Variation of Soil Fauna Community in Eucalyptus grandis Plantation Before and After Felling Disturbance*

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Jiujin XIAO ◽  
Jian ZHANG ◽  
Yumei HUANG ◽  
Hongxing MA ◽  
Xudong LI
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fauna ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Before And After

scholarly journals Heat-Induced Discoloration of Chromophore Structures in Eucalyptus Lignin

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Yanxia Wei ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Yao Chen ◽  
Jianmin Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
13C Nmr ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Saturated Steam ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
13C Nmr Analysis ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood ◽  
Dehydration Reactions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Insoluble Compounds

The color changes corresponding to chromophore structures in lignin caused by exposure of Eucalyptus（Eucalyptus grandis and E. urophylla）to heat were investigated. Eucalyptus wood samples were heated in saturated steam atmospheres for 10 h at 110℃, 130℃, and 150℃. The lignin was isolated before and after heat treatment. The physicochemical properties of the lignin and changes in chromophore structures during heat treatment was evaluated through wet chemical analysis, FTIR, UV-Vis, GPC, XPSand 13C-NMR. The color of the wood became darker and redder with the increase in pressure and temperature. Depolymerization and dehydration reactions occurred via demethoxylation with heat treatment in saturated steam at 110℃ or 130℃. Lignin condensed to form insoluble compounds after heat treatment in saturated steam at 150℃. G units increased and S units decreased through demethylation during heat treatment, as revealed by FTIR and 13C-NMR analysis.

Characteristics of soil faunal community structure before and after the rotation period of Eucalyptus grandis plantations with various densities

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
张阿娟 ZHANG Ajuan ◽  
张健 ZHANG Jian ◽  
李金金 LI Jinjin ◽  
刘志刚 LIU Zhigang ◽  
张丹桔 ZHANG Danju
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Before And After

scholarly journals ESTABLISHMENT TECHNIQUES FOR TROPICAL LEGUMES IN THE UNDERSTORY OF A EUCALYPTUS PLANTATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-352
Author(s):  
Maria Luiza Franceschi Nicodemo ◽  
Francisco Humberto Dubbern de Souza ◽  
Jose Ricardo Macedo Pezzopane ◽  
João Carlos Teixeira Mendes ◽  
Waldomiro Barioni Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Lablab Purpureus ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Calopogonium Mucunoides

This study evaluated establishment methods for a mixture of herbaceous forage legumes [Centrosema acutifolium, Clitoria ternatea, Pueraria phaseoloides, Stylosanthes Campo Grande (Stylosanthes capitata + S. macrocephala), Calopogonium mucunoides, Lablab purpureus, Arachis pintoi, and Aeschynomene villosa] under the shade of an Eucalyptus grandis plantation submitted to thinning (40%) 8 years after planting in Anhembi, São Paulo (22°40'S, 48°10'W, altitude of 455 m). The experiment started in December 2008 and consisted of the comparison of the following four types of seed incorporation by light disc harrowing: (1) broadcast sowing without seed incorporation; disc harrowing before (2) or after (3) planting, and (4) disc harrowing before and after planting. Ninety days after planting, the number of legume plants/m2 and the percentage of ground cover by the plants varied between the treatments tested; however, the treatments had no effect on the dry matter accumulation of forage legumes. Disc harrowing before planting yielded superior results compared to the treatments without disc harrowing and disc harrowing after planting. At the end of the experimental period, the plots contained Arachis, Centrosema, Stylosanthes, and Pueraria. The dry matter accumulated by Centrosema corresponded to 73% of total dry matter yield of the plots. The participation of Arachis, Centrosema and Stylosanthes in final dry matter composition of the plots varied according to establishment method. The advantages of the use of species mixtures rather than monocultures in the understory of forest plantations were discussed.

scholarly journals Influence of eucalyptus development under soil fauna

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-353
Author(s):  
D. Boeno ◽  
R. F. Silva ◽  
H. S. Almeida ◽  
A. C. Rodrigues ◽  
M. Vanzan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Soil Fauna ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Orthogonal Contrasts ◽  
Tukey Test

Abstract In the implantation of forests, soil tillage can affect the soil fauna, but over the years, it is possible that forest development can recompose the biological indicators of soil quality. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different periods of eucalyptus development on community of edaphic fauna. The experiment was carried out in forest areas in the municipality of Ametista do Sul, RS. The Experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments, once 4 of the treatments were with different ages of the Eucalyptus grandis (two, four, six and eight years after trasnplant – YAT); plus 2 control treatments: Native Forest and Soil Naked, with 7 collection points. To sample the edaphic fauna, it was used traps such as PROVID. Also, the edaphic fauna was sampled at the depth of 0-5 cm for the quantification of mites. It was carried out the counting of individuals at the level of order and family for the mites, the means of the groups were submitted to the Tukey test and comparisons by Orthogonal Contrasts and calculated indices of Biodiversity: Margalef Richness, Simpson dominance, Shannon diversity and Pielou uniformity. The results showed lower abundance of individuals in Naked soil, while the Native Forest presented the best Biodiversity indices. With eight years of implantation of eucalyptus there was recovered the biological quality of the soil expressed by the population of springtails. The population of oribatídeos mites increased expressively from the six years of implantation of eucalyptus.

scholarly journals Consumo Foliar de Eucalyptus spp. por Acromyrmex disciger (Mayr, 1887) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wagner Calixto de Castro Morais ◽  
Norivaldo dos Anjos ◽  
Terezinha Maria Castro Della Lucia
Keyword(s):  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
The South ◽  
Leaf Consumption ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
Leaf Cutting ◽  
Potential Damage

O potencial produtivo de plantios florestais é reduzido, dentre outros fatores, pela ocorrência de pragas. No Brasil, as formigas-cortadeiras são os principais insetos daninhos à cultura do eucalipto. Dentre as espécies dessas formigas, Acromyrmex disciger (Mayr) se destaca na região Sudeste do Brasil. Entretanto, poucas são as informações a respeito de seu potencial de dano às plantações de eucalipto. Este trabalho teve por objetivo quantificar o consumo foliar de eucalipto por A. disciger, em condições de laboratório. Para isto, folhas frescas de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, Eucalyptus urophylla ST Blake e do híbrido E. urophylla x E. grandis foram oferecidas, com chance de escolha, à duas colônias de A. disciger, durante 24 horas, num total de oito repetições. O consumo foliar foi determinado pela diferença entre as massas de folhas e de suas sobras, após serem disponibilizadas às formigas. As operárias das duas colônias consumiram, respectivamente, 38,8 ± 3,2 g e 22,0 ± 2,3 g de folhas de eucalipto, por dia. Estes elevados valores podem sugerir estado de alerta para os danos que A. disciger pode causar nos plantios de eucalipto, merecendo, esta formiga-cortadeira, maior atenção. Eucalypt leaf-consumption by Acromyrmex disciger (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Abstract. The productive potential of forest stands is reduced by pest occurrence among other factors. In Brazil, leaf-cutting ants are the most severe eucalypt pests. Acromyrmex disciger (Mayr) is prevalent in the south east Brazil. However, scarce information about its potential damage for Eucalyptus forests is available. This work deals to quantifying the eucalypt leaf-consumption by such specie of leaf-cutting ant. Fresh leaves were taken from trees of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, Eucalyptus urophylla ST Blake, and hybrid E. urophylla x E. grandis and served to different colonies of A. disciger, during 24 hours period, over eight different times. Leaf-consumption was calculated throughout fresh weights of leaves, before and after ants foraging. Each colony of A. disciger consumed 38.8 ± 3.2 g e 22.0 ± 2.3 g of eucalypt leaves, per day.

Deformation Replication

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 280-281
Author(s):  
J. Temple Black
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Rake Face ◽  
Orthogonal Machining ◽  
Aluminum Chips ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Glass Knife ◽  
Very High

Tool materials used in ultramicrotomy are glass, developed by Latta and Hartmann (1) and diamond, introduced by Fernandez-Moran (2). While diamonds produce more good sections per knife edge than glass, they are expensive; require careful mounting and handling; and are time consuming to clean before and after usage, purchase from vendors (3-6 months waiting time), and regrind. Glass offers an easily accessible, inexpensive material ($0.04 per knife) with very high compressive strength (3) that can be employed in microtomy of metals (4) as well as biological materials. When the orthogonal machining process is being studied, glass offers additional advantages. Sections of metal or plastic can be dried down on the rake face, coated with Au-Pd, and examined directly in the SEM with no additional handling (5). Figure 1 shows aluminum chips microtomed with a 75° glass knife at a cutting speed of 1 mm/sec with a depth of cut of 1000 Å lying on the rake face of the knife.

The Clinical, Roentgenological and Morphological Effects of an Acute Exposure of Phosgene on the Lungs of Dogs

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
R. F. Bils ◽  
W. F. Diller ◽  
F. Huth
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Lung Edema ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Electron Microscopes

Phosgene still plays an important role as a toxic substance in the chemical industry. Thiess (1968) recently reported observations on numerous cases of phosgene poisoning. A serious difficulty in the clinical handling of phosgene poisoning cases is a relatively long latent period, up to 12 hours, with no obvious signs of severity. At about 12 hours heavy lung edema appears suddenly, however changes can be seen in routine X-rays taken after only a few hours' exposure (Diller et al., 1969). This study was undertaken to correlate these early changes seen by the roengenologist with morphological alterations in the lungs seen in the'light and electron microscopes.Forty-two adult male and female Beagle dogs were selected for these exposure experiments. Treated animals were exposed to 94.5-107-5 ppm phosgene for 10 min. in a 15 m3 chamber. Roentgenograms were made of the thorax of each animal before and after exposure, up to 24 hrs.

Ultrastructure of Melanin Formation in Curvularia sp., Alternaria sp., and Drechslera Sorokiniana

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 398-399
Author(s):  
M. H. Wheeler ◽  
W. J. Tolmsoff ◽  
A. A. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Thielaviopsis Basicola ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Potassium Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Transmission Microscopy ◽  
Electron Transmission ◽  
Melanin Formation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
Electron Transmission Microscopy

(+)-Scytalone [3,4-dihydro-3,6,8-trihydroxy-l-(2Hj-naphthalenone] and 1,8-di- hydroxynaphthalene (DHN) have been proposed as intermediates of melanin synthesis in the fungi Verticillium dahliae (1, 2, 3, 4) and Thielaviopsis basicola (4, 5). Scytalone is enzymatically dehydrated by V. dahliae to 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene which is then reduced to (-)-vermelone [(-)-3,4- dihydro-3,8-dihydroxy-1(2H)-naphthalenone]. Vermelone is subsequently dehydrated to DHN which is enzymatically polymerized to melanin.Melanin formation in Curvularia sp., Alternaria sp., and Drechslera soro- kiniana was examined by light and electron-transmission microscopy. Wild-type isolates of each fungus were compared with albino mutants before and after treatment with 1 mM scytalone or 0.1 mM DHN in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. Both chemicals were converted to dark pigments in the walls of hyphae and conidia of the albino mutants. The darkened cells were similar in appearance to corresponding cells of the wild types under the light microscope.

Evaluation of Freezing Methods by Low Temperature X-Ray Diffraction

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 330-333
Author(s):  
T. Gulik-Krzywicki ◽  
M.J. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Biological Materials ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Set Up

Freeze-etching electron microscopy is currently one of the best methods for studying molecular organization of biological materials. Its application, however, is still limited by our imprecise knowledge about the perturbations of the original organization which may occur during quenching and fracturing of the samples and during the replication of fractured surfaces. Although it is well known that the preservation of the molecular organization of biological materials is critically dependent on the rate of freezing of the samples, little information is presently available concerning the nature and the extent of freezing-rate dependent perturbations of the original organizations. In order to obtain this information, we have developed a method based on the comparison of x-ray diffraction patterns of samples before and after freezing, prior to fracturing and replication.Our experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The sample to be quenched is placed on its holder which is then mounted on a small metal holder (O) fixed on a glass capillary (p), whose position is controlled by a micromanipulator.

The Precipitation of Si in AlCuSi Thin Films

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 34-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Solid Solution ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Copper Film ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Silicon Thin Films ◽  
Before And After

Aluminum-copper-silicon thin films have been considered as an interconnection metallurgy for integrated circuit applications. Various schemes have been proposed to incorporate small percent-ages of silicon into films that typically contain two to five percent copper. We undertook a study of the total effect of silicon on the aluminum copper film as revealed by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and ion microprobe techniques as a function of the various deposition methods.X-ray investigations noted a change in solid solution concentration as a function of Si content before and after heat-treatment. The amount of solid solution in the Al increased with heat-treatment for films with ≥2% silicon and decreased for films <2% silicon.

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