Benzalkonium Bromide Cationic Surfactant Removal from Wastewater Using Magnetite Nanomaterial

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-296
Author(s):  
Iuliana Paun ◽  
Cristina Ileana Covaliu ◽  
Florinela Pirvu ◽  
Gigel Paraschiv ◽  
Mihai Nita-Lazar
Keyword(s):  
Cationic Surfactant ◽  
Cationic Surfactants ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Adsorption Efficiency ◽  
Efficient Alternative ◽  
Benzalkonium Bromide ◽  
Surfactant Removal

The cationic surfactants have various applications being found in personal care products, detergents, cleaning products, disinfectants, hair conditioners, etc. Cationic surfactants are presented in domestic or industrial wastewater, being very resistant pollutants to biodegradation during conventional wastewater treatment (WT) methods, which generated the need to develop new efficient alternative methods. One of the alternative to conventional WT methods involves the utilization of the adsorbent nanomaterials, which are highly efficient, easy to operate, environmental friendly and cost effective. In this study, it was investigated the adsorption process of a cationic surfactant, benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide (benzalkonium bromide) from wastewater on magnetite nanomaterial. The adsorption investigation of benzalkonium bromide was analyzed by TOC analysis and the maximum adsorption efficiency obtained was 91.4 %. The experimental data fitted very well with Langmuir model, the correlation coefficient (R2) being 0.9792.

Anaerobic digestion for sustainable development: a natural approach

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.J. Gijzen
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Anaerobic Reactors ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Pre Treatment

After the discovery of methane gas by Alessandro Volta in 1776, it took about 100 years before anaerobic processes for the treatment of wastewater and sludges were introduced. The development of high rate anaerobic digesters for the treatment of sewage and industrial wastewater took until the nineteen-seventies and for solid waste even till the nineteen-eighties. All digesters have in common that they apply natural anaerobic consortia of microorganisms for degradation and transformation processes. In view of this, it could be rewarding to evaluate the efficiency of natural ecosystems for their possible application. Examples of high rate anaerobic natural systems include the forestomach of ruminants and the hindgut of certain insects, such as termites and cockroaches. These “natural reactors” exhibit volumetric methane production rates as high as 35 l/l.d. The development of anaerobic reactors based on such natural anaerobic systems could produce eco-technologies for the effective management of a wide variety of solid wastes and industrial wastewater. Important limitations of anaerobic treatment of domestic sewage relate to the absence of nutrient and pathogen removal. A combination of anaerobic pre-treatment followed by photosynthetic post-treatment is proposed for the effective recovery of energy and nutrients from sewage. This eco-technology approach is based on the recognition that the main nutrient assimilating capacity is housed in photosynthetic plants. The proposed anaerobic-photosynthetic process is energy efficient, cost effective and applicable under a wide variety of rural and urban conditions. In conclusion: a natural systems approach towards waste management could generate affordable eco-technologies for effective treatment and resource recovery.

scholarly journals A Novel Alternative Methods for Decalcification of Water Resources Using Green Agro-Ashes

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 6777
Author(s):  
Safaa El-Nahas ◽  
Abdulrahem S. Arafat ◽  
Hanan Salah El Din ◽  
Abdulrahman G. Alhamzani ◽  
Mortaga M. Abou-Krisha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Ecologically Sustainable ◽  
Water Contents

The strategic idea in this work was to increase pH values by employing natural alkali sources (i.e., HCO3− and CO32−) from four tested agro-ashes as an alternative to chemicals (i.e., lime or soda ash). The considerable proportion of carbonates and bicarbonates in the investigated ash products had remarkable features, making them viable resources. All ash materials showed a significant ability for Ca ion elimination at high initial Ca ion concentrations. A slight quantity of ash (10 g/L) was sufficient for usage on very hard water contents up to 3000 ppm. Finally, the tested agro-ash was free of cost. Furthermore, unlike other conventional precipitants, such as NaOH, Ca(OH)2, NaHCO3, Na2CO3, and CaO, they are cost effective and ecologically sustainable. There is no need to employ any additional chemicals or modify the agro-ash materials throughout the treatment process. The benefits of the manufactured ash were assessed using a SWOT analysis.

scholarly journals Zeolites as alcohol adsorbents from aqueous solutions

2006 ◽  
pp. 83-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blagica Cekova ◽  
Dragi Kocev ◽  
Elena Kolcakovska ◽  
Daniela Stojanova
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Aqueous Acetone ◽  
Heats Of Adsorption ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Low Costs

The potential usage of zeolites as adsorbents for the removal of organic molecules from water was investigated in a series of experiments with aqueous solutions of lower alcohols. This could represent a simple solution to the problem of cleaning up industrial wastewater as well as recovering valuable chemicals at relatively low costs. Adsorption isotherms of the Langmuir type were applied, and calculations showed that the amount of propanol adsorbed on silicalite corresponded to approximately 70% of the pore volume. The adsorption process is simple, and recovery of the more concentrated products is easily done by heat treatment and/or at lowered pressures. Adsorption experiments with aqueous acetone showed that silicalite had approximately the same adsorption capacity for acetone as for n-propanol. Heats of adsorption were determined calorimetrically.

Analysis and treatment of industrial wastewater through chemical coagulation-adsorption process-A case study of Clariant Pakistan limited

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Farman Ali Shah ◽  
Abdul Karim Shah ◽  
Ahmad Mehdi ◽  
Aziza Aftab Memon ◽  
Khanji Harijan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Chemical Coagulation

scholarly journals Review of Microwaves Techniques for Breast Cancer Detection

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 2390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maged A. Aldhaeebi ◽  
Khawla Alzoubi ◽  
Thamer S. Almoneef ◽  
Saeed M. Bamatraf ◽  
Hussein Attia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Detection ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Breast Tumour ◽  
Microwave Imaging ◽  
Breast Cancer Detection ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Breast Cancer Imaging ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Microwave Techniques

Conventional breast cancer detection techniques including X-ray mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound scanning suffer from shortcomings such as excessive cost, harmful radiation, and inconveniences to the patients. These challenges motivated researchers to investigate alternative methods including the use of microwaves. This article focuses on reviewing the background of microwave techniques for breast tumour detection. In particular, this study reviews the recent advancements in active microwave imaging, namely microwave tomography and radar-based techniques. The main objective of this paper is to provide researchers and physicians with an overview of the principles, techniques, and fundamental challenges associated with microwave imaging for breast cancer detection. Furthermore, this study aims to shed light on the fact that until today, there are very few commercially available and cost-effective microwave-based systems for breast cancer imaging or detection. This conclusion is not intended to imply the inefficacy of microwaves for breast cancer detection, but rather to encourage a healthy debate on why a commercially available system has yet to be made available despite almost 30 years of intensive research.

scholarly journals Thermal Management Systems for Civil Aircraft Engines: Review, Challenges and Exploring the Future

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soheil Jafari ◽  
Theoklis Nikolaidis
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Engine Efficiency ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Aero Engines ◽  
Historical Coverage ◽  
Electrical Components

This paper examines and analytically reviews the thermal management systems proposed over the past six decades for gas turbine civil aero engines. The objective is to establish the evident system shortcomings and to identify the remaining research questions that need to be addressed to enable this important technology to be adopted by next generation of aero engines with complicated designs. Future gas turbine aero engines will be more efficient, compact and will have more electric parts. As a result, more heat will be generated by the different electrical components and avionics. Consequently, alternative methods should be used to dissipate this extra heat as the current thermal management systems are already working on their limits. For this purpose, different structures and ideas in this field are stated in terms of considering engines architecture, the improved engine efficiency, the reduced emission level and the improved fuel economy. This is followed by a historical coverage of the proposed concepts dating back to 1958. Possible thermal management systems development concepts are then classified into four distinct classes: classic, centralized, revolutionary and cost-effective; and critically reviewed from challenges and implementation considerations points of view. Based on this analysis, the potential solutions for dealing with future challenges are proposed including combination of centralized and revolutionary developments and combination of classic and cost-effective developments. The effectiveness of the proposed solutions is also discussed with a complexity-impact correlation analysis.

Adsorption of Cefradine onto Powder and Activated Carbon Prepared from Orange Peel

2013 ◽  
Vol 470 ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Xin Guo ◽  
Zhi Liang Wang ◽  
Guo Ping Li ◽  
Jian Qiu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Orange Peel ◽  
Orange Peels ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Peanut Hull ◽  
Adsorption Rates

The adsorption of cefradine was carried out using biological adsorbents of powder and carbon prepared from orange peels, an agriculture by-product. The equilibrium was easily reached in less than 10 minutes, with adsorption rates of more than 98%. Cefradine showed a firm combination to the adsorbent, which could hardly be damaged or affected by pH values. After equilibrium was reached within 1 h, no desorption behavior was observed in the next 30 minutes. The adsorption process could be well fitted thermodynamically to both Freundlich and Langmuir equations. Similar results could also be obtained using ashes of orange peel, as well as carbon prepared from pistachio and peanut hull, indicating an attractive option to treat industrial wastewater.

scholarly journals 96 Will Routine Frailty Identification by GPS Improve Patient Care? A Review of the 2017 GMS Contract For General Practitioners (GPS) Using Pestle Analysis Tool

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i30-i32
Author(s):  
M Kaneshamoorthy
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Improve Patient Care ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Frail Patients ◽  
The Government ◽  
Improve Patient ◽  
Work Burden

Abstract Introduction It is well established in the literature that frailty is associated with high health costs (Bock 2016, England: BioMed Central). Early identification improves patient outcomes. The 2017 GMS contract for General Practioners’ (NHS England 2017) had tried to implement this. This is a result from the government wanting to improve care for frail patients from the “Five Year Forward Review”. This is first policy worldwide to introduce a policy on frailty screening (Reeves, 2018, BMJ, 362, pp. k3349). Majority of frail patients’ first contact with the NHS is through Primary Care. However, with ever reducing number of GPs and increasing work burden, is it appropriate to ask GPs to undertake this? Methods This review uses the policy analysis tool PESTLE (Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental) (Visconti 2016, Corporate Ownership and Control,13), to assess the implications of this new contract obligation on GPs and patients. Results Once frail patients are identified, it is advised that they are reviewed by GPs annually. Whether this actually benefits patients are not clear (Page 2017 British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 82(3), pp. 583–623). The evidence for interventions being cost-effective is also inconsistent (Hamilton 2017, BMJ, 358, pp. j4478). Alternative methods include implementing a nurse-led community frailty service, has shown some benefit in Netherlands (Bleijenberg 2017, JAMDA). Clinical Pharmacist can aid with medication reviews and focusing on Geriatrician “outreach” clinics in primary care can improve patient care and outcomes (Goldstein 2014, CJEM, 16(5), pp. 370). Due to the work burden, GPs are often seen to be reactive rather than proactive (Goodwin 2010, The King’s Fund). The shift in focus on frailty can simulate more constructive dialogue between primary care, secondary care, patients and their carers. The BMA has also tried to reassure GPs this is not an added burden, but this is controversial (BMA 2017). Conclusions To successfully implement such a policy, emphasis on clear objective outcomes and strategy is needed. There is a risk of frailty identification becoming a tick box exercise.

scholarly journals Characterization and Evaluation of Zeolite A/Fe3O4 Nanocomposite as a Potential Adsorbent for Removal of Organic Molecules from Wastewater

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Nyankson ◽  
Jonas Adjasoo ◽  
Johnson Kwame Efavi ◽  
Reuben Amedalor ◽  
Abu Yaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Adsorption Efficiency ◽  
Ferrous Chloride ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Intraparticle Diffusion Model ◽  
Adsorption Processes ◽  
Langmuir Isotherm Model ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Chloride Salts

In this work, zeolite (Z) and Z-Fe3O4 nanocomposite (Z-Fe3O4 NC) have been synthesized. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using the extract from maize leaves and ferric and ferrous chloride salts and encapsulated into the zeolite framework. The nanocomposite (Z-Fe3O4 NC) was characterized using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The potential of Z-Fe3O4 NC as an adsorbent for removing methylene blue molecules (MB) from solution was examined using UV-Vis and kinetic and equilibrium isotherm models. The adsorption data fitted best with the pseudo-second-order model and Weber and Morris model, indicating that the adsorption process was chemisorption, while the Weber and Morris described the rate-controlling steps. The intraparticle diffusion model suggests that the adsorption processes were pore and surface diffusion controlled. The Langmuir isotherm model best describes the adsorption process indicating homogeneous monolayer coverage of MB molecules onto the surface of the Z-Fe3O4 NC. The maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity was 2.57 mg/g at 25°C. The maximum adsorption efficiency was 97.5%. After regeneration, the maximum adsorption efficiency achieved at a pH of 7 was 82.6%.

Influence of Surfactant-based Microheterogeneous Fluids on Aggregation of Copper Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonate

1999 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 188-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN P. ZELINA ◽  
CHRISTOPHER K. NJUE ◽  
JAMES F. RUSLING ◽  
GEOFFREY N. KAMAU ◽  
MIRIAM MASILA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cationic Surfactant ◽  
Cationic Surfactants ◽  
Copper Phthalocyanine ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Association Constants ◽  
Micellar Solutions ◽  
Tetraethylammonium Bromide ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Bilayer Films

Electronic absorption spectroscopy was used to measure the molecular association of copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate in micellar solutions, a microemulsion made with cationic surfactant, and homogeneous solvents. Analysis of absorbance versus concentration data using a multiple-aggregation model and non-linear regression analysis gave values of association constants, molar absorptivities and estimates of average aggregation number. Microemulsions and aqueous micellar solutions made with alkylammonium surfactants inhibited aggregation, probably because of interactions between the phthalocyanine sulfonate groups and the cationic surfactant head groups at interfacial surfaces. Similar aggregation behavior was observed previously in multiple-bilayer films of cationic surfactants. Water and aqueous solutions containing tetraethylammonium bromide or anionic SDS micelles provide environments facilitating extensive aggregation of Cu II PcTS 4−. The major species are dimers in water and acetonitrile/water, but the formation of higher aggregates is promoted by addition of SDS or TEAB. Aprotic organic solvents provide environments intermediate between these two extremes, giving relatively large aggregation numbers (i.e. five to seven) but smaller association constants than aqueous media not containing cationic surfactants.

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