A Chemical-Mechanical Tongue Cleaning Method: An Approach to Control Halitosis and to Remove the Invisible Tongue Biofilm, A Possible Cause of Persistent Taste Disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conceicao Mauricio
Keyword(s):  
Coming Out ◽  
Taste Buds ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Tongue Coating ◽  
Lingual Papillae ◽  
Interstitial Volume ◽  
Tongue Cleaning ◽  
Taste Disorders ◽  
Filiform Papillae ◽  
Possible Cause

Tongue coating or tongue biofilm is the main and most common cause of halitosis, as shown by numerous studies. There are four types of lingual papillae, three of which contain taste buds (vallate, fungiform, and foliate papillae). The filiform papillae are the most numerous and although they do not have taste cells, they surround the fungiform papillae and are in contact with the vallate and foliate papillae, which have taste buds. The anatomy of a single filiform papilla shows that it is not a simple bud coming out of the surface of the tongue, but a group of individual filaments in within the tongue biofilm can accumulate. In case of shear forces exerted on the papillae (i.e., the use of a tongue scraping), the sturdy papillae bend slightly and protect the then embedded biofilm remaining in the interstitial volume. Tongue coating may thus physically limit tastants’ access to taste pores and thus prevents their binding to taste receptors. A chemical-mechanical tongue cleaning technique (DC technique) can reach this biofilm with a better efficiency than the traditional methods to clean the tongue, such as the use of a tongue scraper or a toothbrush. DC technique removed 67,5% more coating than the tongue scraper and 148% more than the toothbrush. Further research should compare these methods concerning taste disorders.

scholarly journals Expression of the candidate fat taste receptors in human fungiform papillae and the association with fat taste function

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongli Liu ◽  
Andrew Costanzo ◽  
Margaret D. M. Evans ◽  
Nicholas S. Archer ◽  
Caryl Nowson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Western Blotting ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Taste Buds ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Fungiform Papillae ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Fat Taste

AbstractSignificant experimental evidence supports fat as a taste modality; however, the associated peripheral mechanisms are not well established. Several candidate taste receptors have been identified, but their expression pattern and potential functions in human fungiform papillae remain unknown. The aim of this study is to identify the fat taste candidate receptors and ion channels that were expressed in human fungiform taste buds and their association with oral sensory of fatty acids. For the expression analysis, quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) from RNA extracted from human fungiform papillae samples was used to determine the expression of candidate fatty acid receptors and ion channels. Western blotting analysis was used to confirm the presence of the proteins in fungiform papillae. Immunohistochemistry analysis was used to localise the expressed receptors or ion channels in the taste buds of fungiform papillae. The correlation study was analysed between the expression level of the expressed fat taste receptors or ion channels indicated by qRT-PCR and fat taste threshold, liking of fatty food and fat intake. As a result, qRT-PCR and western blotting indicated that mRNA and protein of CD36, FFAR4, FFAR2, GPR84 and delayed rectifying K+ channels are expressed in human fungiform taste buds. The expression level of CD36 was associated with the liking difference score (R −0·567, β=−0·04, P=0·04) between high-fat and low-fat food and FFAR2 was associated with total fat intake (ρ=−0·535, β=−0·01, P=0·003) and saturated fat intake (ρ=−0·641, β=−0·02, P=0·008).

scholarly journals Prevalence of Tongue Cleaning Using a Toothbrush: A Questionnaire Survey in Fukui Prefecture, Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Shinpei Matsuda ◽  
Takehisa Saito ◽  
Hisato Yoshida ◽  
Hitoshi Yoshimura ◽  
Kazuo Sano
Keyword(s):  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
General Public ◽  
Private Hospital ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Tongue Coating ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tongue Cleaning ◽  
The University

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the tongue cleaning habits using toothbrushes among outpatients of the University of Fukui Hospital and a private hospital in Fukui Prefecture. Methods. We administered a questionnaire survey to volunteers detailing tongue cleaning habits using toothbrushes. The content of the questions in this survey were as follows: gender, age, frequency of tongue cleaning, portion of tongue cleaning, and purposes of tongue cleaning. Results. We had 1,014 volunteers of various ages participating in this study. Regarding the frequency of tongue cleaning, 187 (18.4%) of all participants replied, “Every day”, and 346 (34.1%) replied, “Sometimes”. Regarding tongue cleaning of the 533 participants with active tongue cleaning habits, 242 (45.4%) participants replied, “The center of the dorsum of the tongue”, and 274 (51.4%) replied, “The entire tongue”. When analyzing the purpose of tongue cleaning, 346 (64.9%) participants replied, “To remove the tongue stain”, 192 (36.0%) participants replied, “To remove the tongue coating”, and 240 (45.0%) participants replied, “To manage halitosis”. Conclusions. This study clarified that a wide range of age groups in the nonhospitalized general public practiced tongue cleaning habits using a toothbrush for various purposes.

scholarly journals Evidence that Taste Buds are not Present on the Human Adult Uvula

2002 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 456-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan T. Ambro ◽  
Edmund A. Pribitkin ◽  
Linda Wysocki ◽  
Joseph G. Brand ◽  
William M. Keane
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Laser ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Taste Buds ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Human Adult ◽  
Membrane Bound

We conducted a study to investigate whether taste buds are present on the human adult uvula. Our impetus was to determine whether surgical procedures that involve removal of the uvula can affect taste perception. Five human uvulae were removed via a modified carbon dioxide laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty in an outpatient office setting. The uvulae were serially sectioned and stained with a solution specific for membrane-bound calcium-modulated adenosine triphosphatase, a high concentration of which is found in taste receptors. Examination of the stained sections under light microscopy failed to show that any taste receptors were present in any of the uvulae. This finding suggests that the taste disturbances noted after surgical procedures involving removal of the uvula are not attributable to a loss of taste receptors.

scholarly journals Microstructure of the Surface of the Tongue and Histochemical Study of the Lingual Glands of the Lowland Tapir (Tapirus terrestris Linnaeus, 1758) (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae)

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2297
Author(s):  
Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk ◽  
Pavla Hamouzová ◽  
Joanna Klećkowska-Nawrot ◽  
Karolina Barszcz ◽  
Petr Čížek
Keyword(s):  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Mucous Secretion ◽  
Histochemical Analysis ◽  
Lingual Papillae ◽  
Tapirus Terrestris ◽  
Vallate Papillae ◽  
Filiform Papillae

Although the anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract has been characterized in the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris), the exact anatomy of its tongue has not been studied. Samples of the lingual papillae and lingual glands were collected from the tongue of an adult female lowland tapir. The microscopic analysis of the structure of the lingual papillae and the histochemical analysis of the secretion of the lingual glands were analyzed. The tongue of the tapir is divided into the apex, body with a distinct lingual prominence, and the root. Its ventral surface is smooth. The most numerous of the mechanical papillae were the filiform papillae, while numerous conical papillae with a sharp apex or more rounded papillae were present in the root of the tongue. There were also nine vallate papillae and pair of foliate papillae. The foliate papillae contained several folds parted by 12–14 grooves. The mucous secretion produced by the lingual glands was more obvious than the serous secretion. The features of the dorsal surface of the tongue as well as the shape and number of the lingual papillae on the surface of the tongue of the examined female tapir differ compared to Equidae or Rhinocerotidae, the other two representatives of Perissodactyla. However, further study is necessary for the synapomorpy of the tapir’s tongue.

scholarly journals Expression of Taste Receptor 2 Subtypes in Human Testis and Sperm

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Governini ◽  
Bianca Semplici ◽  
Valentina Pavone ◽  
Laura Crifasi ◽  
Camilla Marrocco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Taste Buds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Human Testis ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Organ Systems

Taste receptors (TASRs) are expressed not only in the oral cavity but also throughout the body, thus suggesting that they may play different roles in organ systems beyond the tongue. Recent studies showed the expression of several TASRs in mammalian testis and sperm, indicating an involvement of these receptors in male gametogenesis and fertility. This notion is supported by an impaired reproductive phenotype of mouse carrying targeted deletion of taste receptor genes, as well as by a significant correlation between human semen parameters and specific polymorphisms of taste receptor genes. To better understand the biological and thus clinical significance of these receptors for human reproduction, we analyzed the expression of several members of the TAS2Rs family of bitter receptors in human testis and in ejaculated sperm before and after in vitro selection and capacitation. Our results provide evidence for the expression of TAS2R genes, with TAS2R14 being the most expressed bitter receptor subtype in both testis tissue and sperm cells, respectively. In addition, it was observed that in vitro capacitation significantly affects both the expression and the subcellular localization of these receptors in isolated spermatozoa. Interestingly, α-gustducin and α-transducin, two Gα subunits expressed in taste buds on the tongue, are also expressed in human spermatozoa; moreover, a subcellular redistribution of both G protein α-subunits to different sub-compartments of sperm was registered upon in vitro capacitation. Finally, we shed light on the possible downstream transduction pathway initiated upon taste receptor activation in the male reproductive system. Performing ultrasensitive droplets digital PCR assays to quantify RNA copy numbers of a distinct gene, we found a significant correlation between the expression of TAS2Rs and TRPM5 (r = 0.87), the cation channel involved in bitter but also sweet and umami taste transduction in taste buds on the tongue. Even if further studies are needed to clarify the precise functional role of taste receptors for successful reproduction, the presented findings significantly extend our knowledge of the biological role of TAS2Rs for human male fertility.

scholarly journals Morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the tongue of wild boar

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela de Souza Reginato ◽  
Gabriela Klein Barbosa ◽  
Amanda Olivotti Ferreira ◽  
Bruno Gomes Vasconcelos ◽  
Rose Eli Grassi Rici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Taste Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Fungiform Papilla ◽  
Lingual Epithelium ◽  
Lingual Papillae ◽  
Conical Shape

The present study aimed to describe the structural and ultrastructural morphological characteristics of the lingual epithelium and the connective tissue cores (CTCs) of wild boar (Sus scrofa). The tongues were processed for light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. In this study, we revealed the filiform, fungiform, foliate, and vallate papillae. The filiform papilla is elongated with a conical shape and its CTC has a conical shape; the fungiform papilla is rounded with a dome-shape and its CTC is flower bud; the foliate papilla is formed by four pairs of epithelial folds and irregular grooves, and its CTC is thin with adjacent conjunctive projections, and taste buds and serous glands in the epithelial layer have been evidenced; and the vallate papilla is oval surrounded by a groove with increases of epithelium surface, and the CTC is formed by numerous connective projections lined. Also noted were serous gland and taste buds on the medial wall of the vallate papilla. The epithelium has the keratinized, granular, spinous, basal, and lamina propria layers. In conclusion, we found new descriptions and shapes of the CTCs of the lingual papillae. In addition, we demonstrated the epithelium structural characteristics, the nuclear distribution between the epithelial layers, and the ultrastructural aspects of the dorsal epithelium of the tongue.

scholarly journals Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies of the Lingual Papillae in the English Horse

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Can ◽  
Şükrü Hakan Atalgin ◽  
Mehmet Faruk Aydin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Lingual Papillae ◽  
Cylindrical Form ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Vallate Papillae ◽  
Filiform Papillae ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract The purpose of this study was to describe the distribution and surface structure of the lingual papillary system in four male adult English horses by scanning electron microscopy. The animals were supplied from the Jockey Club of Turkey (TJK). Tissue samples were taken from the dorsal, ventral and lateral surface of the apex, corpus and radix of the tongue. Filiform papillae were distributed mainly on the dorsum, being abundant, very long and with a slim cylindrical form with pointed endings or multi-bifurcated terminations at the apex. These papillae were typically conical in shape with a wider base in the corpus of the lingua and absent on the radix of the lingua. Fungiform papillae were mainly on the lateral surfaces and lobulated forms were also observed. The horses have two large vallate papillae, located on the dorsum close to the caudal part of the tongue. These papillae were surrounded by a prominent gustatory groove. The vallate papillae had many taste pores opening into the papillary groove. The foliate papillae were observed just rostral to the palatoglossal arches. These papillae have many variable sized taste pores which open into the grooves between the papillary leaves. The papillary leaves were covered with concentrically arranged cornified cells of variable appearance. However, there were no lingual papillae on the ventral aspect of the horse’s tongue.

scholarly journals Effect of Tongue Cleaning Methods and Oral Mutans Streptococci Level

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajashree Gondhalekar ◽  
KM Jose Richard ◽  
MG Jayachandra ◽  
Sachin Aslam ◽  
Vamsi Nilay Reddy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Mutans Streptococci ◽  
Tongue Coating ◽  
The Public ◽  
Tongue Cleaning ◽  
Coating Removal ◽  
Cleaning Methods

ABSTRACT Introduction Tongue scraping and brushing have been appreciated for hundreds of years but are still appreciated or used by the public. Scientific evidence has validated the need to practice habitual and tongue cleaning as part of daily home oral hygiene procedures. Objective To assess and compare the effect of tongue scraping and tongue brushing on oral Mutans streptococci level. Materials and methods A total of 20 healthy subjects aged 14 to 15 years were randomly selected. Flat plastic tongue scraper and Nylon multitufted small headed toothbrush are the two tongue cleaning devise used. Unstimulated salivary samples were obtained at 4 intervals from each individual. Salivary samples were inoculated on Mitis Salivary Agar Plate and Sorbital Broth was used for identification of Mutans streptococci group. Results Paired and unpaired ‘t’ test were employed. Reduiction in the Mutans streptococci level from 48.4 × 104 CFU and 38.3 × 104 CFU at baseline in tongue scraping and tongue brushing group respectively to 0.34 × 104 and 0.39 × 104 CFU after 7th day. Conclusion Both tongue coating removal methods evaluated were efficient in reducing mutans streptococci level. This implies that physical removal of the coating on the dorsum of the tongue is important and not the method used for the same. How to cite this article Gondhalekar R, Richard KMJ, Jayachandra MG, Aslam S, Reddy VN, Barabde AS. Effect of Tongue Cleaning Methods and Oral Mutans Streptococci Level. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(1):119-122.

scholarly journals The Effect of Mechanical Tongue Cleaning on Oral Malodor and Tongue Coating

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Ha-Na Choi ◽  
Young-Sik Cho ◽  
Jung-Wan Koo
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Tongue Coating ◽  
Oral Malodor ◽  
Gas Measurement ◽  
Coating Methods ◽  
Tongue Cleaning ◽  
Bad Breath ◽  
Reduction Effect ◽  
Cleaning Methods ◽  
Breath Measurement

Background: Mechanical tongue cleaning is an important oral hygiene procedure; it is known that a significant cause of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), a major component of bad breath, is due to the bacteria coating the tongue. This study was conducted to identify the effect of mechanical tongue cleaning on reducing bad breath and tongue coating. Methods: Various mechanical tongue-cleaning methods were studied, including removing tongue coating using a toothbrush, removing tongue coating using a tongue scraper, and removing tongue coating using a toothbrush and a tongue scraper together. The results were as follows. Results: First, the organic bad breath measurement value after cleaning the tongue significantly decreased in the group using only the toothbrush, the group using only the tongue scraper, and the group using both the toothbrush and the tongue scraper. However, there was no difference between the groups. Second, after cleaning the tongue, the measured values of the tongue coating in the values of WTCI (Winkel’s tongue coating index) and Qray view were significantly reduced in all three groups, and there was no difference between the groups. Third, the gas measurement value in the oral cavity using a machine significantly decreased only the H2S value of the group using the tongue scraper immediately after the mechanical tongue cleaning. Conclusions: From these results, it can be confirmed that mechanical tongue cleaning is effective at reducing bad breath and tongue coating. However, in this study, there was no difference in the reduction effect according to the tools (groups) used for mechanical tongue cleaning. It can therefore be seen that wiping accurately from the rear of the tongue to the front is more effective at reducing bad breath and tongue coating.

scholarly journals Tongue-coating and mixed saliva obtained from smokers and/or drinkers: nitric oxide/nitrite contents

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-128
Author(s):  
Marise Ramos de Souza ◽  
Marcelo Genestra
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tongue Coating ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Tongue Cleaning ◽  
Nitrogen Radicals ◽  
Mixed Saliva

The aim of this study was to investigate comparatively the concentration of a nitrogen radical, particularly nitric oxide (NO)/nitrite (NO2 -), in the tongue-coating and mixed saliva obtained from smokers/non-smokers and drinkers/non-drinkers, proving the cytotoxic and cytoprotective effect of these free radicals in oral metabolism and physiophatolology of oral diseases. Masticatory (stimulated) methods were used in order to determine the salivary flow rates of 100 patients. The tongue-coating was obtained through of tongue cleaning named Kolbe’s cleaner. Nitrite contents was measured spectophotometricaly by Griess method. Despite the NO been admittedly an important mediator of some physiological functions, when it is generated in excess it acts as the molecule-key of the cellular damage and tissue injury. The results point out that the association tobacco/alcohol points positive correlation between the increasing concentration of nitrogen radicals in the mixed saliva in order to favour tobacco/alcohol users, in comparison with the control group (not smokers/not drinkers). However, the NO/NO2 - concentration in tongue-coating is worthless, comparing to mixed saliva.

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