scholarly journals CHILD SAFETY ON VARIOUS BICYCLE-MOUNTED SEATS DURING VEHICLE IMPACT

Transport ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 684-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Ptak ◽  
Johannes Wilhelm ◽  
Marek Sawicki ◽  
Eugeniusz Rusiński
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Child Safety ◽  
Neck Injuries ◽  
Full Scale Test ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Vehicle Impact ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
The Impact

This research addresses an important gap in the state of the art by investigating the safety of vulnerable road users – children transported on bicycle seats. The article focuses on three forms of bicycle-mounted child seats and their kinematics during an accident scenario involving a motor vehicle. The front, rear-frame and rear-rack mounted child seat mounting configurations were considered in this study. The research covers the impact of a sports sedan vehicle against a bicycle equipped with the child seat. The assessment of the child safety was done through numerical simulations by coupling the codes of MADYMO and LS-DYNA. The after-impact kinematics for various baby carriers is presented with the emphasis on child’s head and neck injuries. The results were compared to the full-scale test available in the literature. The findings prove a low protection level for the child provided by the bicycle carriers in all considered cases. The study is further devoted to directions of increasing child safety in this means of transportation.

scholarly journals Laminated Windshield Breakage Modelling in the Context of Headform Impact Homologation Tests

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
P. Kosiński ◽  
J. Osiński
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Polyvinyl Butyral ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Material Models ◽  
Fem Model ◽  
Certification Testing ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The purpose of modelling a laminated windshield using the FEM is to provide a critical look on the way the adult headform impact tests are conducted in the process of motor vehicle certification. The main aim of the study is to modify the design of a laminated windshield in the context of a vehicle collision with vulnerable road users. The initial phase of the work was to develop a model of the adult headform impactor. The validation consisted in conducting a series of FEM analyses of the impactor certification testing according to the Regulation (EC) 631/2009. Next, the impact of the headform model on a windshield was analysed. The FEM model of laminated glass is composed of two outer layers of glass and an inner layer of polyvinyl butyral. FEM analyses of the impaction were performed at five points of the windshield characterised by various dynamic responses of the impactor and various patterns of glass cracking. In modelling the layers of glass, the Abaqus environment “brittle cracking” model was used. The following material models of PVB resin were considered: elastic, elastic-plastic, hyperelastic, and low-density foam. Furthermore, the influence of the mesh type on the process of glass cracking in a laminated windshield was analysed.

Comparison of epidemiology and injury profile between vulnerable road users and motor vehicle occupants in road traffic fatalities

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 581-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Chul Kim ◽  
Hae-Ju Lee ◽  
Ji-Min Kim ◽  
So-Yeon Kong ◽  
Jung-Soo Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Traffic Fatalities ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users

scholarly journals Does a “Cushion Effect” Really Exist? A Morphomic Analysis of Vulnerable Road Users with Serious Blunt Abdominal Injury

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1006
Author(s):  
Yu-San Tee ◽  
Chi-Tung Cheng ◽  
Chi-Hsun Hsieh ◽  
Shih-Ching Kang ◽  
Chih-Yuan Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Abdominal Injury ◽  
Visceral Fat Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Severity Of Injury ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users

Introduction: The severity of injury from motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) depends on complex biomechanical factors, and the bodily features of the injured person account for some of these factors. By assuming that vulnerable road users (VRUs) have limited protection resulting from vehicles and safety equipment, the current study analyzed the characteristics of fat distribution measured by computed tomography (CT) imaging and investigated the existence of a “cushion effect” in VRUs. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 592 VRUs involved in MVCs who underwent CT scans. Visceral fat area and subcutaneous fat cross-sectional area were measured and adjusted according to total body area (TBA) and are presented as the visceral fat ratio and the subQ fat ratio (subcutaneous fat ratio). Risk factors for serious abdominal injury (maximum abbreviated injury scale (MAISabd ≥ 3)) resulting from MVCs were determined by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: MAISabd ≥ 3 was observed in 104 (17.6%) of the patients. The subQ fat ratio at the L4 vertebral level was significantly lower in the MAISabd ≥ 3 group than in the MAISabd < 3 group (24.9 ± 12.0 vs. 28.1 ± 11.9%; p = 0.015). A decreased L4 subQ fat ratio was associated with a higher risk for MAISabd ≥ 3 in multivariate analysis (odds ratio 0.063; 95% CI 0.008–0.509; p = 0.009). Conclusion: The current study supported the “cushion effect” theory, and protection was apparently provided by subcutaneous fat tissue. This concept may further improve vehicle and safety designation in the future.

scholarly journals Determination the influence of road factors on the occurrence of traffic accidents with dead pedestrians on the territory of Belgrade by independent estimates

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Nenad Markovic ◽  
Dalibor Pešić ◽  
Mladen Kovač ◽  
Emir Smailović
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
The World ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Independent Assessment

The world is paying more and more attention to the safety of vulnerable road users, and especially the safety of pedestrians. The reason for that is the large representation of vulnerable participants in the total number of victims in traffic accidents. Belgrade stood out as especially unsafe for pedestrians, because their endangerment is higher than the world average, but also higher than in the rest of Serbia. In order to increase the safety of pedestrians, appropriate management measures are applied, which are, as a rule, based on the recognized influencing factors of the occurrence of these accidents. For that reason, it is extremely important to define the real influencing factors in the right way. One of the best tools for recognizing the impact of road factors is the independent assessment of the impact of the road on accidents, which the road manager, according to the Law, is obliged to conduct in the event of a traffic accident with fatalities. The paper analyzes 59 traffic accidents with dead pedestrians, which occurred in the period from 15.05.2019. to 06/02/2021 years on the territory of the city of Belgrade and for which an independent assessment of the impact of the road was conducted. The results indicate that the road factor had an impact on the occurrence of more than half of the traffic accidents with dead pedestrians. Also, the results indicate the existence of a number of different influencing factors, which indicates the need for further implementation of these analyzes. The paper presents characteristic examples of the most commonly identified influencing factors.

scholarly journals Evaluating Pedestrians’ Safety on Urban Intersections: A Visibility Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keila González-Gómez ◽  
María Castro
Keyword(s):  
Design Parameters ◽  
Mobility Impairments ◽  
3D Objects ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Gis Tools ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users ◽  
Personal Transportation ◽  
Street Furniture ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

Overall visibility plays a key role in the safety of pedestrians. Despite its importance, verifying the right provisioning of sufficient available sight distances among pedestrians and vulnerable road users (VRUs) is not a prevalent practice. On top of that, the pursuit for more sustainable modes of transportation has promoted the establishment of different shared mobility services which are prone to increase walking and, thus, the number of pedestrians and other VRUs in urban settings. With the intention of verifying how car-centered designs perform for non-motorized users, a 3D procedure that evaluates the visibility of pedestrians and other users is presented and applied to specific cases in Madrid, Spain. The proposed solution employs virtual trajectories of pedestrians with mobility impairments and without them, cyclists, and personal transportation device riders. Their visibility was assessed around the functional area of urban intersections, including zones where possible jaywalking practices might occur. The evaluation was performed three-dimensionally, making use of LiDAR data, GIS tools, and 3D objects. Results show the impact of street furniture location on visibility, the distinctive influence of vegetation on the lines of sight of each observer, and how design parameters that were intended to improve motorized traffic could affect VRU.

Influence of Lane Width on Bus Crashes

2020 ◽  
pp. 036119812095379
Author(s):  
Boya Dai ◽  
Joan G. Hudson ◽  
Ben Ettelman ◽  
Eun Sug Park
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Significant Issue ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
The Public ◽  
Bus Transit ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Lane Width ◽  
Transit Agencies ◽  
The Impact

Motor vehicle lane width is often reduced to accommodate non-motorized transportation and increase safety for all road users—in many cases from the conventional width of 12 ft to as narrow as 9–10 ft. Although it has not been a significant issue for passenger car drivers, the narrower lanes pose concerns for bus transit operators. This study analyzed data from the Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the public transit provider in the Austin, Texas, area, to evaluate the influence of narrow travel lanes on bus crashes. It included a comprehensive review of literature, interviews with cities and transit agencies, an analysis to determine the correlation between lane width and target bus crashes (sideswipe, fixed-object, and mirror-to-mirror), and an assessment of the impact of a curb or parked car immediately adjacent to the narrow outside lane on bus crashes. The literature review and interview findings support a standard lane width of 11–12 ft for bus routes. The statistical analysis suggested that more target bus crashes were associated with narrower lane widths. A curb or parked car immediately adjacent to the outside lane was problematic regardless of whether the outside lane was less than 12 ft or not. Though narrower lane width could contribute to fewer catastrophic crashes because of the slower speeds, it increases the likelihood of certain bus crashes. Cities and transit agencies should work together to determine lane width to balance the needs of all road users.

Does a “Cushion Effect” Really Exist? A Morphomic Analysis of Vulnerable Road Users with Serious Blunt Abdominal Injury

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-San Tee ◽  
Chi-Tung Cheng ◽  
Chi-Hsun Hsieh ◽  
Shih-Ching Kang ◽  
CHIH-YUAN FU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abdominal Injury ◽  
Visceral Fat Area ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Severity Of Injury ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users

Abstract Background: The severity of injury from motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) depends on complex biomechanical factors, and the body features of the injured person account for some of these factors. By assuming that vulnerable road users (VRU) have limited protection resulting from vehicle and safety equipment, the current study analyzed the characteristics of fat distribution measured by computed tomography (CT) imaging and investigated the existence of a “Cushion effect” in VRU.Materials and Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 592 VRU involved in MVCs who underwent CT scans. Visceral fat area and subcutaneous fat cross-sectional area were measured and adjusted according to total body area (TBA) and are presented as the visceral fat ratio and the subQ fat ratio (subcutaneous fat ratio). Risk factors for serious abdominal injury [maximum abbreviated injury scale (MAISabd ≥ 3)] resulting from MVCs were determined by univariate and multivariate analysis.Results: MAISabd ≥ 3 was observed in 104 (17.6%) of the patients. The SubQ fat ratio at the L4 vertebral level was significantly lower in the MAISabd ≥ 3 group than in the MAISabd < 3 group (24.9 ± 12.0 vs 28.1 ± 11.9%; p=0.015). A decreased L4 subQ fat ratio was associated with a higher risk for MAISabd ≥ 3 in multivariate analysis (odds ratio 0.063; 95% CI 0.008-0.509; p = 0.009).Conclusion: The current study supported the “Cushion effect” theory, and protection was apparently provided by subcutaneous fat tissue. This concept may further improve vehicle and safety designation in the future.

scholarly journals Employing beam-forming for estimating the direction of arrival in a multi-path propagation environment

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 151-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bresch ◽  
J. Shi ◽  
R. Kokozinski
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Direction Of Arrival ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Beam Forming ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Ism Band ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users ◽  
Mobile Receiver

Abstract. Due to recent researches on traffic accidents with vulnerable road users (VRUs), several measures revealed a great opportunity of reduction. However, all measures applied so far failed to reduce the number of traffic accidents if there is no line-of-sight. Therefore, a transponder signal is utilized to make the VRU visible. The motor vehicle carries a mobile receiver for VRU detection and location. The receiver employs digital beam-forming for estimating the direction of arrival (DOA) with an antenna array for RF ISM band. A sequence of DOA estimations is used for location and motion estimation purposes.

scholarly journals Determination of the types of road accidents at roundabouts

2021 ◽  
Vol 341 ◽  
pp. 00059
Author(s):  
Vladimir Rassokha ◽  
Nikolai Nikitin ◽  
Yulia Savina
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users ◽  
Crash Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The main purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the prevailing types of accidents at roundabouts. The relationship was revealed between certain types of accidents, the place of their occurrence, and the configuration of the roundabout. The study analyzed 321 accidents at 19 ring intersections. Four predominant crash types were identified: rear-end collision, collision with vulnerable road users, side swipe collision, and entering circulate collision. The greatest number of accidents occurred at the weaving lane and at the entrances and exits of the roundabout. Dividing the ring intersections into separate sections to determine the location of the accident allows drawing conclusions on the nature of road traffic accidents and the impact of the roundabout design on safety.

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