Engineering education and new challenges: interconnection of tasks in the conditions of society digitalization

Рассмотрены проблемы инженерного образования в российской практике новых вызовов, связанных с цифровизацией общества. На примере сравнительного анализа данных по количеству приема на бюджетные и внебюджетные места, среднему баллу ЕГЭ, стоимости обучения на платной основе по мониторингу 2020 года показано, что интерес абитуриентов, желающих получить высшее образование определяется не только бюджетными местами, но и реалиями современного развития общества, поэтому желание получить непрофильное образование в техническом вузе не ослабевает. По направлениям обучения инженерной направленности интерес определяется исключительно наличием бюджетных мест. Новые вызовы диктуют условия эффективного решения производственных проблем современным инженером, которому сегодня необходимы знания широкого профиля, включая менеджмент, экономику, интеллектуального права, английского языка. Это вызывает необходимость разработки синтетических программ, включающих требования работодателя с ориентацией на современное производство, имеющее сложную системную организационную и управленческую структуру. Новые вызовы сегодня способствуют росту престижа среднего профессионального образования, не надо сдавать ЕГ, и это, пожалуй, самый главный аргумент. Если интерес к колледжам будет подогреваться сегодняшние 80% выпускников школ выбравшие для продолжения обучение СПО, могут завтра оказаться 100%. В этой ситуации высшее образование может остаться без набора. Следует поднять престиж инженерного образования посредством его модернизации и синтеза ключевых образовательных знаний, умений и навыков инженера на основе новых вызовов, с которыми встречается общество, в целях сохранения его будущего. Взаимообусловленность задач инженерного образования с цифровизацией общества заключается не в объеме полученных знаний, умений и навыков, а в подготовке инженера, обладающего общей системной ориентацией в жизненном пространстве, осознанном отношении к своей профессиональной принадлежности, стремлении к постоянному совершенствованию и развитию своего интеллектуального потенциала, инженерного мышления, умения генерировать новые идеи и знания. The problems of engineering education in the Russian practice of new challenges associated with the digitalization of society are considered. Using the example of a comparative analysis of data on the number of admission, to budgetary and non-budgetary places, the average USE score, the cost of tuition on a paid basis according to the monitoring of 2020, it is shown that the interest of applicants wishing to get higher education is determined not only by budgetary places, but also by the realities of modern society development. Therefore, the desire to get a non-core education at a technical university is not weakening. In the areas of engineering education, interest is determined solely by the availability of budgetary places. New challenges dictate the conditions for the effective solution of production problems by a modern engineer, who today needs knowledge of a wide profile, including management, economics, intellectual law, and the English language. This necessitates the development of synthetic programs that include employer requirements with a focus on modern production, which has a complex systemic organizational and management structure. New challenges today contribute to the growth of the prestige of secondary vocational education, there is no need to pass the EG, and this is perhaps the most important argument. If interest in colleges is fueled by today's 80% of high school graduates who choose to continue their education in vocational education, there may be 100% tomorrow. In this situation, higher education may be left without enrollment. It is necessary to raise the prestige of engineering education through its modernization and synthesis of key educational knowledge, skills and abilities of an engineer on the basis of new challenges faced by society in order to preserve its future. The interdependence of the tasks of engineering education with the digitalization of society lies not in the amount of knowledge, skills and abilities acquired, but in the training of an engineer who has a general systemic orientation in the living space, a conscious attitude to his professional affiliation, the desire to constantly improve and develop his intellectual potential, engineering thinking, the ability to generate new ideas and knowledge.

PSYCHOLINGUISTIC FEATURES OF EXPLICATION OF LINGUOCULTURAL MODEL “CLOTHING” IN ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN

To understand the linguocultural units of the thematic group “clothing” in the English language, it is important to master the principles of nomination of lexical units, such as the principle of nomination “a form”, the principle of nomination “a purpose of use of a thing (a purpose)” or “clothing as a material having been used”, the principle of nomination “social, national and professional affiliation”. For the understanding of linguocultural units of the thematic group “clothing” in the Ukrainian language the laws of organization of usual and actual communicative meanings, their interaction, movement, etc. are quite important, then for understanding linguocultural units of the thematic group “clothing” in the English language is sufficient superficial perception of lexical units that denote the nominations of clothing, understanding the features of their motivation, in particular, verbs, nouns and adjectives, as well as mastering the form of presentation of this or that lexical unit.

A Study of the Scientist’s Image in the Context of S. Moscovici’s Theory of Social Representations

The article describes the scientific and social aspects of the functioning of the scientific school created by S. Mosсoviсi, revealing various forms of this association: a research team, a scientific direction, an invisible college. The authors focus on the possibility of studying social representations through the inclusion of new analytical methods in the diagnostic toolkit, in particular, iconographic documents and images of a social object, which indicates the current stage of the functioning of S. Mosсoviсis scientific school. The formation of social representations not only through verbal associations but also through drawings is explored by the authors through the example of how adolescents develop their social representations of a scientist. The purpose of this study is to highlight the categorical features of the image of a scientist in modern Russian adolescents, identified using the DAST drawing technique. The hypothesis of the research is the assumption that the system of social representations of a scientist among Russian adolescents contains both stable indicators of a persons belonging to the professional scientific community and variable contextual elements of the scientists image, whereas the degree of expression and the ratio of stable and contextual elements reflect the characteristics of the scientists image in domestic respondents. The Draw-A-Scientist Test (DAST) technique was used as the main diagnostic tool aimed at identifying adolescent representations of a scientist based on iconographic associations.The obtained drawings were analyzed by the expert evaluation method, involving the procedures of correlation and factor analysis. The results of the study show that Russian adolescents generally have a stereotypical representation of a scientist associated with the use of general indicators of external appearance, which determine the professional affiliation of the character depicted. Differences were found in the frequency of using stable and contextual iconographic elements of drawings. It has been shown that it is possible to use the drawing technique as a diagnostic tool for identifying social representations of a scientist based on an analysis of the meaning of an object through its iconographic fixation.

Transformation of the Regional Social and Professional Space (on the Example of the Republic of Tyva)

The purpose of this article is to consider the features of the development of the socioprofessional structure in the Republic of Tuva. The socio-professional structure of the population of Tuva is generally similar to the structure of Russian society, although it has its own regional differences. These differences are related both to the peculiarities of the transformation processes in Tuva and to the historical specifics of social development. Over the past century, Tuva’s society has transformed from an archaic agrarian society into an agrarian-industrial one. This type of society persists to this day. Today, the transformation processes taking place in the Russian Federation as a whole and in the Republic of Tyva in particular have a significant impact on the structure of employment and determine the formation of the regional social and professional space. New strata of property owners and the poor emerged. A layer of employees has formed, whose main economic potential depends on the income of employment in organizations of different types of ownership. There is a specific stratum in the social and professional structure of Tuvan society-the so-called independent arats, which are agents that reflect the specifics of the labor space of the republic. They are self-employed by any ethnic type of activity: shepherds, yak breeders, reindeer herders, embroiderers, stone cutters, shamans, throat singers, etc. Also traditional for the republic are collectors of wild plants, hunters and fishermen who are engaged in these activities for profit. They are not integrated into the social and professional structure of modern Tuva, as their professional affiliation is not formalized. The process of legitimizing some professional groups has only just begun. The labor market was also not ready for the emergence of archaic forms of employment. This led to the temporary exclusion of individual groups.

Clarence J. Gibbs Effect and the “Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease” Eponym

In 2014, American neurologist and Nobel laureate Stanley Prusiner reported that microbiologist Clarence Joseph Gibbs at the U.S. National Institutes of Health had intentionally, systematically, and mischievously used the eponym Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), rather than Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease (JCD), because of the correspondence with Gibbs’ own initials to imply “Clarence Joseph’s disease.”The present study examines temporal trends in the use of “Creutzfeldt-Jakob” and “Jakob-Creutzfeldt” in scientific articles and monographs from 1946 to 2019 to assess whether there was a “Clarence J. Gibbs’ effect” that influenced the general use of a specific eponym by the scientific community. During Gibbs’ period of publication on CJD, there was an abrupt, dramatic, and steady increase in use of the CJD eponym while use of the JCD eponym remained at a low level. In the period after Gibbs ceased to publish, there was a corresponding marked fall-off in use of the CJD eponym. Surviving collaborators thought Gibbs may have been joking, but in 1991 Gibbs had admitted what Prusiner reported. Regardless of motive, Gibbs strongly influenced the preferred eponym for this human prion disease by: (1) publishing a seminal and highly referenced initial paper in a high-profile journal; (2) sustained output of further important studies published in high-quality journals over more than 30 years; (3) professional affiliation with an esteemed national laboratory where he worked with a large number of high-profile colleagues; and (4) extensive collaborations with a large number of colleagues, who published multiple further papers using the eponym Gibbs preferred.

Healthcare professionals’ perceptions about interprofessional teamwork: a national survey within Swedish child healthcare services

Background Globally, interprofessional teamwork is described as a key method to promote health and prevent illness in children, namely, to achieve the goals of Child Healthcare Services (CHS). However, how teamwork should be designed within CHS to achieve the goals is unclear. This study aimed to investigate healthcare professionals’ perceptions about 1) taking part in interprofessional teamwork, 2) team characteristics, and 3) whether the perceptions were related to professional affiliation or workplace. Methods A national cross-sectional survey was conducted using a web-based study-specific questionnaire sent to all accessible nurses, physicians, and psychologists in Swedish CHS (n = 3552). The response rate was 31.5%. To identify possible associations, logistic regressions were conducted. Results Almost all respondents, 1096/1119 (97.9%), reported taking part in some type of interprofessional teamwork within the Swedish CHS. Among those, the most common was team-based visits (82.2%). It was perceived that performing team-based visits resulted in fulfilled goals, expertise exceeding individual team members’ competences, provision of high-quality care, and meeting children’s and families’ needs, to a greater extent, than if not performing team-based visits. Correspondingly, working as a team in parental groups was perceived as resulting in fulfilled goals, meeting the needs of children and their families, and continuity within the team to a greater extent than if not working together in a team. Professional affiliation was associated with different perceptions and types of teamwork. Family Centers were positively associated with all types of teamwork as well as continuity within the team. Conclusions Healthcare professionals’ perceptions about team characteristics were associated with professional affiliation, workplace, and type of teamwork (defined as team activities) within the CHS. Professionals within Swedish CHS, taking part in team-based visits and in interprofessional teamwork in parental groups, perceived that the team fulfilled its goals and met the needs of children and families to a greater extent than professionals not taking part in these types of teamwork. Professionals at Family Centers were more likely to work in teams in different ways. Knowledge about interprofessional teamwork for individuals and groups in Swedish CHS might also be valuable in other healthcare settings, dealing with complex needs.

Social pedagogy, social education and social work in Spain: Convergent paths

The rise of social pedagogy in recent years has led to a revival of discourses and practices in the fields of social work and pedagogy. Both fields have seen a renewed way of interpreting social and educational relationships and professional practice. This, in turn, has resulted in ongoing analysis and debate regarding the academic and professional affiliation of social pedagogy in recent decades. The aim of this article is to provide an outline of how these disciplines and practices have evolved in Spain. This study adopts a comparative perspective to present a descriptive analysis of the history, training and areas of professional intervention of social pedagogy, social education and social work. The first section discusses the complexity of the relationships between them. In the following two sections, the historical evolution of these disciplines is analysed, highlighting their fundamental milestones. This is followed by a comparison of their respective professional profiles and initial training. The next section then reveals shared professional intervention areas and those that are specific to each professional practice. By way of conclusion, a critical reflection is provided on the way in which the relationship between social pedagogy and social work is usually approached, and also the positioning of the relationship between these disciplines and practices.

Process of Distribution and Conditions for the Opening of Stationary Cinemas in the Cities of the Tobolsk Province at the Beginning of the 20th Century

On the basis of archival materials introduced into scientific circulation, analysis of regional periodicals, reference books, normative acts and published data, the history of the emergence and spread of stationary cinematic theaters in the Tobolsk province is traced. The administrative and institutional aspect of their opening is considered. Particular attention is paid to preparatory work, technical and construction rules and conditions for the official acceptance of buildings, fire safety measures of pre-revolutionary cinematographs, toponymy and their localization in the socio-cultural space of cities. The article provides information on the social and professional affiliation of the owners of the electric theaters. It is concluded that the positive dynamics of the founding of cinematographs in the studied region, characterized by speed and continuity, refers to the period 1909—1916. The organization of a network of cinemas in the provincial cities of the West Siberian part of Russia was associated with the work of provincial institutions, municipal authorities, and police officers. The functioning of these public institutions was systematically monitored by the officials of these departments, who were guided by the technical normative legal acts adopted in the empire that regulate the conditions for keeping cinemas. The development of cinematography was an important indicator of the innovative trends taking place in the leisure segment of the everyday life of citizens.

Features of Recognizing Facial Expressions in Short Time Intervals: the Level of Anxiety and Professional Affiliation

The aim of this study was to investigate how differences in anxiety levels relate to selective sensitivity to basic emotions (emotional bias) with minimal exposure time. Masked pictures of happiness, angry, fear, disgust, surprise, sad and neutral facial expressions were presented to 298 men at exposure times in intervals 16ms, 34ms, 49ms, 66ms. After presenting each image, the participants chose on the screen by pressing a key the name of an emotion suitable, in their opinion, Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) was used to measure of trait anxiety. There were subjects of various professional groups (firefighters, military, athletes, psychologists, mathematicians). We found that Selective sensitivity to basic emotions at exposure times up to 49ms is determined by internal interpolation of the perceiver’s personality. Highly anxious men are unconsciously more likely to choose fear, anger and disgust. The increase in anxiety are accompanied by decreased preference of anger and happiness. Low-anxious men unconsciously ignore fear, anger, disgust, and preferred neutral face. Men of different professions are differed in the level of anxiety and emotional bias in basic emotions. Firefighters have the lowest level of anxiety, mathematics have the highest.

Medical Latin of F. M. Dostoevsky

In F. M. Dostoevsky’s works and working notes there are medical terms and expressions written in Latin. The article provides a textual description of these foreign language inserts and analyzes their stylistic and ideologically meaningful functions. The Latin names of diseases used by Dostoevsky denote fever, feverish states and act more as stylistic means. Terminological inserts are also used in relation to the image of a doctorresident from the story “Notes from the House of the Dead”. On one hand, the inserts mark the hero’s professional affiliation, and on the other, they graphically mark the boundaries of the prisoner’s “rest” in the hospital. The use of a Latin aphorism, which goes back to the dictum of Hippocrates, in the novel “The Adolescent” is noteworthy. It is known that Dostoevsky relied on the published protocols of the trial of N. A. Dolgushin’s secret society. One of the protocols contained the saying of Hippocrates written on the wall of Dolgushin’s room, but in Russian translation. In his working notes, Dostoevsky always writes an aphorism in Latin. This gives grounds to assume that through an appeal to the Latin primary source, the writer shows the transformation of humanistic values in modern society at the substantive and stylistic levels.