Antimicrobial profile of Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis from free-range swine in Kakamega fish market, western Kenya

Introduction: Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis is a host-adapted, facultative, intracellular pathogen that causes swine paratyphoid. Its antimicrobial resistance presents a challenge to feed manufacturing industries. However, stopping antibiotics in animal feed would have economic implications for the industry. Methodology: Conventional microbial methods for isolation and identification of S. Choleraesuis were employed. The isolates were subjected to screening against 17 antimicrobial agents and genotyping of resistance markers by PCR. The data were then analyzed and presented in percentages. Results: Phenotypically, 43 out of 95 isolates showed multidrug resistance. Among the 17 antibiotics tested, resistance was observed as follows: sulphonamides (45.2%), nalidixic acid (44.25%), tetracycline (42%), ampicillin (36.8%), erythromycin (34.7%), carbenicillin (31.5%), chrolamphenical (28.4%), gentamicin (27.3%), kanamycin (24.2%), spectinomycin (21%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (16.8%), streptomycin (12.6%), cephalothion (8.4%), ofloxacin (5.2%), ciprofloxacin (4.2%), and norfloxacin (4.2%). Fifty-two isolates were susceptible to the antimicrobial agents tested. A total of 3.1% of the isolates had the integron gene pattern combination of dfrA2-aadA2 (2100 bp), dfrA12 (2100 bp); 4.2% had dfrA12-aadA2-sulI (2100 bp); 2.1% had dfrA12-aadA2 (2100 bp); and 1% had dfrA2-aadA2-sulI (2100 bp), oxa1-aadA2 (1500 bp), dfrA12-aadA2-sulI, and blaPSE (2100 bp). Conclusions: The isolated S. Choleraesuis were resistant to more than 10% of the antimicrobial agents used in this study. Appropriate surveillance is warranted to gain more information about the epidemiology, as stopping antibiotics in animal feed would have economic implications for the industry.

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Salmonella enterica Subsp. Enterica Serovar Reading Infection in Dairy Cattle and Buffaloes Suffering from Chronic Diarrhea

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-3781 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nuzhat Hassan ◽

Charanjit S. Randhawa ◽

Ashwani Kumar ◽

Mudit Chandra ◽

Naresh Kumar Sood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Chronic Diarrhea ◽

Variable Degree ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Dairy Animals

The study was aimed at dairy cattle and buffaloes presented with the history of chronic diarrhea to isolate and detect Salmonella spp. Fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of diarrheic cattle. Isolation and identification of the microorganisms was performed and confirmed on the basis of their morphology, staining, cultural, biochemical tests and sero-typing. Salmonella positive animals presented variable degree and frequency of diarrhea. Salmonellosis was confirmed in seven per cent of cattle and buffaloes suffering from chronic diarrhea. The serotype detected in the 7 Salmonella strains was Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Reading. Salmonella isolates recovered from dairy cattle had relatively variable resistance to various antimicrobial agents. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates showed isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, tetracycline, ampicillin, ceftriaxone. Whereas 87.5 percent, 75.0 per cent and 62.5 percent susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and co-trimoxazole respectively. This study provides updated information on the bio-incidence and susceptibility patterns of Salmonella in dairy animals suffering chronic diarrhea. Isolation and serotyping of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Reading is new to the study and contribute to our understanding that there is shift in increases in susceptibility of dairy herds to acquire new strains.

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Prevalence, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from food products in Morocco

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.8026 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (02) ◽

pp. 136-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Nadia Amajoud ◽

Brahim Bouchrif ◽

Mohammed El Maadoudi ◽

Nadia Skalli Senhaji ◽

Bouchra Karraouan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Food Products ◽

Drug Susceptibility Testing ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Strains

Introduction: Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodborne diseases worldwide. The irrational use of antibiotics in medicine and in animal feed has greatly promoted the emergence and spread of resistant strains of non-typhoidal Salmonella. Methodology: A total of 464 food products were collected in Tetouan from January 2010 to December 2012. The isolation and identification of Salmonella were performed according to Moroccan standard 08.0.116. All isolates were serotyped and were then tested for antibiotic resistance using the disk diffusion method. Results: The microbiological analysis showed that 10.3% of food samples were contaminated with Salmonella. Eleven serotypes were identified: Kentucky 22.9% (11/48), Agona 16.7% (8/48), Reading 12.5% (6/48), Corvallis 8.3% (4/48), Saintpaul 8.3% (4/48), Typhimurium 6.2% (3/48), Montevideo 6.2% (3/48), Enteritidis 4.2% (2/48), and 2% (1/48) for each of Israel, Hadar, and Branderup. Drug susceptibility testing showed that 39.6% of Salmonella were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 60.4% were susceptible to all tested antibiotics. The highest percentage of resistance was found to the following antimicrobial agents: nalidixic acid (27.1%), sulfonamides (25%), amoxicillin (12.5%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 12.5%, trimethoprim (10.4%), cephalothin (4.2%), and chloramphenicol (2.1%). Conclusions: This study revealed a relatively high prevalence of Salmonella in food products in Tetouan and a large percentage of drug-resistant strains. Hygienic measures should be rigorously implemented, and monitoring resistance of Salmonella is required to reduce the risks related to the emergence of multi-resistant bacteria.

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Standard Maintenance Practice for Feed Pellet Operation

International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management ◽

10.47607/ijresm.2020.406 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (12) ◽

pp. 56-58

Author(s):

Sreenivasa Rao Pagolu

Keyword(s):

Manufacturing Industry ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Manufacturing Industries ◽

Practical Implementation ◽

Feed Manufacturing ◽

Milling Operation ◽

Maintenance Practice ◽

Feed Pellet ◽

Feed Mill ◽

Good Standard

Plant Engineering, Maintenance, Repair and over hauling are most important in manufacturing industries. The aim of this paper is to identify and suggest good standard maintenance practice for feed milling operation in an animal feed manufacturing unit. It derives various results based on practical implementation in feed mill operation and data provided are an actual drawn in feed mill in a feed manufacturing industry. The outcome is discussed and studied in compare with standard maintenance practices.

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Multidrug Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Detection of mcr-1 Gene in Salmonella Species Isolated from Chicken

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11010206 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 206

Author(s):

Md Bashir Uddin ◽

S.M. Bayejed Hossain ◽

Mahmudul Hasan ◽

Mohammad Nurul Alam ◽

Mita Debnath ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Functional Analysis ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

In Silico ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Genetic Relationships ◽

Evolutionary Relationship ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Gram Negative

Colistin (polymyxin E) is widely used in animal and human medicine and is increasingly used as one of the last-resort antibiotics against Gram-negative bacilli. Due to the increased use of colistin in treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, resistance to this antibiotic ought to be monitored. The study was undertaken to elucidate the molecular mechanisms, genetic relationships and phenotype correlations of colistin-resistant isolates. Here, we report the detection of the mcr-1 gene in chicken-associated Salmonella isolates in Bangladesh and its in-silico functional analysis. Out of 100 samples, 82 Salmonella spp. were isolated from chicken specimens (liver, intestine). Phenotypic disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay using different antimicrobial agents were performed. Salmonella isolates were characterized using PCR methods targeting genus-specific invA and mcr-1 genes with validation for the functional analysis. The majority of the tested Salmonella isolates were found resistant to colistin (92.68%), ciprofloxacin (73.17%), tigecycline (62.20%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (60.98%). When screened using PCR, five out of ten Salmonella isolates were found to carry the mcr-1 gene. One isolate was confirmed for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis, and other four isolates were confirmed for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed a divergent evolutionary relationship between the catalytic domain of Neisseria meningitidis lipooligosaccharide phosphoethanolamine transferase A (LptA) and MCR proteins, rendering them resistant to colistin. Three-dimensional homology structural analysis of MCR-1 proteins and molecular docking interactions suggested that MCR-1 and LptA share a similar substrate binding cavity, which could be validated for the functional analysis. The comprehensive molecular and in-silico analyses of the colistin resistance mcr-1 gene of Salmonella spp. of chicken origin in the present study highlight the importance of continued monitoring and surveillance for antimicrobial resistance among pathogens in food chain animals.

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Cystathionine β-Lyase Is Important for Virulence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.72.6.3310-3314.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 72 (6) ◽

pp. 3310-3314 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Linda J. Ejim ◽

Vanessa M. D'Costa ◽

Nadine H. Elowe ◽

J. Concepción Loredo-Osti ◽

Danielle Malo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Biosynthetic Pathway ◽

Antibacterial Agents ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Bacterial Virulence ◽

Methionine Biosynthesis ◽

Insertional Inactivation ◽

Serovar Typhimurium

ABSTRACT The biosynthesis of methionine in bacteria requires the mobilization of sulfur from Cys by the formation and degradation of cystathionine. Cystathionine β-lyase, encoded by metC in bacteria and STR3 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, catalyzes the breakdown of cystathionine to homocysteine, the penultimate step in methionine biosynthesis. This enzyme has been suggested to be the target for pyridinamine antimicrobial agents. We have demonstrated, by using purified enzymes from bacteria and yeast, that cystathionine β-lyase is not the likely target of these agents. Nonetheless, an insertional inactivation of metC in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium resulted in the attenuation of virulence in a mouse model of systemic infection. This result confirms a previous chemical validation of the Met biosynthetic pathway as a target for the development of antibacterial agents and demonstrates that cystathionine β-lyase is important for bacterial virulence.

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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella Isolated from a Variety of Raw Meat Sausages in Gaborone (Botswana) Retail Stores

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-438 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 75 (4) ◽

pp. 637-642 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

RONALD GAELEKOLWE SAMAXA ◽

MAITSHWARELO IGNATIUS MATSHEKA ◽

SUNUNGUKO WATA MPOLOKA ◽

BERHANU ABEGAZ GASHE

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Culture Method ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Raw Meat ◽

Conventional Culture ◽

The Difference ◽

Conventional Culture Method

The objective of the study was to provide baseline data on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella in different types of raw meat sausages directly accessible to the consumers in Gaborone, Botswana. A total of 300 raw sausages comprising 79 beef, 78 pork, 72 chicken, and 71 mutton samples were concurrently analyzed for the presence of Salmonella using a conventional culture method and a validated PCR method. The PCR assay results were in full concordance with those of the conventional culture method for the detection of Salmonella. Sixty-five (21.7%) of 300 samples were positive for Salmonella by both the conventional culture method and PCR assay. Even though more chicken samples contained Salmonella than did any other sausage type, the difference in the presence of Salmonella among the four sausages types was not significant. Eleven serotypes were identified, and Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae II was most prevalent in all the sausage types. Beef sausages generally had higher mesophilic bacterial counts than did the other three sausage types. However, higher microbial counts were not reflective of the presence of salmonellae. Susceptibility of the Salmonella enterica serotypes to 20 antimicrobial agents was determined, and Salmonella Muenchen was resistant to the widest array of agents and was mostly isolated from chicken sausages. Regardless of the meat of origin, all 65 Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least four antimicrobial agents: amikacin, gentamicin, cefuroxime, and tombramycin. This resistance profile group was the most common in all four sausage types, comprising 90% of all Salmonella isolates from beef, 71% from pork, 63% from mutton, and 35% from chicken. These results suggest that raw sausages pose a risk of transmitting multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates to consumers.

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Isolation and Identification of Multidrug-Resistant Isolates of Uropathogenic Klebsiella spp in Dogs

Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences ◽

10.36108/jvbs/1202.30.0120 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 6-12

Author(s):

M Mustapha ◽

P Goel

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Sensitivity Testing ◽

Bacterial Organism ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Klebsiella Spp

The most widespread ailments in dogs are urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by bacterial species. It is necessary to recognize the prevailing bacterial pathogens and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents to effectively treat UTIs. The present study aimed to classify the bacterial organism that causes UTIs in dogs and their patterns of antimicrobial resistance. A total of 141 urine samples were collected from diseased dogs in Veterinary Clinical Complex LUVAS in Hisar, India. Culture, biochemical and sensitivity testing were performed for each of the urine samples based on standard method. Of the total 141 urine samples from dogs, 21 (14.9%) isolates were identified as Klebsiella spp. The isolates were found to be highly resistant to ampicillin (100%), penicillin G (100%), oxytetracycline (100%), enrofloxacin (85.7%), chloramphenicol (80.6%), ceftriaxone (76.2%) and cloxacillin (71.4%), while susceptibility was observed against gentamicin (100%), amikacin (100%) and neomycin (90.5%). In the current study, 19 out of 21 identified isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant. This study indicates that dogs in the study area are found to harbor highly resistant Klebsiella spp. Therefore, when deciding on the antibiotic regimen for UTIs cases, Vets should consider resistance profile of chosen antibacterial agents before usage in order to discourage dissemination of resistant organisms in the study area.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility to Azithromycin among Salmonella enterica Isolates from the United States

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00590-11 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 55 (9) ◽

pp. 3985-3989 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Maria Sjölund-Karlsson ◽

Kevin Joyce ◽

Karen Blickenstaff ◽

Takiyah Ball ◽

Jovita Haro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

The United States ◽

Outcome Data ◽

Content Type ◽

Susceptibility Data ◽

Retail Meat ◽

Clinical Breakpoints

ABSTRACTDue to emerging resistance to traditional antimicrobial agents, such as ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol, azithromycin is increasingly used for the treatment of invasiveSalmonellainfections. In the present study, 696 isolates of non-TyphiSalmonellacollected from humans, food animals, and retail meats in the United States were investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility to azithromycin. Seventy-twoSalmonella entericaserotype Typhi isolates from humans were also tested. For each isolate, MICs of azithromycin and 15 other antimicrobial agents were determined by broth microdilution. Among the non-TyphiSalmonellaisolates, azithromycin MICs among human isolates ranged from 1 to 32 μg/ml, whereas the MICs among the animal and retail meat isolates ranged from 2 to 16 μg/ml and 4 to 16 μg/ml, respectively. AmongSalmonellaserotype Typhi isolates, the azithromycin MICs ranged from 4 to 16 μg/ml. The highest MIC observed in the present study was 32 μg/ml, and it was detected in three human isolates belonging to serotypes Kentucky, Montevideo, and Paratyphi A. Based on our findings, we propose an epidemiological cutoff value (ECOFF) for wild-typeSalmonellaof ≤16 μg/ml of azithromycin. The susceptibility data provided could be used in combination with clinical outcome data to determine tentative clinical breakpoints for azithromycin andSalmonella enterica.

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Citrobacter braakii Yield False-Positive Identification as Salmonella, a Note of Caution

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10092177 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 2177

Author(s):

Joanna Pławińska-Czarnak ◽

Karolina Wódz ◽

Magdalena Kizerwetter-Świda ◽

Tomasz Nowak ◽

Janusz Bogdan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

False Positive ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Meat Products ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

False Positive Identification ◽

Food Of Animal Origin ◽

Meat Samples

Background: Globally, Salmonella enterica is one of the leading causes of foodborne illness in humans. Food of animal origin is obligatorily tested for the presence of this pathogen. Unfortunately, in meat and meat products, this is often hampered by the presence of background microbiota, which may present as false-positive Salmonella. Methods: For the identification of Salmonella spp. from meat samples of beef, pork, and poultry, the authorized detection method is PN-EN ISO 6579-1:2017-04 with the White–Kauffmann–Le Minor scheme, two biochemical tests: API 20E and VITEK II, and a real-time PCR-based technique. Results: Out of 42 presumptive strains of Salmonella, 83.3% Salmonella enterica spp. enterica, 14.3% Citrobacter braakii, and 12.4% Proteus mirabilis were detected from 180 meat samples. Conclusions: Presumptive strains of Salmonella should be identified based on genotypic properties such as DNA-based methods. The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. from miscellaneous meat sorts: beef, pork, and poultry.

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Effect of Essential Oils on the Inhibition of Biofilm and Quorum Sensing in Salmonella Enteritidis 13076 and Salmonella Typhimurium 14028

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10101191 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1191

Author(s):

Yuliany Guillín ◽

Marlon Cáceres ◽

Rodrigo Torres ◽

Elena Stashenko ◽

Claudia Ortiz

Keyword(s):

Quorum Sensing ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Transcriptional Analysis ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Sem Images ◽

Biofilm Inhibition

The emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms represents a global challenge that has led to a search for new antimicrobial compounds. Essential oils (EOs) from medicinal aromatic plants are a potential alternative for conventional antibiotics. In this study, the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm potential of 15 EOs was evaluated on planktonic and biofilm-associated cells of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 13076 (S. enteritidis) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 (S. typhimurium). In total, 4 out of 15 EOs showed antimicrobial activity and 6 EOs showed anti-biofilm activity against both strains. The EO from the Lippia origanoides chemotype thymol-carvacrol II (LTC II) presented the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50 = 0.37 mg mL−1) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC = 0.75 mg mL−1) values. This EO also presented the highest percentage of biofilm inhibition (>65%) on both microorganisms, which could be confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Transcriptional analysis showed significant changes in the expression of the genes related to quorum sensing and the formation of the biofilm. EOs could inhibit the expression of genes involved in the quorum sensing mechanism (luxR, luxS, qseB, sdiA) and biofilm formation (csgA, csgB, csgD, flhD, fliZ, and motB), indicating their potential use as anti-biofilm antimicrobial agents. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the action mechanisms of essential oils on the bacterial cells under study.

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