Inhibitory effect of n-hexane extract from Korean red ginseng marc against Streptococcus mutans causing dental caries

Streptococcus mutans has been reported to be a major causative microorganism for oral biofilm associated with dental caries. Jasmine sambac or Arabian jasmine is a species of jasmine native to tropical and warm temperate regions particularly West and Southeast Asia. The antimicrobial activities of essential oil extracted from the flowers of J. sambac have been shown to attract researchers. Objective: To determine the anti-biofilm formation of S. mutans by mouthwash containing jasmine oil. Materials and Methods: S. mutans KPSK2, the cariogenic strain of oral streptococci was used in the study. The 24-h biofilms of S. mutans were formed on polystyrene plates treated with jasmine mouthwash. The 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate and phosphate buffer saline mouthwash were used as a positive and negative control respectively. The amount of biofilm was quantified by crystal violet staining and spectrophotometry at an optical density of 595 nm. Results: Jasmine mouthwash showed a significant inhibitory effect on S. mutans biofilm formation by decreasing 43% of biofilm whereas that of chlorhexidine showed 71% reduction. Conclusion: The anti-biofilm formation property of jasmine mouthwash was elucidated; therefore it might be another drug of choice that can be used as an adjunct to control the oral health in the prevention of dental caries.

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Antimicrobial interactions between the phytoextracts of Callistemon citrinus and Eriobotrya japonica against Streptococcus mutans

10.1101/2021.08.13.456290 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

ONEN HEALY ◽

KAVUO SIFA JUDITH ◽

Bukusuba Samuel ◽

NAMBOKO KUTOSI JERALD

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Test Organism ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Eriobotrya Japonica ◽

Coarse Powder ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Product Formulation ◽

Negative Controls

Streptococcus mutans is a gram-positive bacterium in the oral cavity that is most implicated in the dental caries progression. The condition is very expensive to manage and the most commonly used products such as fluoride tooth pastes and alcohol-based mouth washes are associated with many side effects. The current study therefore focused on providing a scientific evidence to guide the use of a combination of Eriobotrya japonica (EJ) and Callistemon citrinus (CC) as actives in development of an effective and cheaper herbal formulation for management of dental caries. The objective of this study was to determine antimicrobial interactions of Eriobotrya japonica and Callistemon citrinus phytoextracts proportions against Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The leaves of both plants (EJ and CC) were shade-dried and pulverized into a coarse powder which were then cold macerated using ethanol (60 %) for 24 h. Phytochemical screening was conducted for the two dry extracts obtained after fan drying before they were mixed in to five different proportions (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 and 0:1). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays against Streptococcus mutans were done for all the proportions above with ciprofloxacin and 2.5 % Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the positive and negative controls respectively. Antimicrobial interactions between the two extracts were also evaluated using Fractional Inhibitory and Bacterial Concentration Indices (FICI/FBCI). Results showed that EJ and CC had percentage yields of 20.05 % and 15.45 % respectively. All the extracts showed similar phytochemical profiles. They also demonstrated an inhibitory effect on Streptococcus mutans with MIC and MBC values ranging from 521 to 3333 µg/ml and 1042 to 3667 µg/ml respectively. However, CC: EJ (1:0) had the lowest MIC and MBC comparable to that of the standard drug at P <0.05. The FICI/FBCI were between 1.5 and 3.917. Therefore, CC: EJ (1:0) proportion markedly demonstrated better antimicrobial activity against the test organism and there are no beneficial antimicrobial interactions between the two plant extracts to inform their combination as actives for dental caries product formulation.

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Inhibitory effect of Korean Red Ginseng on melanocyte proliferation and its possible implication in GM-CSF mediated signaling

Journal of Ginseng Research ◽

10.5142/jgr.2013.37.389 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 389-400 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Chang Taek Oh ◽

Jong Il Park ◽

Yi Ra Jung ◽

Yeon Ah Joo ◽

Dong Ha Shin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Red Ginseng ◽

Korean Red Ginseng ◽

Gm Csf

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Inhibitory Effect ofBacillus velezensison Biofilm Formation byStreptococcus mutans

10.1101/313965 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yesol Yoo ◽

Dong-Ho Seo ◽

Hyunjin Lee ◽

Young-Do Nam ◽

Myung-Ji Seo

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Focal Point ◽

Cell Surface Hydrophobicity ◽

Surface Hydrophobicity ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Fermented Foods ◽

Bacillus Velezensis

ABSTRACTStreptococcus mutansplays a key role in the development of dental caries and promotes the formation of oral biofilm produced by glucosyltransferases (GTFs).Bacillus velezensisK68 was isolated from traditional fermented foods and inhibits biofilm formation mediated byS. mutans. Gene amplification results demonstrated thatB. velezensisK68 contained genes for the biosynthesis of 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ), a known GTF expression inhibitor. The presence of the GabT1, Yktc1, and GutB1 genes required for 1-DNJ synthesis inB. velezensisK68 was confirmed. Supernatant fromB. velezensisK68 culture medium inhibited biofilm formation by 84% whenS. mutanswas cultured for 48 h, and inhibited it maximally when 1% glucose was added to theS. mutansculture medium as a GTF substrate. In addition, supernatant fromB. velezensisK68 medium containing 3 ppb 1- DNJ decreasedS. mutanscell surface hydrophobicity by 79.0 ± 0.8% compared with that of untreated control. The supernatant containing 1-DNJ decreasedS. mutansadherence by 99.97% and 98.83% under sugar-dependent and sugar-independent conditions, respectively.S. mutanstreated with the supernatant exhibited significantly reduced expression of the essential GTF genesgtfB,gtfC,andgtfDcompared to that in the untreated group. Thus,B. velezensisinhibits the biofilm formation, adhesion, and GTF gene expression ofS. mutansthrough 1- DNJ production.IMPORTANCEDental caries is among the most common infectious diseases worldwide, and its development is closely associated with physiological factors of bacteria, such as the biofilm formation and glucosyltransferase production ofStreptococcus mutans.Biofilms are difficult to remove once they have formed due to the exopolysaccharide matrix produced by the microorganisms residing in them; thus, inhibiting biofilm formation is a current focal point of research into prevention of dental caries. This study describes the inhibitory properties ofBacillus velezensisK68, an organism isolated from traditional Korean fermented foods, against biofilm formation byS. mutans. Herein, we show thatB. velezensisinhibits the biofilm formation, adherence to surfaces, and glucosyltransferase production ofS. mutans.

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Uji Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum Ekstrak Daun Gedi (Abelmoschus manihot L.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Streptococcus Mutans

e-GIGI ◽

10.35790/eg.6.1.2018.19729 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Helen N. Sekeon ◽

Heriyannis Homenta ◽

Michael A. Leman

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Tooth Surface ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Cariogenic Bacteria ◽

Group Design

Abstract: Streptococcus mutans is the most common bacterium that causes dental caries due to its ability to ferment carbohydrates into acid resulting in the decreased pH on the tooth surface. Prevention of dental caries could be achieved by inhibiting the growth of cariogenic bacteria. Various efforts to control and prevent the cariogenic bacteria include the usage of herbal ingredients; one of them is gedi leaves (Abelmoschus manihot L.). These gedi leaves contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and saponins. This study was aimed to prove that gedi leaf extract had inhibitory effect on the growth of S.mutans and to obtain the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of this extract on the growth of S. mutans. This was a true experimental design with a randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Gedi leaf extract was obtained by maceration method in 96% ethanol. The results showed that gedi leaf extract had an antibacterial effect on the growth of S. mutans. We used turbidimetry, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and two times of treatment to obtain the MIC of gedi leaf extract on Streptococcus mutans which was 6.25%. Conclusion: Gedi leaf extract could inhibit the growth of S. mutans with a MIC of 6.25%.Keywords: dental caries, gedi leaf extract (Abelmoschus manihot L.), Streptococcus mutans Abstrak: Streptococcus mutans merupakan bakteri yang paling banyak menyebabkan karies gigi karena bakteri ini berkemampuan memfermentasi karbohidrat menjadi asam yang berakibat turunnya pH pada permukaan gigi. Pencegahan karies gigi dapat dicapai dengan menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri kariogenik. Berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk mengen-dalikan dan mencegah bakteri kariogenik, antara lain dengan menggunakan bahan herbal; salah satunya yaitu tanaman gedi (Abelmoschus manihot L.). Daun gedi mengandung senyawa bioaktif antara lain flavonoid, alkaloid, steroid, dan saponin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan efek inhibisi ekstrak daun gedi terhadap pertumbuhan S. mutans dan mendapatkan konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) ekstrak daun gedi terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri S. mutans. Jenis penelitian ini ialah eksperimental murni dengan randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Ekstrak daun gedi dibuat dengan metode maserasi dengan menggunakan etanol 96%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun gedi (Abelmoschus manihot L.) memiliki efek antibakteri dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Dengan menggunakan metode turbidimetri dan spektrofotometer UV-Vis dalam 2 (dua) kali perlakuan maka diperoleh KHM ekstrak daun gedi (Abelmoschus manihot L.) terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans terdapat pada konsentrasi 6,25%. Simpulan: Ekstrak daun gedi dapat meghambat pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans dengan KHM pada konsentrasi 6,25%.Kata kunci: karies gigi, ekstrak daun gedi (Abelmoschus manihot L.), Streptococcus mutans

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Korean Red Ginseng Suppresses Metastasis of Human Hepatoma SK-Hep1 Cells by Inhibiting Matrix Metalloproteinase-2/-9 and Urokinase Plasminogen Activator

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2012/965846 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yu-Ling Ho ◽

Kun-Cheng Li ◽

Wei Chao ◽

Yuan-Shiun Chang ◽

Guan-Jhong Huang

Keyword(s):

Wide Spectrum ◽

Water Extract ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 ◽

Boyden Chamber ◽

Human Hepatoma ◽

Red Ginseng ◽

Korean Red Ginseng ◽

Dose Dependent

Korean red ginseng and ginsenosides have been claimed to possess wide spectrum of medicinal effects, of which anticancer effect is one. The present study was undertaken to investigate the antimetastatic effect of Korean red ginseng on human hepatoma as well as possible mechanisms. The inhibitory effect of the water extract of Korean red ginseng (WKRG) on the invasion and motility of SK-Hep1 cells was evaluated by the Boyden chamber assayin vitro. Without causing cytotoxicity, WKRG exerted a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the invasion and motility, but not adhesion, of highly metastatic SK-Hep1 cells. Zymography analyses revealed significant downregulating effects on MMP-2, MMP-9, and uPA activities in SK-Hep1 cells. Western blot analyses also showed that WKRG treatment caused dose-dependent decreases in MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expressions. Moreover, WKRG increased the levels of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and PAI-1. The present study not only demonstrated that invasion and motility of cancer cells were inhibited by WKRG, but also indicated that such effects were likely associated with the decrease in MMP-2/-9 and uPA expressions of SK-Hep1 cells.

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Inhibitory effect of toothbrush monofilament containing surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler on Streptococcus mutans

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-80646-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Saaya Matayoshi ◽

Ryota Nomura ◽

Takahiro Kitamura ◽

Rena Okawa ◽

Kazuhiko Nakano

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Dental Materials ◽

Self Care ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Glass Ionomer ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Oral Environment

AbstractThe oral environment affects not only oral health, but also general health, and the importance of oral self-care has recently been recognised. Although toothbrushes are the most important self-care product, there are few toothbrushes that have an inhibitory effect on oral bacteria. In the present study, monofilaments used for toothbrushes containing surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler (a component recently applied to various dental materials) were developed. Among nylon and polyester monofilaments commonly used for toothbrushes, nylon monofilaments can accommodate more S-PRG filler than polyester monofilaments, resulting in greater release of ions from the S-PRG filler. These monofilaments containing S-PRG filler formed less biofilm containing Streptococcus mutans, a major pathogen of dental caries, than monofilaments without S-PRG filler. Moreover, S. mutans adhering to monofilaments containing S-PRG filler were more easily exfoliated and eliminated than those adhering to monofilaments without S-PRG filler. Such inhibitory effects on S. mutans were more marked in nylon monofilaments than in polyester monofilaments. These findings that monofilaments containing S-PRG filler can release ions and have an inhibitory effect on S. mutans suggest that they may be an effective material for toothbrushes.

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Investigation on the effect of vitamin C on growth & biofilm-forming potential of Streptococcus mutans isolated from patients with dental caries

10.21203/rs.3.rs-33258/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zehdi Eydou ◽

Bader Naser Jad ◽

Zeyad Elsayed ◽

Anas Ismail ◽

Michael Magaogao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Crystal Violet ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Biofilm Prevention

Abstract Background: Streptococcus mutans is a major cause of dental caries. Its capacity to produce biofilm is fundamental in the pathogenesis of this ubiquitous condition. As maintaining a healthy dentition is a genuine goal given the contemporary advance in caries control, researchers are striving to achieve a breakthrough in caries therapy. We are taking the anti-cariogenic properties of vitamin C a step-further, considering the well-known evidence of the inversely proportionate relationship between salivary levels of vitamin C and dental caries. The aim of this study was to determine MIC, MBC, biofilm prevention concentration (BPC), and derivative measures of vitamin C against fresh clinical isolates of S. mutans to evaluate its efficacy as an anti-cariogenic agent.Results: Based on the data of four independent experiments done in quadruplicates, we found a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of vitamin C on all S. mutans strains tested. The average MBC, MIC, and BPC of vitamin C were found to be 10.16, 9.38, and 5.61 mg/ml, respectively. Spectrophotometric quantitation of crystal violet showed diminished biofilm formation in the presence of vitamin C (p < 0.05). When compared with gentamicin, vitamin C produced a zone of inhibition that was three times as large against the clinical isolates.Conclusion: Our results show that vitamin C has a negative effect on S. mutans growth and biofilm formation. Being the first to meticulously utilize BPC to explore a well-known effect of vitamin C, this report aims to help in the instigation of trials of higher evidence that will ultimately culminate in repurposing vitamin C as a novel anti-cariogenic agent, albeit further studies are required to provide auxiliary evidence in this context.

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Inhibitory Effect of Oral Thin Films (OTFs) Containing Xylitol Against Streptococcus mutans

Science Letters ◽

10.24191/sl.v16i1.13815 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 124

Author(s):

Elizabeth Yi Ern Teng ◽

Hee Xixian ◽

Muhamad Fareez Ismail

Keyword(s):

Thin Films ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Oral Delivery ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Significant Inhibition ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Disintegration Time ◽

Poor Patient Compliance ◽

Significant Difference

Dental Caries is a chronic disease affecting half of the global population, causing pain and discomfort due to progressive damage to the teeth. Whilst xylitol has been studied for its effect on dental caries prevention, current practices present few limitations for its successful oral delivery, including short residence time in the mouth and poor patient compliance. Recently, oral thin films (OTFs) emerged as an alternative to delivering xylitol in the oral cavity. This research aims to develop novel OTFs containing xylitol with extended-release properties (as determined by the disintegration time) and to investigate its effect on a cariogenic bacterial strain, Streptococcus mutans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of xylitol was determined. Employing the microdilution broth method, the antibacterial activity of the oral thin films containing xylitol for oral S. mutans was performed with simulated salivary fluid, incubated at 1, 4, and 10 h. The MIC of xylitol was found at 10%. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in the inhibition of S. mutans (p > 0.05) between the control, OTFs (10 h), and xylitol-OTF (1 h), with the latter, demonstrated only 16.58% inhibition. Interestingly, when compared to xylitol-OTF (1 h), xylitol-OTF showed significant inhibition (p < 0.05) to S. mutans after four h (+53.24 %) and almost a complete inhibition after ten h (-92.58 %). These results suggest that the OTFs demonstrated a gradual release of xylitol and inhibited oral biofilm formation by decreasing the growth of S. mutans in a time-dependent manner. Most importantly, the study indicated the successful development of a novel xylitol-OTF with potential as an oral health biotherapeutic agent.

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