Development of plant concepts for ethanol production from wheat and wheat straw

2013 ◽  
pp. 208-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Gröngröft ◽  
André Brosowski ◽  
Kathleen Meisel ◽  
Franziska Müller-Langer
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Ethanol Plant ◽  
Plant Processing ◽  
Supply Costs ◽  
The Cost

Fuel ethanol produced from sugar and starch is to be complemented and eventually even replaced by ethanol produced from lignocellulose, in order to mitigate possible competition with the food sector. A first step towards this goal may be a combination of both feedstocks in one plant. This is topic of the presented study, whether synergies in lowering the production costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be reached through combined processing was topic of the presented study. A greenfield straw ethanol plant, a wheat ethanol plant and an integrated plant, processing both wheat grain and straw were developed and compared regarding the resulting GHG emissions and production costs. Despite showing the best results with regard to greenhouse gas emissions, greenfield straw ethanol production is related to relatively high production costs. The wheat based ethanol plant again is associated with higher GHG emissions, but low production costs. By combining straw and wheat processing, resulting production costs of EUR651/m3 ethanol are at a level close to market prices, but the same mitigation potential as separate straw based ethanol cannot be reached. The low level of 16.1 g CO2-eq/MJ of straw based ethanol results mainly from the use of the agricultural residue as feedstock and the use of the internally produced lignin to ensure the steam supply. In the assessment of the production costs, feedstock costs are one of the most relevant parameters. Since straw prices are not available from market statistics, an assessment of Germany’s sustainable straw potential in a high spatial resolution has served to calculate straw supply costs. Depending on the exact location of the plant, a range of EUR50/t to EUR90/t (fresh matter) was found to be the cost for straw provision.

scholarly journals A Review of Geothermal Technologies and Their Role in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Abatement Cost ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
The Cost

Abstract A review of conventional, unconventional, and advanced geothermal technologies highlights just how diverse and multi-faceted the geothermal industry has become, harnessing temperatures from 7 °C to greater than 350 °C. The cost of reducing greenhouse emissions is examined in scenarios where conventional coal or combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plants are abated. In the absence of a US policy on a carbon tax, the marginal abatement cost potential of these technologies is examined within the context of the social cost of carbon (SCC). The analysis highlights that existing geothermal heat and power technologies and emerging advanced closed-loop applications could deliver substantial cost-efficient baseload energy, leading to the long-term decarbonization. When considering an SCC of $25, in a 2025 development scenario, geothermal technologies ideally need to operate with full life cycle assessment (FLCA) emissions, lower than 50 kg(CO2)/MWh, and aim to be within the cost range of $30−60/MWh. At these costs and emissions, geothermal can provide a cost-competitive low-carbon, flexible, baseload energy that could replace existing coal and CCGT providing a significant long-term reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study confirms that geothermally derived heat and power would be well positioned within a diverse low-carbon energy portfolio. The analysis presented here suggests that policy and regulatory bodies should, if serious about lowering carbon emissions from the current energy infrastructure, consider increasing incentives for geothermal energy development.

scholarly journals POLÍTICA DE PRECIFICAÇÃO DE GEE: impactos econômicos e ambientais na agrologística de grãos no Mato Grosso

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Fernando Vinícius da Rocha ◽  
Abner Matheus João ◽  
Everton Lima Costa ◽  
José Vicente Caixeta Filho
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Pricing Policies ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Intermodal Logistics ◽  
Area Of Influence ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Potential Area

Este trabalho busca analisar o quão determinante seriam as políticas precificação de emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) na competividade logística agroindustrial no Brasil. Para isso, considerou dois projetos de infraestrutura logística em fase de pré-concessão, Ferrogrão e Ferrovia Paraense, visando o escoamento da produção de grãos no estado do Mato Grosso. Assim, determinando as áreas de influência não apenas por meio dos custos de transporte, bem como com a incorporação dos custos provenientes das emissões, as soluções logísticas intermodais, considerando os dois projetos, indicam que essas são as que apresentam potencial maior área de influência para captação das menores emissões GEE. Cenário esse corroborado, visto que, consideradas elevações no custo por tonelada de CO2 emitido, o escoamento por meio da Ferrogrão e da Ferrovia Paraense se tornariam maiores.Palavras-chave: Precificação. Emissões. Agronegócio. Logística. Grãos.GHG PRICING POLICY: economic and environmental impacts on grain agrologistics in Mato GrossoAbstractThis paper analyzes how crucial the pricing policies of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions would be in the agroindustrial logistic competitiveness in Brazil. Two transportation infrastructure projects are analyzed, Ferrogrão and Pará Railway. By determining the areas of influence not only through transportation costs, as well as the incorporation of emissions costs, intermodal logistics solutions, considering the two projects, indicate that these are the ones with the largest potential area of influence to capture the lowest GHG emissions. This is corroborated as, considering increases in the cost per ton of CO2 emitted, the flow through Ferrogrão and Pará Railway would become larger.Keywords: Pricing. Emissions. Agribusiness. Logistics. Grains.

scholarly journals The cost of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in farms in Central Andes of Ecuador

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. e0101
Author(s):  
Jhenny Cayambe ◽  
Ana Iglesias
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Nutrient Recycling ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Central Andes ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
The Cost

Aim of study: Reduction of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions derived from food production is imperative to meet climate change mitigation targets. Sustainable mitigation strategies also combine improvements in soil fertility and structure, nutrient recycling, and the use more efficient use of water. Many of these strategies are based on agricultural know-how, with proven benefits for farmers and the environment. This paper considers measures that could contribute to emissions reduction in subsistence farming systems and evaluation of management alternatives in the Central Andes of Ecuador. We focused on potato and milk production because they represent two primary employment and income sources in the region’s rural areas and are staple foods in Latin America.Area of study: Central Andes of Ecuador: Carchi, Chimborazo, Cañar provincesMaterial and methods: Our approach to explore the cost and the effectiveness of mitigation measures combines optimisation models with participatory methods.Main results: Results show the difference of mitigation costs between regions which should be taken into account when designing of any potential support given to farmers. They also show that there is a big mitigation potential from applying the studied measures which also lead to increased soil fertility and soil structure improvements due to the increased soil organic carbon.Research highlights: This study shows that marginal abatement cost curves derived for different agro-climatic regions are helpful tools for the development of realistic regional mitigation options for the agricultural sector.

scholarly journals Transport externalities of bus stations produced by Greenhouse Gas (GHG)

2020 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
pp. 04001
Author(s):  
M Córdova-Suárez ◽  
E Barreno-Ávila ◽  
P Villacrés-Cevallos ◽  
O Ruíz-Robalino
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
External Costs ◽  
Cost Factor ◽  
Average Load ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Indirect Sources

It is established that the interprovincial transportation in bus terminals of the Cities such as Ambato, Riobamba, Salcedo, Latacunga and Guaranda have contributed to the build-up of external costs of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) The climate change costs are calculated by multiplying the carbon emissions by the cost factor. To quantify the GHG emissions, this study has taken into account of both the direct and indirect sources of the Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG), as well as the ISO 14064.1: 2006 standard. In view thereof, it was found that the 11 bus terminals of the five cities, namely Latacunga, Riobamba Salcedo, Ambato, Guaranda-which accounts for around 3225 buses, had accounted for the emissions of 25,746.8 tCO2eq, 37,404.6 tCO2eq, 8,762.7 tCO2eq, 92,364.9 tCO2eq, 31,990.3 tCO2eq, respectively. Simply, the average load of such pollution produced per vehicle was 60.8 tCO2eq. and the total emissions were 196,269.3 tCO2eq with an estimated GHG contamination cost of €27,477,702 per year.

Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions due to the use of bio-ethanol from wheat grain and straw produced in the south-eastern USA

2010 ◽  
Vol 148 (5) ◽  
pp. 511-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. PERSSON ◽  
A. GARCIA Y GARCIA ◽  
J. O. PAZ ◽  
C. W. FRAISSE ◽  
G. HOOGENBOOM
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
The South ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Usa

SUMMARYBiofuels can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by replacing fossil fuels. However, the energy yield from agronomic crops varies due to local climate, weather and soil variability. A variation in the yield of raw material used (feedstock) could also cause variability in GHG reductions if biofuels are used. The goal of the present study was to determine the net reduction of GHG emissions if ethanol from wheat produced in different regions of the south-eastern USA is used as an alternative to gasoline from fossil fuel sources. Two scenarios were investigated; the first included ethanol produced from grain only, and the second included ethanol produced from both grain and wheat straw. Winter wheat yield was simulated with the Cropping System Model (CSM)-CERES-Wheat model for climate, soil and crop management representing six counties in the following USA states: Alabama, Florida and Georgia. Ethanol production was determined from the simulated grain and straw yields together with fixed grain and straw yield ethanol ratios. Subsequently, net reductions in GHG emissions were determined by accounting for the emissions from the replaced gasoline, and by animal feed and electricity that were replaced by ethanol processing co-products. Greenhouse gases that were emitted in the ethanol production chain were also taken into account. Across all locations, the reduction in GHG emissions was 187 g CO2-equivalents/km in the grain-only scenario and 208 g CO2-equivalents/km in the grain and straw scenario. The reductions in GHG emissions varied significantly between locations and growing seasons within the two scenarios. Similar approaches could be applied to assess the environmental impact of GHG emissions from other biofuels.

scholarly journals Considering Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Power System Expansion Planning for Europe and North Africa Using Multi-Objective Optimization

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1301
Author(s):  
Tobias Junne ◽  
Karl-Kiên Cao ◽  
Kim Kira Miskiw ◽  
Heidi Hottenroth ◽  
Tobias Naegler
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Impact Categories ◽  
Multi Objective Optimization ◽  
The Cost

We integrate life cycle indicators for various technologies of an energy system model with high spatiotemporal detail and a focus on Europe and North Africa. Using multi-objective optimization, we calculate a pareto front that allows us to assess the trade-offs between system costs and life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of future power systems. Furthermore, we perform environmental ex-post assessments of selected solutions using a broad set of life cycle impact categories. In a system with the least life cycle GHG emissions, the costs would increase by ~63%, thereby reducing life cycle GHG emissions by ~82% compared to the cost-optimal solution. Power systems mitigating a substantial part of life cycle GHG emissions with small increases in system costs show a trend towards a deployment of wind onshore, electricity grid and a decline in photovoltaic plants and Li-ion storage. Further reductions are achieved by the deployment of concentrated solar power, wind offshore and nuclear power but lead to considerably higher costs compared to the cost-optimal solution. Power systems that mitigate life cycle GHG emissions also perform better for most impact categories but have higher ionizing radiation, water use and increased fossil fuel demand driven by nuclear power. This study shows that it is crucial to consider upstream GHG emissions in future assessments, as they represent an inheritable part of total emissions in ambitious energy scenarios that, so far, mainly aim to reduce direct CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals China’s Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Future Trajectories and Mitigation Options and Potential

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Lin ◽  
Nina Khanna ◽  
Xu Liu ◽  
Fei Teng ◽  
Xin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Mitigation Scenario ◽  
End Use ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mitigation Potentials

Abstract Forecasts indicate that China’s non-carbon dioxide (CO2) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will increase rapidly from the 2014 baseline of 2 billion metric tons of CO2 equivalent (CO2e). Previous studies of the potential for mitigating non-CO2 GHG emissions in China have focused on timeframes through only 2030, or only on certain sectors or gases. This study uses a novel bottom-up end-use model to estimate mitigation of China’s non-CO2 GHGs under a Mitigation Scenario whereby today’s cost-effective and technologically feasible CO2 and non-CO2 mitigation measures are deployed through 2050. The study determines that future non-CO2 GHG emissions are driven largely by industrial and agricultural sources and that China could reduce those emissions by 47% by 2050 while enabling total GHG emissions to peak by 2023. Except for F-gas mitigation, few national or sectoral policies have focused on reducing non-CO2 GHGs. Policy, market, and other institutional support are needed to realize the cost-effective mitigation potentials identified in this study.

scholarly journals What is still Limiting the Deployment of Cellulosic Ethanol? Analysis of the Current Status of the Sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
pp. 4523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Padella ◽  
Adrian O’Connell ◽  
Matteo Prussi
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Cellulosic Ethanol ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Commercial Scale

Ethanol production from cellulosic material is considered one of the most promising options for future biofuel production contributing to both the energy diversification and decarbonization of the transport sector, especially where electricity is not a viable option (e.g., aviation). Compared to conventional (or first generation) ethanol production from food and feed crops (mainly sugar and starch based crops), cellulosic (or second generation) ethanol provides better performance in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions savings and low risk of direct and indirect land-use change. However, despite the policy support (in terms of targets) and significant R&D funding in the last decade (both in EU and outside the EU), cellulosic ethanol production appears to be still limited. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the status of cellulosic ethanol production in EU and outside EU, reviewing available literature and highlighting technical and non-technical barriers that still limit its production at commercial scale. The review shows that the cellulosic ethanol sector appears to be still stagnating, characterized by technical difficulties as well as high production costs. Competitiveness issues, against standard starch based ethanol, are evident considering many commercial scale cellulosic ethanol plants appear to be currently in idle or on-hold states.

scholarly journals An analysis of energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions from organic soybean cultivation in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6Supl3) ◽  
pp. 3461
Author(s):  
Roni Fernandes Guareschui ◽  
Marcio dos Reis Martins ◽  
Leonardo Fernandes Sarkis ◽  
Bruno Jose Rodrigues Alves ◽  
Claudia Pozzi Jantalia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Organic Cultivation

The assessment of energy efficiency (EE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can highlight the sustainability of agro-systems and decision-making regarding reduction of production costs and environmental pollution. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the EE and GHG emissions (CO2, CH4 e N2O) of a soybean crop under organic cultivation in different regions of Brazil in the agricultural year 2014-2015. For this, 19 soybean areas were evaluated. The inputs and outputs of the agricultural operations and / or inputs used were calculated by multiplying the quantity used by their calorific value or energy coefficient at each stage of production. The energy efficiency was obtained by the ratio between the amount of total output energy and the total energy consumption during the production process. In order to estimate GHG emissions, the principles of the life cycle assessment methodology and recommendations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) were applied. For each 1.0 MJ of energy consumed in the organic production of soybeans, an average of 7.9 MJ of renewable energy was produced in the form of grains of this crop. The main energy costs of growing these organic crops were with seeds, fuel and with tractors, machines and agricultural implements (TMI). For each 1 kg of organic grain produced from soybeans, 0.19 kg of CO2eq are emitted during their production and delivery cycles in the warehouse. The main sources of CO2eq emission to the atmosphere were the seeds, fuels and organic fertilizers.

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