K. Yadav ◽  
P.K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Closed Loop System ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Human Labour ◽  
Ph Management ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Hydroponic crops can be grown using a variety of media and production systems (NFT system, wick system, drip system, ebb flow system etc.). EC and pH management are required to successfully handle these hydroponic systems (water quality and nutrient solution maintenance). These hydroponics systems have gained rapid adoption due to disciplined management of their resources and food production. Although the hydroponic system was developed in a closed-loop system, and substrate nutrition increases production, it is not cost-effective to develop this system on big scale. It is critical to design a low-cost hydroponic structure that decreases reliance on human labour and lowers overall startup cost in order to increase the commercialization of hydroponic farms. We need more research to develop more productive and cost-effective organic nutrient solutions and improve hydroponic crop production systems. In this review paper, we will discuss the opportunity and challenges in hydroponic crop production systems. 

scholarly journals Biological Approaches for Control of Root Pathogens of Strawberry

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 1356-1362 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. N. Martin ◽  
C. T. Bull
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Microbial Inoculants ◽  
Pathogen Control ◽  
Production Problems

Soil fumigation with methyl bromide plus chloropicrin is used as a preplant treatment to control a broad range of pathogens in high-value annual crop production systems. In California, fumigation is used on approximately 10,125 ha of strawberry production to control pathogens ranging from Verticillium dahliae to root pruning pathogens such as Pythium, Rhizoctonia, or Cylindrocarpon spp. In addition to pathogen control, fumigation also causes an enhanced growth response of the plant and reduces weed pressure. The development of successful, long-term cost effective biocontrol strategies most likely will require the development of an integrated systems approach that incorporates diverse aspects of the crop production system. Although application of single microbial inoculants may provide some level of control for specific production problems, it will be a challenge to provide the broad spectrum of activity needed in production fields.

scholarly journals Diverse Approaches to Herbicide-Resistant Weed Management

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (SP1) ◽  
pp. 570-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micheal D. K. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
Complexity Cost

Herbicides have been the principal means of weed control in developed countries for approximately 50 yr because they are the most cost-effective method. Such general use of herbicides has resulted in weed resistance to herbicides, which continues to be a growing problem. Within the past decade, the evolution of resistance to the once-dominant herbicide glyphosate has resulted in major concerns about the future ability to control weeds in many crop systems. Moreover, many weed species have evolved resistance to multiple mechanisms of herbicide action. Given the dearth of new herbicides with novel mechanisms of action, it appears inevitable that weed management programs will need to be supplemented by the use of tactics other than herbicides. However, the inclusion of more diversity for weed management also introduces complexity, cost, and time constraints to current crop production systems. This paper describes broadly the considerations, opportunities, and constraints of diverse weed management tactics to address the burgeoning problems with herbicide resistance.

scholarly journals Development of a Push-Type Liquid Fertilizer and Pesticide Sprayer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadeyibi, A., ◽  
Akpenpuun, T. D. ◽  
Issah, A. M.
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Field ◽  
Rotating Shaft ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Materials Used

Low yield, insect, pest and weeds competing with crops are challenges in crop production systems in Nigeria. This research was carried out to design and developed a push-type wheel operated liquid fertilizer/ pesticide sprayer. The materials used for fabrication were selected based on the design assumptions, calculations and sourced locally. The sprayer was mechanically operated through the rotating shaft of the cartwheels using a slider-cranks mechanism. An accumulator was provided to create the required pressure of continuous spraying action. The sprayer possesses two tanks of 16 L each, a wheel, a coup-able stand, eight nozzles and an adjustable height depending on the crop height. The sprayer can cover 4.8 hectares per day, effective field capacity of 1.13 ha/h, theoretical field capacity of 1.24 ha/h. and field efficiency of 91%. The developed sprayer consumes less time, cost effective, high efficiency and the users will just have to pull the cart and the whole mechanism will be operated with ease.

023. Biotechnology and reproduction in mainstream animal industry - a perspective

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
G. B. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Reproductive Process ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
Reproductive Events

This paper considers strategies to improve the reproductive performance of small ruminants in ways that lead to production systems that are ‘clean, green and ethical’. This view arises from feedback from consumers, particularly in attractive export markets, and from a need to refocus on the needs of Australian producers, most of whom operate large, extensive enterprises. These people cannot use ‘high-tech’ systems but need low-cost, low-labour solutions to their problems. First, to control of the timing of reproductive events, they can use the socio-sexual inputs of the ‘male effect’ to induce synchronised ovulation in females that would otherwise be anovulatory (seasonal, lactational, prepubertal). Second, they can use nutritional stimuli for ‘focus feeding’, in which short periods of nutritional supplements are precisely timed and specifically designed for individual events in the reproductive process: gamete production, embryo survival, ‘fetal programming’ and colostrum production. Third, they can use simple behavioural observations to genetically select for temperament – this will maximize offspring survival, product quality and animal welfare. All of these approaches involve non-pharmacological manipulation of the endogenous control systems of the animals and complement the detailed information from ultrasound that is now becoming available.1 The use of such clean, green and ethical tools in the management of our animals can be cost-effective, increase productivity and, at the same time, greatly improve the image of meat and milk industries in society and the marketplace. This does not mean, however, that they will not benefit from the opportunities that evolve from breakthroughs in reproductive technology or gene research. On the contrary, if this ‘high-tech’ research is done within the context of the needs of a ‘clean, green and ethical’ industry, first class science can have very direct and immediate benefits to our livestock industries. (1)Martin GB, Milton JTB, Davidson RH, Banchero Hunzicker GE, Lindsay DR and Blache D. (2004). Natural methods of increasing reproductive efficiency in sheep and goats. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 82–83, 231–246.

348 Integration of Nutrition with Air and Water Environmental Concerns

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 195-195
Author(s):  
Alan Rotz
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nutrient Excretion ◽  
Important Concern

Abstract The dairy and beef cattle industries face a number of environmental challenges related to air and water quality as well as the use of limited resources such as water and fossil energy. Mitigation strategies are available and being developed to reduce environmental impacts, but economical solutions remain a challenge. Assessment of mitigation strategies requires a comprehensive evaluation to assure that benefits in one component are not offset by harm in another. Process-based modeling and life cycle assessment provide tools for conducting this type of integrated evaluation. The most cost-effective strategies often begin with animal feeding. The diet of the animal affects resource use and nutrient excretion where the amount and form of nitrogen and phosphorus excreted affect air and water emissions. National assessments of the U.S. beef and dairy industries indicate where mitigation is most needed. Although greenhouse gas emissions receive most of the concern today, water consumption is another important concern, particularly for producers in drier regions such as the western United States. Over 90% of the water consumed in beef and dairy production is used in irrigated feed-crop production. Therefore, animal diets that use byproduct or other feeds not related to irrigated production can provide large reductions in the water footprint of beef and dairy products. Another emerging concern is that of ammonia emission where beef and dairy cattle may contribute more than half of the national emission inventory. Efficient protein feeding is the most economical and effective step that can be taken to reduce this environmental impact. Simulation of mitigation strategies using production system models provides comprehensive evaluation and prioritization among available and possible options, giving direction toward more sustainable ruminant animal production systems.

scholarly journals Optimizing Sampling and Extraction Methods for Plant-Parasitic and Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 629
Author(s):  
Mahfouz M. M. Abd-Elgawad
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
The Common ◽  
Biocontrol Potential ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Plant-parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes (PPNs and EPNs) are key groups in crop production systems. This study aims at optimizing nematode sampling and extraction methods to benefit integrated pest management (IPM) through (a) management of PPNs and (b) use of EPNs. The impacts of these methods on PPNs and EPNs to achieve cost-effective and efficient IPM programs are presented. The common misuses of sampling and extraction methods are discussed. Professionals engaged in IPM should consider sampling the reliability level in the light of the intended goal, location, crop value, susceptibility, nematode species, and available funds. Logical sampling methodology should be expanded to integrate various factors that can recover extra EPN isolates with differential pathogenicity. It should seek for the best EPN-host matching. Merits of repeated baiting for EPN extraction from soil and sieving for PPN recovery from suspensions are presented. Their extraction values may be modelled to quantify the efficiency of nematode separation. The use of proper indices of dispersion to enhance the biocontrol potential of EPNs or save costs in nematicidal applications is ideally compatible with IPM programs. Selecting an extraction method may sometimes require further tests to find the best extraction method of the existing fauna and/or flora. Cons and pros of modern sampling and extraction techniques are highlighted.

scholarly journals Bio-Green Foliar Spray Enhances Rice Growth and Productivity in Cambodia

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Tak Tha ◽  
Ply Preap ◽  
Seyha Sorl ◽  
Pao Srean ◽  
Visalsok Touch
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Growing Period

The use of bioproducts as biostimulants to stimulate plant growth and to increase yields as an alternative to chemical fertilizers are currently being promoted for cost-effective, sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practices of crop production systems. The objective of the study was to determine plant growth and productivity of rice responded to Bio Green application. A short growing period (90 – 95 days) OM-5451 rice variety was used in this study. The rice plants were cultivated in the randomized-completed block with two treatments and six replications in the plot of 2 m * 2 m.  Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer was applied once at a rate of 100 kg/ha. For treatment, Bio-green with a solution of 1% (v/v) was weekly applied as foliage spray; and without Bio-Green as control. The results showed the grain yield was 3.7 t/ha in the treatment and 2.83 t/ha in the control, indicating that 36.4% of the grain yield was increased. The Bio-Green could be significantly used as plant biostimulants to promote plant growth and grain yield in rice in Cambodia.

scholarly journals Rice-Fish Culture and its Potential in Rural Development: A Lesson from Apatani Farmers, Arunachal Pradesh, India

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
SK Saikia ◽  
DN Das
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Arunachal Pradesh ◽  
Farming Practice ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Rice Fish ◽  
Supplementary Feed

Rice-based fish farming, though, inevitable as a mean of double crop production from the unit land, is often proves as cost-effective practice for marginal and poor farmers. The lack of adequate knowledge and support to farmers keep them away from the benefits of rice-based fish farming. The novel technique adopted by Apatani farmers in Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh, India reduces the knowledge gap to achieve optimum benefit from such farming practice. The farmers enjoy a fish production of 500 kg per hactor per year without providing any supplementary feed to the fish stocked in their rice-fields. The economic return of the farmers was estimated up to 65.8% per annum from their rice-fish integrated fields. The system of rice-based fish farming by Apatani farmers has, therefore, bears immense potentiality to be recognized as low cost and sustainable farming practice and could be a significant breakthrough for poor and marginal farmers of the rest of the World.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jard.v6i1.1667J Agric Rural Dev 6(1&2), 125-131, June 2008

scholarly journals Water use efficiency of coriander produced in a low-cost hydroponic system

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 1152-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Santos Júnior ◽  
Hans R. Gheyi ◽  
Antônio R. Cavalcante ◽  
Salomão de S. Medeiros ◽  
Nildo da S. Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
Use Efficiency

ABSTRACT The increase of water use efficiency in crop production is a clear need in areas with restricted access to this resource and, in these cases, the adoption of forms of cultivation contextualized to local conditions are essential. Thus, the implications of the variation in the amount of seeds per cell (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g) and spacing between cells (7.0, 10.0 and 15.0 cm) on variables related to consumption and water use efficiency for the production of coriander (cv. Tabocas) in a low-cost hydroponic system, an alternative for semiarid regions, were evaluated. A completely randomized experimental design, analysed in 4 x 3 factorial scheme with three replicates, was adopted, and the data were subjected to analysis of variance at 0.05 probability level. It was found that the reduction in the spacing between cells has a better cost-benefit ratio with respect to water consumption, biomass produced and cost of seeds. Therefore, it is recommended the adoption of a spacing of 7.0 cm between cells and the use of 1.0 g seeds per cell; this configuration promoted efficiency of 81.59 g L-1 in shoot green mass production and total mass of 62.4 g coriander bunches.

scholarly journals Towards a No-Till No-Spray Future? Introduction to a Symposium on Nonchemical Weed Management for Reduced-Tillage Cropping Systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Brainard ◽  
Erin Haramoto ◽  
Martin M. Williams ◽  
Steven Mirsky
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Systems Research

Reduced-tillage systems including no-tillage and striptillage have well-known benefits for conserving and improving soils, protecting vulnerable crops from extreme weather events, and reducing labor and fuel costs associated with full-width inversion tillage (Franzluebbers 2002, 2005; Parsch et al. 2001; Pesant et al. 1987; Spargo et al. 2008). Despite these benefits, reduced-tillage has not been widely adopted in many cropping systems due in part to the increased difficulty of managing weeds when tillage is not used. Not surprisingly, adoption of reduced-tillage has occurred primarily in crops for which low-cost, effective herbicides are available, including glyphosate-resistant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) (Horowitz et al. 2010; Tarkalson et al. 2012). Increased use of a narrow range of herbicides in these cropping systems has exacerbated problems of herbicide resistance (Duke and Powles 2009; Heap 2012). Conversely, adoption of reduced-tillage has been limited in crops where effective herbicides are not available (e.g. in “minor crops” like vegetables) or prohibited (e.g. in organic production systems). Research aimed at identifying nonchemical approaches to managing weeds in reduced-tillage production systems has the potential to increase adoption of reducedtillage while minimizing herbicide use and selection pressure for herbicide resistance in production systems currently using reduced tillage (Figure 1).

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