Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles of Escherichia coli from Urinary Bacteruria of Asymptomatic Students of University of Ibadan

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 214-219
Author(s):  
Okunye Olufemi L ◽  
Sadiq Rukayatt ◽  
Ayedun Joshua S
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Gender Ratio ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles ◽  
University Of Ibadan

Asymptomatic bacteruria is the presence of significant count bacteria capable of inducing urinary tract infection in the urine tract of clinically healthy individuals. Four hundred samples of urine were investigated for the presence of Escherichia coli in this study, out of which forty by conventional biochemical tests. The percentage prevalence gender ratio of the isolates was 77.5% females to 22.5% males while the age distribution prevalent ranged between 24 years 30years. Ten conventional biochemical confirmatory tests was carried out on the isolates. The antibiogram in this study elicited the effective potency of floroquinolones while ampicillin, a β –lactams derivatives was recorded to be less effective. Sixteen isolates showed multidrug resistant to 4 antibiotics while 2 isolates elicited multidrug resistance to 6 antibiotics in this study. The findings of this study the prevalence and the potency of selected antibiotics could be useful in the therapeutic management of asymptomatic bacteruria in the study region.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Escherichia coli Isolates from Diarrheic Dogs in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Mustapha ◽  
Yusuf Audu ◽  
Kingsley Uwakwe Ezema ◽  
Jafar Umar Abdulkadir ◽  
Jallailudeen Rabana Lawal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles

AbstractDiarrhea caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an important and common problem in companion animals, especially dogs. Moreover, these dogs may serve as a reservoir of pathogenic strains of E. coli that may cause enteric and extra-intestinal infections in humans and other animals. This study was conducted to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of E. coli isolates from diarrheic dogs in Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria. In fecal samples of 200 dogs with diarrhea, 147 E. coli strains (73.5%) were isolated and characterized by the standard bacteriological techniques (culture, biochemical tests, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing). Out of the 147 positive isolates, 45, 50, and 52 were from Elkanemi Park, Magaram, and Sabon gari wards respectively. The isolates show 100% resistance to chloramphenicol, cefuroxime, and ceftriaxone, 96.6% to amoxicillin, and 95.9% to gentamicin, while all (100%) were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. All the isolates showed multiple antimicrobial resistance. The result of the current study showed that dogs in Maiduguri are important reservoirs of multidrug-resistant E. coli. Therefore, it is important to adopt and apply guidelines for the correct use of antimicrobials in small animal practice to reduce the emergence of multidrug resistance among E. coli in companion animals.

scholarly journals Effects of Therapeutic Ceftiofur Administration to Dairy Cattle on Escherichia coli Dynamics in the Intestinal Tract

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (22) ◽  
pp. 6956-6962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall S. Singer ◽  
Sheila K. Patterson ◽  
Richard L. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles ◽  
Cessation Of Treatment

ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to follow ceftiofur-treated and untreated cattle in a normally functioning dairy to examine enteric Escherichia coli for changes in antibiotic resistance profiles and genetic diversity. Prior to treatment, all of the bacteria cultured from the cows were susceptible to ceftiofur. Ceftiofur-resistant E. coli was only isolated from treated cows during and immediately following the cessation of treatment, and the 12 bla CMY-2-positive isolates clustered into two genetic groups. E. coli bacterial counts dropped significantly in the treated animals (P < 0.027), reflecting a disappearance of the antibiotic-susceptible strains. The resistant bacterial population, however, did not increase in quantity within the treated cows; levels stayed low and were overtaken by a returning susceptible population. There was no difference in the genetic diversities of the E. coli between the treated and untreated cows prior to ceftiofur administration or after the susceptible population of E. coli returned in the treated cows. A cluster analysis of antibiotic susceptibility profiles resulted in six clusters, two of which were multidrug resistant and were comprised solely of isolates from the treated cows immediately following treatment. The antibiotic treatment provided a window to detect the presence of ceftiofur-resistant E. coli but did not appear to cause its emergence or result in its amplification. The finding of resistant isolates following antibiotic treatment is not sufficient to estimate the strength of selection pressure nor is it sufficient to demonstrate a causal link between antibiotic use and the emergence or amplification of resistance.

scholarly journals High-Throughput Screen Identifying the Thiosemicarbazone NSC319726 Compound as a Potent Antimicrobial Lead Against Resistant Strains of Escherichia coli

Biomolecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Sadaka ◽  
Peter Damborg ◽  
Jeffrey L. Watts
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Coli Strain ◽  
High Throughput Screen ◽  
Lead Discovery ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles ◽  
Antibiotic Discovery

Antibiotic discovery is vital when considering the increasing antimicrobial resistance threat. The aim of this work was to provide a high-throughput screen (HTS) assay using multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strains to enable further research into antimicrobial lead discovery and identify novel antimicrobials. This study describes a primary HTS of a diverse library of 7884 small molecules against a susceptible E. coli strain. A secondary screening of 112 molecules against four E. coli strains with different susceptibility profiles revealed NSC319726 as a potential antimicrobial lead serving as a novel template. NSC319726 is a good candidate for an analoguing program.

scholarly journals Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genotyping of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in foods of cattle origin, diarrheic cattle, and diarrheic humans in Egypt

Gut Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walid Elmonir ◽  
Samar Shalaan ◽  
Amin Tahoun ◽  
Samy F. Mahmoud ◽  
Etab M. Abo Remela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Genetic Profile ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Human Samples ◽  
Encoding Genes

AbstractShiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a pathotype of E. coli that causes enteric and systemic diseases ranging from diarrhoea to severe hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) STEC from cattle sources has increased public health risk and limited treatment options. The prevalence of STEC was investigated in 200 raw food samples (milk and beef samples) and 200 diarrheic samples (cattle and human samples) in a matched region. The presence of stx genes (stx1 and stx2), carbapenemase-encoding genes (blaVIM, blaNDM-1, and blaIMP), and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-encoding genes (blaTEM group, blaCTX-M1 group, and blaOXA-1 group) was screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiogram and Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR were also conducted. STEC isolates were identified in 6.5% (13/200) of food samples [6% (6/100) of milk and 7% (7/100) of beef samples] and in 11% (22/200) of diarrheic cases [12% (12/100) of cattle and 10% (10/100) of human samples]. We found that O26 (4.5%, 18/400) and O111 (1.5%, 6/400) were the most prevalent STEC serovars and were found more commonly in diarrheic samples. STEC strains with both stx genes, stx2 only, and stx1 only genotypes were present in 62.9% (22/35), 20% (7/35), and 17.1% (6/35) of isolates, respectively. Carbapenemase-producing STEC (CP STEC) isolates were found in 1.8% (7/400) of samples [0.5% (1/200) of foods and 3% (6/200) of diarrheic cases]. The blaVIM gene was detected in all CP STEC isolates, and one human isolate carried the blaNDM-1 gene. ESBL-producing STEC strains were detected in 4.3% (17/400) of samples [1.5% (3/200) of food samples and 7% (14/200) of diarrheic cases]. The blaTEM, blaCTX-M1, and blaOXA-1 genes were detected in 42.9% (15/35), 28.6% (10/35), and 2.9% (1/35) of STEC isolates, respectively. Approximately half (51.4%, 18/35) of STEC isolates were MDR STEC; all CP STEC and ESBL-producing STEC were also MDR STEC. The highest antimicrobial resistance rates were found against nalidixic acid (51.4%) and ampicillin (48.6%), whereas the lowest rates were reported against gentamicin (5.7%) and ciprofloxacin (11.4%). MDR STEC strains were 5.3 times more likely to be found in diarrheic cases than in foods (P = 0.009, 95% CI 1.5–18.7). ERIC-PCR was used for genotyping STEC isolates into 27 different ERIC-types (ETs) with a discrimination index of 0.979. Five ETs showed clusters of 2–4 identical isolates that shared the same virulence and antibiotic resistance genetic profile. Human isolates matched food isolates in two of these ET clusters (the O26 CP STEC cluster and the O111 STEC cluster), highlighting the potential cross-species zoonotic transmission of these pathogens and/or their genes in the study region. This is the first detection of CP STEC in milk and diarrheic cattle in Egypt.

scholarly journals Virulence Determinants and Multidrug Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Migratory Birds

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Md. Saiful Islam ◽  
Md. Mehedi Hasan Nayeem ◽  
Md. Abdus Sobur ◽  
Samina Ievy ◽  
Md. Amirul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Fecal Matter ◽  
E Coli

Migratory birds are carriers of multidrug resistant pathogenic Escherichia coli. However, their roles in the dissemination of these resistant pathogens are still being neglected in Bangladesh. The present study was therefore carried out to detect multidrug resistant E. coli. In addition, these isolates were also screened for the presence of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC)-associated virulence genes. A total of 66 fecal matter samples of migratory birds were screened. E. coli were isolated and identified by culturing and biochemical tests followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). APEC-associated virulence genes were detected by PCR. Disk diffusion assays were employed to investigate antibiogram profiles. Bivariate analysis was performed to assess correlations in resistance patterns between antimicrobials and to assess associations between virulence genes of E. coli. Among the 66 samples assessed by PCR, 55 (83.33%) were found positive for E. coli. Of these 55 isolates, the APEC-associated virulence gene fimC was detected in 67.27% of the isolates, which was significantly higher than in the cases of iucD (29.09%) and papC (5.45%) genes. In addition, three isolates were found positive for all three virulence genes, while 23 and 12 isolates were positive for one and two virulence genes respectively. In the bivariate analysis, significant associations were detected between fimC and iucD virulence genes. Using the antibiogram, all E. coli isolates were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR). The isolates exhibited 100% resistance against ampicillin and erythromycin in addition to varying percentages of resistance against streptomycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol. Highly positive correlations between tetracycline and ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline were observed by bivariate analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports APEC-associated virulence genes of MDR E. coli from migratory birds in Bangladesh. Results indicate that migratory birds are reservoirs of MDR E. coli isolates carrying APEC-associated virulence genes, which can seriously contribute to the development of human and animal diseases.

scholarly journals Multidrug Resistance in Large-Plasmid-Associated Presumptive Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Isolated from Contaminated Lake Water

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakir Hossain ◽  
Papia Sultana ◽  
Sudipta Deb ◽  
Monzur Morshed Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Plasmid Profile ◽  
Large Plasmid ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Sucrose Fermentation

To determine the presence of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), 50 water samples of three different lakes in Dhaka, Bangladesh were studied. A total of 90 strains were examined thoroughly to isolate sorbitol non-fermenting (NSF) E. coli. Twelve of 90 isolates (13.3%) from 5 samples were found to be sorbitol nonfermenter, which were further screened for rhamnose, cellobiose and sucrose fermentation. Eleven (12.2%) of 90 isolates also tested negative for cellobiose and sucrose fermentation, while only 3 (3.3%) of them were found to be rhamnose non-fermenting. Biochemical tests confirmed that 91.7% (11 of 12) of NSF strains were indole positive. Eleven NSF E. coli isolates survived at 45.5°C and mostly produced gas by fermentation within 24h. After antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 91.7% (n=11) of these isolates were found resistant to cephalexin, ampicillin and amoxicillin. Ceftazidime and nalidixic acid resistance was also observed in 75% (9 of 12) and 58.3% (7 of 12) isolates, respectively. Plasmid profile analysis revealed that nine (75%) strains harboured large plasmids of >35.8-140 megadaltons (MDa), four (33.3%) of which contained 60-MDa plasmid. Also, the large-plasmid-associated strains shared common behaviour in antimicrobial resistance and eight (88.9%) of these were resistant to four or more antibiotics. Our data suggest a possible association of source water contamination in Bangladesh with multidrug-resistant (MDR) EHEC, which is alarming to public health. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v28i1.11807 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 28, Number 1, June 2011, pp 33-40

scholarly journals Genomic insights into the circulation of pandemic fluoroquinolone-resistant extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli ST1193 in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Quynh Nguyen ◽  
To Thi Nguyen Nguyen ◽  
Phuong Pham ◽  
Vinh Chau ◽  
Lan Phu Huong Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type

Extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) ST1193, a globally emergent fluoroquinolone-resistant clone, has become an important cause of bloodstream infections (BSIs) associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Previous studies have reported the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant ExPEC ST1193 in Vietnam; however, limited data exist regarding the genetic structure, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants and transmission dynamics of this pandemic clone. Here, we performed genomic and phylogenetic analyses of 46 ST1193 isolates obtained from BSIs and healthy individuals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, to investigate the pathogen population structure, molecular mechanisms of AMR and potential transmission patterns. We further examined the phylogenetic structure of ST1193 isolates in a global context. We found that the endemic E. coli ST1193 population was heterogeneous and highly dynamic, largely driven by multiple strain importations. Several well-supported phylogenetic clusters (C1–C6) were identified and associated with distinct bla CTX-M variants, including bla CTXM-27 (C1–C3, C5), bla CTXM-55 (C4) and bla CTXM-15 (C6). Most ST1193 isolates were multidrug-resistant and carried an extensive array of AMR genes. ST1193 isolates also exhibited the ability to acquire further resistance while circulating in Vietnam. There were phylogenetic links between ST1193 isolates from BSIs and healthy individuals, suggesting these organisms may both establish long-term colonization in the human intestinal tract and induce infections. Our study uncovers factors shaping the population structure and transmission dynamics of multidrug-resistant ST1193 in Vietnam, and highlights the urgent need for local One Health genomic surveillance to capture new emerging ExPEC clones and to better understand the origins and transmission patterns of these pathogens.

scholarly journals Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from pigeons

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2156-2165
Author(s):  
Shah Jungy Ibna Karim ◽  
Mahfuzul Islam ◽  
Tahmina Sikder ◽  
Rubaya Rubaya ◽  
Joyanta Halder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
E Coli

Background and Aim: Pigeon rearing has been gaining popularity for recent years. They are reared remarkably very close to the house of the owner. This activity, therefore, may pose potential threats for humans as well as other animals as pigeons may carry and spread different pathogens including drug-resistant bacteria. This study was conducted to explore the prevalence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. as well as their antibiogram profile along with an association analysis. Materials and Methods: Forty swab samples were collected from 20 pigeons during the study. E. coli and Salmonella spp. were isolated and identified on various types of agars, including MacConkey, Eosin methylene blue, Brilliant green, and Salmonella-Shigella agar. Biochemical tests such as the carbohydrate fermentation test, the triple sugar iron agar slant reaction, the indole test, the methyl red test, the catalase test, as well as the Voges–Proskauer test were also performed. Besides, the presence of E. coli was further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed against nine antibiotics from seven classes on the Mueller-Hinton agar based on the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: The overall prevalence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. was 52.5 and 27.5%, respectively. The prevalence of the pathogenic E. coli was 61.90%. The antibiogram profile of 21 E. coli as well as 11 Salmonella spp. revealed that all isolates, except one, were resistant to one to six antibiotics. Around 61.90%, 71.43%, 23.81%, 61.90%, 23.81%, 19.05%, and 52.38% of E. coli showed resistance against amoxicillin, ampicillin, azithromycin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, and tetracycline, respectively. Furthermore, E. coli resistance was not observed in case of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. Similarly, around 36.36%, 27.27%, 27.27%, 45.45%, 81.82%, 100%, and 18.18% of the Salmonella spp. showed resistance against amoxicillin, ampicillin, azithromycin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, and levofloxacin, respectively. However, all Salmonella spp. (100%) were found to show sensitivity against ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli (23.80%) and Salmonella spp. (54.54%) were also isolated. Furthermore, both positive (odds ratio [OR] >1) and negative (OR <1) drug resistance associations, with a higher frequency of positive associations, were found in E. coli. A significant positive association was observed between ampicillin and amoxicillin (OR: 81.67, 95% confidence interval: 2.73-2447.57, p=0.01). Conclusion: Pigeon carrying MDR E. coli and Salmonella spp. may contribute to the transmission and spread of these microorganisms. Therefore, strict hygienic measures should be taken during the farming of pigeons to decrease the potential transmission of E. coli and Salmonella spp. from pigeon to humans as well as other animals. So far, this is the first report of the PCR-based identification of pathogenic E. coli from pigeons in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Presence of β-Lactamase-producing Enterobacterales and Salmonella Isolates in Marine Mammals

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5905
Author(s):  
Olivia M. Grünzweil ◽  
Lauren Palmer ◽  
Adriana Cabal ◽  
Michael P. Szostak ◽  
Werner Ruppitsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
E Coli ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Lactamase Gene ◽  
Sequence Types

Marine mammals have been described as sentinels of the health of marine ecosystems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate (i) the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and AmpC-producing Enterobacterales, which comprise several bacterial families important to the healthcare sector, as well as (ii) the presence of Salmonella in these coastal animals. The antimicrobial resistance pheno- and genotypes, as well as biocide susceptibility of Enterobacterales isolated from stranded marine mammals, were determined prior to their rehabilitation. All E. coli isolates (n = 27) were screened for virulence genes via DNA-based microarray, and twelve selected E. coli isolates were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing. Seventy-one percent of the Enterobacterales isolates exhibited a multidrug-resistant (MDR) pheno- and genotype. The gene blaCMY (n = 51) was the predominant β-lactamase gene. In addition, blaTEM-1 (n = 38), blaSHV-33 (n = 8), blaCTX-M-15 (n = 7), blaOXA-1 (n = 7), blaSHV-11 (n = 3), and blaDHA-1 (n = 2) were detected. The most prevalent non-β-lactamase genes were sul2 (n = 38), strA (n = 34), strB (n = 34), and tet(A) (n = 34). Escherichia coli isolates belonging to the pandemic sequence types (STs) ST38, ST167, and ST648 were identified. Among Salmonella isolates (n = 18), S. Havana was the most prevalent serotype. The present study revealed a high prevalence of MDR bacteria and the presence of pandemic high-risk clones, both of which are indicators of anthropogenic antimicrobial pollution, in marine mammals.

scholarly journals Multidrug-Resistant, Including Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamase-Producing and Quinolone-Resistant, Escherichia coli Isolated from Poultry and Domestic Pigs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 406
Author(s):  
Zuhura I. Kimera ◽  
Fauster X. Mgaya ◽  
Gerald Misinzo ◽  
Stephen E. Mshana ◽  
Nyambura Moremi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Phenotypic Profile ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Esbl Producers

We determined the phenotypic profile of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli isolated from 698 samples (390 and 308 from poultry and domestic pigs, respectively). In total, 562 Enterobacteria were isolated. About 80.5% of the isolates were E. coli. Occurrence of E. coli was significantly higher among domestic pigs (73.1%) than in poultry (60.5%) (p = 0.000). In both poultry and domestic pigs, E. coli isolates were highly resistant to tetracycline (63.5%), nalidixic acid (53.7%), ampicillin (52.3%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (50.9%). About 51.6%, 65.3%, and 53.7% of E. coli were MDR, extended-spectrum beta lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE), and quinolone-resistant, respectively. A total of 68% of the extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producers were also resistant to quinolones. For all tested antibiotics, resistance was significantly higher in ESBL-producing and quinolone-resistant isolates than the non-ESBL producers and non-quinolone-resistant E. coli. Eight isolates were resistant to eight classes of antimicrobials. We compared phenotypic with genotypic results of 20 MDR E. coli isolates, ESBL producers, and quinolone-resistant strains and found 80% harbored blaCTX-M, 15% aac(6)-lb-cr, 10% qnrB, and 5% qepA. None harbored TEM, SHV, qnrA, qnrS, qnrC, or qnrD. The observed pattern and level of resistance render this portfolio of antibiotics ineffective for their intended use.

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