Lingvistikas nozīmība veselības aprūpes un medicīnas nozarē. Kopējie izaicinājumi un iespējas veselības aprūpē

2020 ◽  
pp. 243-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ineta Balode ◽  
Dzintra Lele-Rozentāle
Keyword(s):  
Senile Dementia ◽  
Interdisciplinary Cooperation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Mental Condition ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Diagnosis Of Dementia ◽  
Test Version

Dementia is a condition observed in persons afflicted with different brain diseases, first of all, with Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimer’s is the most common type of senile dementia. Limited cognitive and lingual capacity and other problems make the affected persons dependent on medical and social help. With the progression of the disease, the economic burden becomes heavy both for the family and society. So far, no effective medical treatment has been discovered, which could stop the decrease in brain capacity. However, early diagnosis of dementia symptoms is important because alternative individual preventive instruments can be implemented to slow down the progression of the disease and prolong the period of the relatively independent existence of patients. The worldwide known MoCA test is one of the most common instruments for testing persons worried about their mental condition and cognitive capacities. The test is translated and partially adapted in several languages, including Latvian. Our analysis was aimed at the question: does the Latvian test version respond to the requirements which are necessary to achieve optimal results. In other words, can it provide an objective rating of a lingual performance by the tested persons? The first critical inventory concerned three relevant parts: the formulation of tasks, the prescribed instructions, and the principles of interpretation of testing results. Several examples demonstrate that some deficits can be observed in all the analysed parts. Some tasks should be better adapted to the Latvian situation so that a lingual or cognitive test would be separated from the test of the-so-called world knowledge. The instructions should be formulated clearly, without using complicated grammatical structures (currently, some of them are more complicated than the tasks), and they should focus on the tasks instead of examiners’ activities. In some cases, the suggested interpretation principles of the test results cannot be seen as reasoned from the linguistic point of view. Some observations indicate that the translation of the test and its requirements or instructions were carried out by a person who does not deal professionally with linguistics. The main conclusion is that the current quality of the Latvian MoCA test needs a critical review and, possibly, complete revision. Thus, the interdisciplinary cooperation between linguists and physicians, as well as joint research, is an actual and necessary precondition for the improvement of health care in Latvia.

Medical Diagnosis from a Clinician’s Point of View

1978 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
F. T. De Dombal
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
The World

This paper discusses medical diagnosis from the clinicians point of view. The aim of the paper is to identify areas where computer science and information science may be of help to the practising clinician. Collection of data, analysis, and decision-making are discussed in turn. Finally, some specific recommendations are made for further joint research on the basis of experience around the world to date.

A Study on the Symptomatology and Differential Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease and Pick's Disease

1943 ◽  
Vol 89 (374) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Stengel
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Mental Hospital ◽  
Senile Dementia ◽  
Clinical Entity ◽  
Mental Condition ◽  
Pick's Disease ◽  
Pick’S Disease ◽  
Vascular Origin

Many problems concerning Alzheimer's disease and Pick's disease are still awaiting clarification. In this country Henderson was the first to draw attention to the considerable importance of Alzheimer's disease in clinical psychiatry. Valuable work has been contributed by various writers in recent years (Grunthal, 1936; Critchley, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1938; Schottky, 1932; Thorpe, 1932; Rothschild, 1934; Malamud, Lowenberg and co-workers, 1929; Mayer-Gross, 1938; Kasanin and Crank, 1933; Jervis and Soltz, 1936; McMenemy, a.o., 1939). While Pick's disease has retained its position as a clinical entity based mainly on the characteristic anatomical picture, the position of Alzheimer's disease in the system of psychiatry has become more complicated; for instance atypical cases have been described presenting the anatomical characters of Alzheimer's disease, though not fitting into the original clinical conception of that disease. Lowenberg and his co-workers (1929) are inclined to regard Alzheimer's disease as a syndrome rather than a clinical entity. Many contributors have directed their main interest to the pathological changes. The knowledge of the symptomatology of those conditions is still incomplete. Further intensive study may enable us not only to base the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and Pick's disease on more solid clinical knowledge than hitherto, but also to recognize the early stages of those diseases before advancing cerebral degeneration effaces their characteristic clinical features. Unfortunately, most of the cases come under the observation of the psychiatrist only in the later stages of their illness, and it seems that the comparatively small proportion of the mental hospital population they represent does not reflect the incidence of those diseases. It is very likely that many patients die from intercurrent illnesses before their mental condition is recognized or sufficiently advanced to make admission to a mental hospital necessary. The differential diagnosis of those conditions offers considerable difficulties which often may prove insuperable. Alzheimer's disease and Pick's disease have to be distinguished not only from each other but from conditions of vascular origin, from senile dementia and various atypical conditions which occur at the same age period during which Alzheimer's disease and Pick's disease usually develop. Only careful collection and analysis of clinical observations and their scrutiny by pathological investigations can increase our still limited knowledge in this important field of psychiatry.

Empirical Functional PCA for 3D Image Feature Extraction Through Fractal Sampling

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 1850040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Ortiz ◽  
Jorge Munilla ◽  
Francisco J. Martínez-Murcia ◽  
Juan M. Górriz ◽  
Javier Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Image Feature ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Mode Decomposition ◽  
Functional Pca ◽  
Diagnosis Of Dementia ◽  
Progression Markers ◽  
Aided Diagnosis

Medical image classification is currently a challenging task that can be used to aid the diagnosis of different brain diseases. Thus, exploratory and discriminative analysis techniques aiming to obtain representative features from the images play a decisive role in the design of effective Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems, which is especially important in the early diagnosis of dementia. In this work, we present a technique that allows using specific time series analysis techniques with 3D images. This is achieved by sampling the image using a fractal-based method which preserves the spatial relationship among voxels. In addition, a method called Empirical functional PCA (EfPCA) is presented, which combines Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) with functional PCA to express an image in the space spanned by a basis of empirical functions, instead of using components computed by a predefined basis as in Fourier or Wavelet analysis. The devised technique has been used to classify images from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and the Parkinson Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI), achieving accuracies up to 93% and 92% differential diagnosis tasks (AD versus controls and PD versus Controls, respectively). The results obtained validate the method, proving that the information retrieved by our methodology is significantly linked to the diseases.

Perspective-taking

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Stanghellini
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Mental Condition ◽  
Therapeutic Goal ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Therapeutic Device

This chapter discusses how perspectivism is the device through which each one of us, who first and foremost sees the world from his point of view, is able to recognize that precisely as just one point of view, and thereby to change it. A healthy mental condition implies the ability to change one’s point of view and temporarily take the perspective of another person. The stronger the reciprocity of perspectives between my former and my present ego, and between my own vantage and the Other’s, the weaker the tendency to perceive my motivations as absolutely necessary. Perspectivism allows me to see myself as not strictly determined by the past and by the involuntary, and may restore a sense of agency. This explains why the reciprocity of perspectives is a therapeutic goal and perspectivism—the attempt to see things from the point of view of the Other—is a therapeutic device.

Changes in Behaviour in Dementia: A Neglected Research Area

1988 ◽  
Vol 152 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher G. Fairburn ◽  
R. A. Hope
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
American Psychiatric Association ◽  
Senile Dementia ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Prominent Feature

Research into the clinical features of dementia has concentrated almost exclusively on the cognitive impairment. Perhaps this is not surprising, since deteriorating cognitive function is the most prominent feature, and a necessary one from the point of view of diagnosis (American Psychiatric Association, 1980; McKhann et al, 1984). However, this emphasis on cognitive function has led to the neglect of the other major feature of the disorder; namely, the changes in behaviour which have long been recognised. For example, Bleuler (1924), describing a sub-group of people with senile dementia, wrote that “the patients are always engaged in an apparent activity”. Some of the behavioural changes in dementia are a major source of distress for the carers of these patients (Argyle et al, 1985; Rabins et al, 1982; Gilleard et al, 1982) and often it is the disturbed behaviour which results both in patients coming to medical attention and in them requiring institutional care (Sanford, 1975; Chenoweth& Spencer, 1986). Frequently encountered examples include aggressive behaviour and ‘wandering’. The disturbed behaviour can take many other forms, including changes in eating, the hoarding and moving of objects, marked sleep disturbance, alterations in sexual behaviour, and incessant trailing behind people.

Morison Lectures on Insanity for 1877

1877 ◽  
Vol 23 (102) ◽  
pp. 151-165
Author(s):  
John Sibbald
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Mental Condition ◽  
The Subject

The first and one of the most important questions to be determined in dealing with the subject of insanity is the meaning which we ought to attach to the word insanity itself. The condition which the word is supposed to indicate has most important relations, both social and scientific. It is a frequent subject of popular discussion, and it forms an important element in many enquiries—philosophical, medical, and juridical. Speaking generally, it may be said that it invariably signifies a marked abnormality of mental condition. But it is frequently necessary that we should be able to form a much more precise idea of the degree as well as the kind of abnormality that it implies. And a very superficial examination is sufficient to show that the degree and the kind vary greatly, according to the point of view from which the subject is regarded.

scholarly journals Sensitivity and Specificity of the Mini-Mental State Exam in the Diagnosis of Dementia

1993 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Sabe ◽  
L. Jason ◽  
M. Juejati ◽  
R. Leiguarda ◽  
S. Starkstein
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Consecutive Series ◽  
Mild Dementia ◽  
Mini Mental State Exam ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Moderate Dementia ◽  
Diagnosis Of Dementia

The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) is a brief cognitive test that assesses several cognitive domains, such as orientation, attention, concentration, memory, language, and constructional abilities. While the MMSE was found to be valid and reliable in the diagnosis of moderate dementia, its sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of mild dementia has been rarely examined. We assessed the specificity and sensitivity of the MMSE in a consecutive series of 44 patients with mild dementia, and a group of age-comparable normal controls. While the specificity of the MMSE for the diagnosis of mild dementia was very high (100%), the sensitivity was only 55% [20 of the 44 patients with mild dementia had an MMSE score in the normal range (≥26 points)]. On the other hand, the assessment with both the Buschke Selective Reminding and the Boston Naming tests discriminated mild Alzheimer's disease patients with normal MMSE scores from controls with a sensitivity and specificity of 64%. In conclusion, the assessment with verbal memory and naming tasks provided a significantly more sensitive measure of early dementia than the MMSE.

scholarly journals Legal linguistics as a mutual arena for cooperation

AILA Review ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 24-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Engberg
Keyword(s):  
Applied Linguistics ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Interdisciplinary Cooperation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Interpretation ◽  
Legal Institutions ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Evidence Analysis ◽  
Discourse Studies

This article reports on some of the recent projects and individual works in the field of Legal Linguistics as examples of cooperation between Applied Linguistics and law. The article starts by discussing relevant prototypical concepts of Legal Linguistics. Legal Linguistics scrutinizes interactions between human beings in the framework of legal institutions involving language as a means of communication. Focus is upon creating a mutual arena for cooperation between disciplines, including Applied Linguistics. Legal Linguistics is thus seen as an interdisciplinary approach treating problems of relevance to the law from the point of view of non-legal disciplines. Subsequently, the paper presents four domains of study in Legal Linguistics all characterised by offering opportunities for interdisciplinary cooperation: Forensic linguistic evidence analysis, Drafting and intelligibility, Legal interpretation and meaning, and Discourse studies of law.

scholarly journals How do doctors deliver a diagnosis of dementia in memory clinics?

2018 ◽  
Vol 212 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jemima Dooley ◽  
Nick Bass ◽  
Rose McCabe
Keyword(s):  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Future Planning ◽  
Dementia Diagnosis ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
The Future ◽  
Diagnosis Of Dementia ◽  
Memory Clinics ◽  
Recorded Diagnosis

BackgroundDementia diagnosis rates are increasing. Guidelines recommend that people with dementia should be told their diagnosis clearly and honestly to facilitate future planning.AimsTo analyse how doctors deliver a dementia diagnosis in practice.MethodConversation analysis was conducted on 81 video-recorded diagnosis feedback meetings with 20 doctors from nine UK memory clinics.ResultsAll doctors named dementia; 59% (n = 48) approached the diagnosis indirectly but delicately (‘this is dementia’) and 41% (n = 33) approached this directly but bluntly (‘you have Alzheimer's disease’). Direct approaches were used more often with people with lower cognitive test scores. Doctors emphasised that the dementia was mild and tended to downplay its progression, with some avoiding discussing prognosis altogether.ConclusionsDoctors are naming dementia to patients. Direct approaches reflect attempts to ensure clear diagnosis. Downplaying and avoiding prognosis demonstrates concerns about preserving hope but may compromise understanding about and planning for the future.Declaration of interestNone.

scholarly journals Alzheimer and vascular brain disease: Senile dementia

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliasz Engelhardt ◽  
Lea T. Grinberg
Keyword(s):  
Senile Dementia ◽  
Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Brain Disease ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Heterogeneous Condition ◽  
Disease Subtype ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Alois Alzheimer ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Brain

Alois Alzheimer is best known for his description of a novel disease, subsequently named after him. However, his wide range of interests also included vascular brain diseases. He described Senile dementia, a highly heterogeneous condition, and was able not only to distinguish it from syphilitic brain disease, but also to discriminate two clinicopathological subtypes, that may be labeled a "arteriosclerotic subtype", comparable to the present clinicopathological continuum of "Vascular cognitive impairment", and another as a "neurodegenerative subtype", characterized by primary [cortical] ganglion cell [nerve cells] degeneration, possibly foreshadowing a peculiar presenile disease that he was to describe some years later and would carry his name. He also considered the possibility of a senile presentation of this disease subtype, which was described by Oskar Fischer a short time later. Considering the clinicopathological overlapping features of the "arteriosclerotic subtype" of Senile dementia with Arteriosclerotic atrophy of the brain, it might be possible to consider that both represent a single condition.

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