Effect of Essential Oils on the Inhibition of Biofilm and Quorum Sensing in Salmonella Enteritidis 13076 and Salmonella Typhimurium 14028

The emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms represents a global challenge that has led to a search for new antimicrobial compounds. Essential oils (EOs) from medicinal aromatic plants are a potential alternative for conventional antibiotics. In this study, the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm potential of 15 EOs was evaluated on planktonic and biofilm-associated cells of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 13076 (S. enteritidis) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 (S. typhimurium). In total, 4 out of 15 EOs showed antimicrobial activity and 6 EOs showed anti-biofilm activity against both strains. The EO from the Lippia origanoides chemotype thymol-carvacrol II (LTC II) presented the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50 = 0.37 mg mL−1) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC = 0.75 mg mL−1) values. This EO also presented the highest percentage of biofilm inhibition (>65%) on both microorganisms, which could be confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Transcriptional analysis showed significant changes in the expression of the genes related to quorum sensing and the formation of the biofilm. EOs could inhibit the expression of genes involved in the quorum sensing mechanism (luxR, luxS, qseB, sdiA) and biofilm formation (csgA, csgB, csgD, flhD, fliZ, and motB), indicating their potential use as anti-biofilm antimicrobial agents. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the action mechanisms of essential oils on the bacterial cells under study.

Download Full-text

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella Isolated from a Variety of Raw Meat Sausages in Gaborone (Botswana) Retail Stores

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-438 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 75 (4) ◽

pp. 637-642 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

RONALD GAELEKOLWE SAMAXA ◽

MAITSHWARELO IGNATIUS MATSHEKA ◽

SUNUNGUKO WATA MPOLOKA ◽

BERHANU ABEGAZ GASHE

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Culture Method ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Raw Meat ◽

Conventional Culture ◽

The Difference ◽

Conventional Culture Method

The objective of the study was to provide baseline data on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella in different types of raw meat sausages directly accessible to the consumers in Gaborone, Botswana. A total of 300 raw sausages comprising 79 beef, 78 pork, 72 chicken, and 71 mutton samples were concurrently analyzed for the presence of Salmonella using a conventional culture method and a validated PCR method. The PCR assay results were in full concordance with those of the conventional culture method for the detection of Salmonella. Sixty-five (21.7%) of 300 samples were positive for Salmonella by both the conventional culture method and PCR assay. Even though more chicken samples contained Salmonella than did any other sausage type, the difference in the presence of Salmonella among the four sausages types was not significant. Eleven serotypes were identified, and Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae II was most prevalent in all the sausage types. Beef sausages generally had higher mesophilic bacterial counts than did the other three sausage types. However, higher microbial counts were not reflective of the presence of salmonellae. Susceptibility of the Salmonella enterica serotypes to 20 antimicrobial agents was determined, and Salmonella Muenchen was resistant to the widest array of agents and was mostly isolated from chicken sausages. Regardless of the meat of origin, all 65 Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least four antimicrobial agents: amikacin, gentamicin, cefuroxime, and tombramycin. This resistance profile group was the most common in all four sausage types, comprising 90% of all Salmonella isolates from beef, 71% from pork, 63% from mutton, and 35% from chicken. These results suggest that raw sausages pose a risk of transmitting multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates to consumers.

Download Full-text

Characterization of Multidrug Resistance Patterns of Emerging Salmonella enterica Serovar Rissen along the Food Chain in China

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9100660 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 660

Author(s):

Xuebin Xu ◽

Silpak Biswas ◽

Guimin Gu ◽

Mohammed Elbediwi ◽

Yan Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Food Chain ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Broth Microdilution Method ◽

Resistance Patterns

Salmonella spp. are recognized as important foodborne pathogens globally. Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen is one of the important Salmonella serovars linked with swine products in numerous countries and can transmit to humans by food chain contamination. Worldwide emerging S. Rissen is considered as one of the most common pathogens to cause human salmonellosis. The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance properties and patterns of Salmonella Rissen isolates obtained from humans, animals, animal-derived food products, and the environment in China. Between 2016 and 2019, a total of 311 S. Rissen isolates from different provinces or province-level cities in China were included here. Bacterial isolates were characterized by serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 14 clinically relevant antimicrobials were obtained by broth microdilution method. S. Rissen isolates from humans were found dominant (67%; 208/311). S. Rissen isolates obtained from human patients were mostly found with diarrhea. Other S. Rissen isolates were acquired from food (22%; 69/311), animals (8%; 25/311), and the environment (3%; 9/311). Most of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and ampicillin. The S. Rissen isolates showed susceptibility against ceftriaxone, ceftiofur, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin. In total, 92% of the S. Rissen isolates were multidrug-resistant and ASSuT (27%), ACT (25%), ACSSuT (22%), ACSSuTAmc (11%), and ACSSuTFox (7%) patterns were among the most prevalent antibiotic resistance patterns found in this study. The widespread dissemination of antimicrobial resistance could have emerged from misuse of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in China. These findings could be useful for rational antimicrobial usage against Salmonella Rissen infections.

Download Full-text

Essential Oils of Aromatic Plants with Antibacterial, Anti-Biofilm and Anti-Quorum Sensing Activities against Pathogenic Bacteria

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9040147 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 147 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marlon Cáceres ◽

William Hidalgo ◽

Elena Stashenko ◽

Rodrigo Torres ◽

Claudia Ortiz

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Quorum Sensing ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Concentration Dependent Manner ◽

Biofilm Inhibition

Both the ability of bacteria to form biofilms and communicate through quorum sensing allows them to develop different survival or virulence traits that lead to increased bacterial resistance against conventional antibiotic therapy. Here, seventeen essential oils (EOs) were investigated for the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anti-quorum sensing activities on Escherichia. coli O157:H7, Escherichia coli O33, and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228. All essential oils were isolated from plant material by using hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The antimicrobial activity was performed by using the microdilution technique. Subinhibitory concentrations of each EO were assayed for biofilm inhibition in both bacterial strains. Quantification of violacein in Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 was performed for the anti-quorum sensing activity. The cytotoxicity activity of the EOs was evaluated on Vero cell line by using MTT method. Thymol-carvacrol-chemotype (I and II) oils from Lippia origanoides and Thymus vulgaris oil exhibited the higher antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 0.37–0.75 mg/mL. In addition, these EOs strongly inhibited the biofilm formation and violacein (QS) production in a concentration-dependent manner, highlighting thymol-carvacrol-chemotype (II) oil as the best candidate for further studies in antibiotic design and development against bacterial resistance.

Download Full-text

Synthesis, In Silico, and In Vitro Evaluation of Long Chain Alkyl Amides from 2-Amino-4-Quinolone Derivatives as Biofilm Inhibitors

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24020327 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 327 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mariana Espinosa-Valdés ◽

Sara Borbolla-Alvarez ◽

Ana Delgado-Espinosa ◽

Juan Sánchez-Tejeda ◽

Anabelle Cerón-Nava ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quorum Sensing ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Active Sites ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Health Concern ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Biofilm Inhibition ◽

Amide Derivatives ◽

Long Chain

Infection from multidrug resistant bacteria has become a growing health concern worldwide, increasing the need for developing new antibacterial agents. Among the strategies that have been studied, biofilm inhibitors have acquired relevance as a potential source of drugs that could act as a complement for current and new antibacterial therapies. Based on the structure of 2-alkyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone and N-acylhomoserine lactone, molecules that act as mediators of quorum sensing and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we designed, prepared, and evaluated the biofilm inhibition properties of long chain amide derivatives of 2-amino-4-quinolone in Staphylococcus aureus and P. aeruginosa. All compounds had higher biofilm inhibition activity in P. aeruginosa than in S. aureus. Particularly, compounds with an alkyl chain of 12 carbons exhibited the highest inhibition of biofilm formation. Docking scores and molecular dynamics simulations of the complexes of the tested compounds within the active sites of proteins related to quorum sensing had good correlation with the experimental results, suggesting the diminution of biofilm formation induced by these compounds could be related to the inhibition of these proteins.

Download Full-text

Peptide Mix from Olivancillaria hiatula Interferes with Cell-to-Cell Communication in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/5313918 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Edward Ntim Gasu ◽

Hubert Senanu Ahor ◽

Lawrence Sheringham Borquaye

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Quorum Sensing ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Cell Communication ◽

Microtiter Plate ◽

Antibiofilm Activity ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Biofilm Inhibition ◽

Swarming Motility

Bacteria in biofilms are encased in an extracellular polymeric matrix that limits exposure of microbial cells to lethal doses of antimicrobial agents, leading to resistance. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, biofilm formation is regulated by cell-to-cell communication, called quorum sensing. Quorum sensing facilitates a variety of bacterial physiological functions such as swarming motility and protease, pyoverdine, and pyocyanin productions. Peptide mix from the marine mollusc, Olivancillaria hiatula, has been studied for its antibiofilm activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microscopy and microtiter plate-based assays were used to evaluate biofilm inhibitory activities. Effect of the peptide mix on quorum sensing-mediated processes was also evaluated. Peptide mix proved to be a good antibiofilm agent, requiring less than 39 μg/mL to inhibit 50% biofilm formation. Micrographs obtained confirmed biofilm inhibition at 1/2 MIC whereas 2.5 mg/mL was required to degrade preformed biofilm. There was a marked attenuation in quorum sensing-mediated phenotypes as well. At 1/2 MIC of peptide, the expression of pyocyanin, pyoverdine, and protease was inhibited by 60%, 72%, and 54%, respectively. Additionally, swarming motility was repressed by peptide in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the peptide mix from Olivancillaria hiatula probably inhibits biofilm formation by interfering with cell-to-cell communication in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Download Full-text

Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi in Korea

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.48.11.4130-4135.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 48 (11) ◽

pp. 4130-4135 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Kyungwon Lee ◽

Dongeun Yong ◽

Jong Hwa Yum ◽

Young Sik Lim ◽

Hyun Sook Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Isolate ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Gene Cassettes ◽

Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi ◽

Class 1 ◽

Selection Of

ABSTRACT A chloramphenicol-resistant strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi was first noted in Korea in 1992, when a resistant isolate was detected in a returned traveler. Continued isolation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains thereafter in other settings prompted a retrospective analysis of laboratory records and phenotypic and genotypic analyses of 12 chloramphenicol-resistant isolates. Among these, one isolate was resistant only to chloramphenicol, and the other isolates were also resistant to ampicillin and co-trimoxazole. MDR was transferred by conjugation from 9 of the 11 isolates. PCR showed that all isolates had an incompatible group HI1 plasmid, and oriT was detected in 10 isolates, which included strains with an unsuccessful transfer of resistance. All of the ampicillin-resistant isolates had a β-lactamase band of pI 5.4 and bla TEM alleles. A PCR amplicon from an isolate showed that the sequences were identical to those of bla TEM-1, suggesting that all isolates had a TEM-1 β-lactamase. All isolates had class 1 integrons: 10 isolates had integrons of ca. 1.2 kb with dhfr7 gene cassettes, and 1 isolate had an integron of ca. 2.3 kb with aacA4 and bla OXA-1-like gene cassettes. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of 7 of 11 MDR isolates were identical and indistinguishable from those reported for isolates in India and Indonesia. In conclusion, some of the MDR strains in Korea are related to those in other Asian countries. Susceptibility testing became necessary for selection of antimicrobial agents for the optimal treatment of patients with the emergence of MDR Salmonella serovar Typhi in Korea.

Download Full-text

Characterisation of antibiotic resistance ofSalmonellaisolated from dog treats in Japan

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268819000153 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 147 ◽

Author(s):

S. Yukawa ◽

I. Uchida ◽

Y. Tamura ◽

S. Ohshima ◽

T. Hasegawa

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Surveillance Data ◽

Potential Source ◽

Human Salmonellosis ◽

The Usa

AbstractDog treats might be contaminated withSalmonella. In Canada and the USA, outbreaks of human salmonellosis related to exposure to animal-derived dog treats were reported. Consequently, surveillance data onSalmonellacontamination of dog treats have been gathered in many countries, but not in Japan. In the current study, we investigated whether dog treats in Japan were contaminated withSalmonella. Overall, 303 dog treats (of which 255 were domestically produced) were randomly collected and the presence ofSalmonellainvestigated. Seven samples were positive forSalmonella entericasubsp.enterica. Among these isolates, three were identified as serovar 4,5,12:i:–; two were serovar Rissen; and two were serovar Thompson. All serovar 4,5,12:i:– and Thompson isolates were resistant to one or more drugs. Two serovar Rissen isolates were fully susceptible to all tested antimicrobial agents. AllSalmonellaisolates were susceptible to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. The geneblaTEMwas detected in two serovar 4,5,12:i:– isolates. TheblaCTX−MandblaCMYgenes were not detected in any isolates. This study demonstrated that dog treats in Japan could constitute a potential source of dog and humanSalmonellainfections, including multidrug-resistantSalmonellaisolates.

Download Full-text

Co-existence of LasI, RhI, and Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal Quorum-sensing Genes in Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates

International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology ◽

10.25258/ijddt.10.3.5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (03) ◽

pp. 337-343

Author(s):

Anwer J. Faisal ◽

Munim Radwan Ali ◽

Layla Abdulhamid Said

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Quorum Sensing ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Antibiotics Resistance ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

Physiological Processes ◽

Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal ◽

Production Pattern

Pseudomonas aeruginosa can regulate different group actives and physiological processes through the quorum sensing mechanism. The aims of this research were to detect the presence of quorum sensing genes in 50 clinical P. aeruginosa isolates, which represent by (lasI, lasR, rhlI, and rhlR) and Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) (PgsA, PgsB, PgsC, PgsD, PgsE, and MvfR) genes by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and interaction between the two systems. Isolates were subjected to test their susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial drugs, 64% of isolates showed resistance to ceftazidime, followed by carbencillin (56%), while only 8% were resistant to imipenem. In addition, all of the bacterial isolates were distributed within three multidrug-resistant (MDR) patterns, viz., A, B, and C. The highest rate of MDR was showed with MDR pattern C, in which bacterial isolates showed resistance to resist (9→11) antimicrobial drugs. Results revealed that P. aeruginosa isolates have different gene patterns, viz., A to E. According to quorum sensing genes production, pattern A found to express all the genes in LasI, RhI, and PQS system, while pattern B has a defective for the production of lasR, rhlR genes, while the same isolates have the PQS system all present. Significantly, there is a positive relationship between las and rhl system and regulation of antibiotics resistance, in which the bacterial isolates that have las and rhl genes showed high resistance to common antimicrobial agents under study. These findings suggest that PQS can function as an intercellular signal in P. aeruginosa that is not restricted only to alkyl homoserine lactones (AHL).

Download Full-text

Use of Antimicrobial and Genotoxicity Potentiality for Evaluation of Essential Oils as Food Preservatives

The Open Biotechnology Journal ◽

10.2174/1874070700903010050 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 50-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Hend A. Hamedo ◽

Hala M. Abdelmigid

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Vicia Faba ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽

Food Product ◽

Natural Food ◽

Food Preservatives ◽

Plant Essential Oils ◽

High Doses

In this study, investigations were carried out to assess the efficiency of two plant essential oils; rosemary and oregano as natural food preservatives. The effect of the plant essential oils at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% was studied in the soft cheese against Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli at fridge temprature over a 14-day period. The essential oils performed well in the inhibition of S. enteritidis and E. coli. It is concluded that selected plant essential oils can act as potent inhibitors of both microorganisms in a food product. At the same time, evaluation of their safety as food preservatives was undertaken via monitoring the genotoxic activity of the mentioned essential oils using Vicia faba test. Vicia faba roots were treated with the above concentrations for 3 hours. Results revealed cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the applied doses. Mitotic index decreased significantly when compared to control. Chromosomal abnormalities and micronuclei were also observed and the effects were dose-dependent. Despite the efficient role of the studied oils as antimicrobial agents, their genotoxicity potential in eukaryotic cells made them unacceptable as food preservatives, particularly at high doses. Therefore, more research in the use of essential oils as food preservatives is needed.

Download Full-text

Characterization of Quinolone Resistance in Salmonella enterica from Farm Animals in China

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-068 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 80 (10) ◽

pp. 1742-1748 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ting-Ting Cao ◽

Guo-Hui Deng ◽

Liang-Xing Fang ◽

Run-Shi Yang ◽

Jian Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Gene ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Quinolone Resistance ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Gyra Gene ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Resistance Plasmids

ABSTRACT This study was focused on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella directly isolated at animal clinics in Guangdong, People's Republic of China. The isolation rates from chickens, ducks, and pigs were 11.3% (11 of 97 samples), 15.4% (53 of 344 samples), and 3.0% (13 of 434 samples), respectively. Among the 77 Salmonella enterica isolates, the most predominant serovar was Typhimurium (81.8%, 63 isolates), followed by serovars Meleagridis (2.6%, 2 isolates) and Abaetetuba (1.3%, 1 isolate). Salmonella isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (16.9% of isolates) and nalidixic acid (66.2% of isolates), and 68 isolates (88.3%) were multidrug resistant, displaying resistance to three or more classes of antimicrobial agents. Eighteen isolates (23.4%) had at least one plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene, which was identified using PCR and DNA sequencing. The most prevalent plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene was aac(6′)-Ib-cr, found in 14 isolates (18.2%), followed by oqxAB (9.1%) and qnrS (7.8%). Alterations in the gyrA gene were detected in 24 (57.1%) of 42 strains with a ciprofloxacin MIC of ≥0.25 μg/mL; the same level of susceptibility was found for enrofloxacin. Six types of mutations were found in the quinolone resistance determining regions of gyrA, and the predominant one (S83Y) was found singly in 15 (62.5%) of 24 isolates. We also found 22 different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types among the Salmonella isolates. The Salmonella serovars and MICs of ciprofloxacin were similar within clusters, although individual differences were noted. This finding suggests that resistance plasmids were horizontally transmitted but also clonally spread.

Download Full-text