scholarly journals The Sexual OBjectification and EMotion database: A free stimulus set and norming data of sexually objectified and non-objectified female targets expressing multiple emotions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Ruzzante ◽  
Bianca Monachesi ◽  
Noemi Orabona ◽  
Jeroen Vaes
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Objectification ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Picture Database ◽  
Neutral Face ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Sexual Object ◽  
Internal And External Validity

AbstractSexual objectification – perceiving or treating a woman as a sexual object – is a widespread phenomenon. Studies on sexual objectification and its consequences have grown dramatically over the last decades covering multiple and diverse areas of research. However, research studying sexual objectification might have limited internal and external validity due to the lack of a controlled and standardized picture database. Moreover, there is a need to extend this research to other fields including the study of emotions. Therefore, in this paper we introduce the SOBEM Database, a free tool consisting of 280 high-resolution pictures depicting objectified and non-objectified female models expressing a neutral face and three different emotions (happiness, anger, and sadness) with different intensity. We report the validation of this dataset by analyzing results of 134 participants judging pictures on the six basic emotions and on a range of social judgments related to sexual objectification. Results showed how the SOBEM can constitute an appropriate instrument to study both sexual objectification per se and its relation with emotions. This database could therefore become an important instrument able to improve the experimental control in future studies on sexual objectification and to create new links with different fields of research.

scholarly journals Autofluorescence Is a Common Trait in Different Oceanic Fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 709
Author(s):  
Eva Breyer ◽  
Markus Böhm ◽  
Magdalena Reitbauer ◽  
Chie Amano ◽  
Marilena Heitger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Fungi ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Excitation Wavelength ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Ubiquitous Presence ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Natural autofluorescence is a widespread phenomenon observed in different types of tissues and organisms. Depending on the origin of the autofluorescence, its intensity can provide insights on the physiological state of an organism. Fungal autofluorescence has been reported in terrestrial and human-derived fungal samples. Yet, despite the recently reported ubiquitous presence and importance of marine fungi in the ocean, the autofluorescence of pelagic fungi has never been examined. Here, we investigated the existence and intensity of autofluorescence in five different pelagic fungal isolates. Preliminary experiments of fungal autofluorescence at different growth stages and nutrient conditions were conducted, reflecting contrasting physiological states of the fungi. In addition, we analysed the effect of natural autofluorescence on co-staining with DAPI. We found that all the marine pelagic fungi that were studied exhibited autofluorescence. The intensity of fungal autofluorescence changed depending on the species and the excitation wavelength used. Furthermore, fungal autofluorescence varied depending on the growth stage and on the concentration of available nutrients. Collectively, our results indicate that marine fungi can be auto-fluorescent, although its intensity depends on the species and growth condition. Hence, oceanic fungal autofluorescence should be considered in future studies when fungal samples are stained with fluorescent probes (i.e., fluorescence in situ hybridization) since this could lead to misinterpretation of results.

scholarly journals A census of the pulsar population observed with the international LOFAR station FR606 at low frequencies (25–80 MHz)

2020 ◽  
Vol 635 ◽  
pp. A76 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bondonneau ◽  
J.-M. Grießmeier ◽  
G. Theureau ◽  
A. V. Bilous ◽  
V. I. Kondratiev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Radio Pulsars ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Radio Observatory ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
New Information ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
First Time

Context. To date, only 69 pulsars have been identified with a detected pulsed radio emission below 100 MHz. A LOFAR-core LBA census and a dedicated campaign with the Nançay LOFAR station in stand-alone mode were carried out in the years 2014–2017 in order to extend the known population in this frequency range. Aims. In this paper, we aim to extend the sample of known radio pulsars at low frequencies and to produce a catalogue in the frequency range of 25–80 MHz. This will allow future studies to probe the local Galactic pulsar population, in addition to helping explain their emission mechanism, better characterising the low-frequency turnover in their spectra, and obtaining new information about the interstellar medium through the study of dispersion, scattering, and scintillation. Methods. We observed 102 pulsars that are known to emit radio pulses below 200 MHz and with declination above −30°. We used the Low Band Antennas (LBA) of the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) international station FR606 at the Nançay Radio Observatory in stand-alone mode, recording data between 25 and 80 MHz. Results. Out of our sample of 102 pulsars, we detected 64. We confirmed the existence of ten pulsars detected below 100 MHz by the LOFAR LBA census for the first time (Bilous et al. 2020, A&A, 635, A75) and we added two more pulsars that had never before been detected in this frequency range. We provided average pulse profiles, DM values, and mean flux densities (or upper limits in the case of non-detections). The comparison with previously published results allows us to identify a hitherto unknown spectral turnover for five pulsars, confirming the expectation that spectral turnovers are a widespread phenomenon.

scholarly journals Features of Recognizing Facial Expressions in Short Time Intervals: the Level of Anxiety and Professional Affiliation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
L.A. Khrisanfova
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Professional Affiliation ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale ◽  
Neutral Face ◽  
Emotional Bias ◽  
Selective Sensitivity ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Manifest Anxiety

The aim of this study was to investigate how differences in anxiety levels relate to selective sensitivity to basic emotions (emotional bias) with minimal exposure time. Masked pictures of happiness, angry, fear, disgust, surprise, sad and neutral facial expressions were presented to 298 men at exposure times in intervals 16ms, 34ms, 49ms, 66ms. After presenting each image, the participants chose on the screen by pressing a key the name of an emotion suitable, in their opinion, Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) was used to measure of trait anxiety. There were subjects of various professional groups (firefighters, military, athletes, psychologists, mathematicians). We found that Selective sensitivity to basic emotions at exposure times up to 49ms is determined by internal interpolation of the perceiver’s personality. Highly anxious men are unconsciously more likely to choose fear, anger and disgust. The increase in anxiety are accompanied by decreased preference of anger and happiness. Low-anxious men unconsciously ignore fear, anger, disgust, and preferred neutral face. Men of different professions are differed in the level of anxiety and emotional bias in basic emotions. Firefighters have the lowest level of anxiety, mathematics have the highest.

scholarly journals Luxury Fashion Brands and Consumers: Women are more sexualized by consumers than brands on Instagram

Tripodos ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 17-35
Author(s):  
Marta Mensa ◽  
Tao (Tony) Deng
Keyword(s):  
Objectification Theory ◽  
Sexual Objectification ◽  
Women's Images ◽  
Fashion Brand ◽  
Sexual Object ◽  
Traditional Roles

This study examines how luxury fashion brands and luxury fashion brand hashtags that consumers use in their posts portray women on Instagram. The study was framed by sexual objectification theory (physical presentation, body display, sexually suggestive poses, and feminine touch) and sexism stereotypes (women in traditional roles such as dependent, caretaker, decorative and sexual object). This study examines 700 Instagram posts, 350 from top luxury fashion brands, and 350 from consumers. Young and skinny women’s images dominate Instagram posts created by luxury fashion brands, while consumers are older and fit. Unexpected results show that luxury fashion brands feature women less sexually desirable, with less sexually suggestive poses and fewer sexist stereotypes than consumers.

Designing for democracy?: an experimental study comparing the outcomes of citizen discussions in online forums with those of online discussions in a forum designed according to deliberative principles

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Strandberg
Keyword(s):  
External Validity ◽  
Public Deliberation ◽  
Online Discussions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Current Experiment ◽  
Online Forums ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Internal And External Validity

Democratic theorists often envision public deliberation as being essential to the working of democracy. Several scholars have also highlighted a potential for realising such deliberations on the internet. Consequentially, an emerging array of experiments in online deliberation has now been developed to achieve online discussions, which would be beneficial for democracy. However, few studies have yet attempted to compare the outcomes of online mini-publics to online citizens’ discussions in general. This article, thus, concerns an online experiment carried out in 2013 with the purpose of examining whether, and under which conditions, forums designed according to deliberative principles produce better ‘democratic outcomes’ – such as coherence of opinions, increased efficacy, trust, and propensity for civic participation – than online citizens’ discussions, which are ‘left to their own devices’. The study applies a post-test only, 2×2 factorial design, with a control group. In total, N=70 participants taking part in the experiment. The findings indicate that the effects of designing for deliberation were generally positive, albeit not for all of the democratic outcomes. In addition, methodological issues of relevance for the internal and external validity of the current experiment, which could be of relevance for future studies, are also brought forth.

scholarly journals Objectified Women and Fetishized Objects

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Keller
Keyword(s):  
Social Reality ◽  
Sexual Pleasure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moral Sense ◽  
The Political ◽  
Sexual Objectification ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Commodity Fetishism ◽  
Correct Account ◽  
Sexual Object

There are at least three senses of sexual objectification: the moral sense of treating a person as if she were primarily a sexual object, the political sense in which women socially count as instruments for men’s sexual pleasure, and the epistemic sense of forming a belief that a person is as one sexually desires them to be. These different senses have been treated as rivals, competing about what the correct account of sexual objectification is, or they have been treated as entirely different projects. I argue for a third relation between them: each sense grasps an aspect of the existing social phenomenon of sexual objectification. Each further points out a wrong involved in sexual objectification. And the three aspects interact—we cannot fully explain any one sense of sexual objectification without the other two. To properly understand this interrelation I lean on an analogy: commodity fetishism as described by Marx helps make sense of the complex social reality of sexual objectification.

scholarly journals Conflict Resolution Behavior Questionnaire: New Evidences of Validity

Psico-USF ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-493
Author(s):  
Patrícia Nunes da Fonseca ◽  
Nájila Bianca Campos Freitas ◽  
Ricardo Neves Couto ◽  
Jérssia Laís Fonseca dos Santos ◽  
Viviany Silva Araújo Pessoa
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Marital Relationship ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Internal And External Validity ◽  
Exploratory Factorial Analysis

Abstract This study aimed to investigate new evidence of internal and external validity of the Conflict Resolution Behavior Questionnaire (CRBQ) for the context of the state of Paraíba, Brazil. A total of 252 people participated this study, being in a marital relationship, with an average age of 38.3 years (SD = 10.87), the majority of whom were married (70%) and female (57.1%). An Exploratory Factorial Analysis of the CRBQ pointed an adequate structure with three factors (agreement, avoidance, and attack), with alphas ranging from 0.75 to 0.77, which were related to personality traits. In this direction, the results are discussed, in the light of the specialized literature, and it is concluded that the psychometric adequacy of the CRBQ expands the evidence of validity and can be used in future studies in the Brazilian context by researchers and those interested in the subject.

Neither sex appears to benefit from divorce within migratory Northern Flickers consistent with accidental loss and bet-hedging

The Auk ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L Wiebe
Keyword(s):  
Divorce Rate ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Bet Hedging ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Northern Flicker ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Colaptes Auratus ◽  
Annual Mortality

Abstract Divorce is widespread among species of birds and may either be an adaptive strategy to secure a better mate or territory or be a nonadaptive result of a failure to maintain the pairbond. I examined the causes and consequences for divorce in the Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus), a migratory woodpecker with a high annual mortality rate. In a long-term population study of 1,793 breeding pairs over 17 years, the within-season divorce rate was 4.6% and the between-season divorce rate was 15.5%. Retained pairs within a season initiated their renest 5 days faster than divorced birds that had no greater fledgling production, suggesting that within-season divorce was making the best of a bad job with severe time constraints. Poor performance in the year prior to divorce was not strongly associated with divorce, and analysis of multiple breeding stages revealed that divorcing individuals in the subsequent year had later laying dates, smaller clutches, and fewer fledglings than retained pairs but no better performance than widowed individuals. Analyzing the data separately by sex showed that neither males nor females benefitted from divorce. Thus, there is a reproductive cost linked to finding a new partner per se, but no reproductive advantage associated with divorce. New mates after divorce were usually not older (not higher quality) than previous mates, so intrasexual competition was probably not driving partnership splits. The most plausible explanation seems to be a “bet-hedging” hypothesis in which birds re-pair rapidly in spring if their previous mate does not quickly arrive during spring migration. Divorce in Northern Flickers does not appear to be adaptive and future studies on arrival and interactions of individuals in spring will elucidate proximate constraints on relocating the previous partner.

Antecedents of Self-Related Affects in Sport: Preliminary Evidence on the Intuitive-Reflective Appraisal Model

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Vallerand
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
General Type ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cognitive Evaluation ◽  
Cognitive Theories ◽  
Per Se

In line with various cognitive theories of emotion, Vallerand (1983, 1984) has proposed an intuitive-reflective appraisal model for self-related affects in achievement situations. A fundamental postulate of the model states that it is the cognitive evaluation of events and not events per se that produces emotions. Such cognitive evaluation can be seen as intuitive (almost automatic) and reflective (deliberate) in nature. Whereas the intuitive appraisal is akin to one's almost automatic subjective assessment of performance, the reflective appraisal is hypothesized to include several forms: (a) intellectualization, (b) comparison (self, outcome, and social) processes, (c) mastery-related cognitions, (d) information processing functions, and (e) causal attributions. Two studies tested some of the model's postulates in field (Study 1) and laboratory (Study 2) settings. Results showed support for some of the model's postulates in that both the intuitive and reflective attributional appraisals were found to have important effects on self- and general-type affects. In addition, perceptions of success/failure (the intuitive appraisal of performance) had more potent effects on affects than did objective success/failure. On the other hand, the intellectualization reflective appraisal (task importance) did not have appreciable effects on affects. Results are discussed in light of the intuitive-reflective appraisal model, and implications for future studies on emotion in sport are underscored.

scholarly journals Recognizing Emotions through Facial Expressions: A Largescale Experimental Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7420
Author(s):  
Artemisa R. Dores ◽  
Fernando Barbosa ◽  
Cristina Queirós ◽  
Irene P. Carvalho ◽  
Mark D. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Additional Consideration ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Affective Content ◽  
Recognition Of Facial Expressions ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Neutral Face ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion ◽  
White Adults

Experimental research examining emotional processes is typically based on the observation of images with affective content, including facial expressions. Future studies will benefit from databases with emotion-inducing stimuli in which characteristics of the stimuli potentially influencing results can be controlled. This study presents Portuguese normative data for the identification of seven facial expressions of emotions (plus a neutral face), on the Radboud Faces Database (RaFD). The effect of participants’ gender and models’ sex on emotion recognition was also examined. Participants (N = 1249) were exposed to 312 pictures of white adults displaying emotional and neutral faces with a frontal gaze. Recognition agreement between the displayed and participants’ chosen expressions ranged from 69% (for anger) to 97% (for happiness). Recognition levels were significantly higher among women than among men only for anger and contempt. The emotion recognition was higher either in female models or in male models depending on the emotion. Overall, the results show high recognition levels of the facial expressions presented, indicating that the RaFD provides adequate stimuli for studies examining the recognition of facial expressions of emotion among college students. Participants’ gender had a limited influence on emotion recognition, but the sex of the model requires additional consideration.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document